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Memorial Lectures
Memorial Lectures Introduction
1. The Easy Yoke of Strict Science
2. Minding the Gap
3. Bumbulummery
4. What did the French learn from us?
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[abaissur]
s.xiii
2
abbé
1
1121-25
abbeiesse
c.1165
abbot
1428
abrocour
1285
[achateresse]
s.xiii
achatur
s.xii
3/4
(acifice)
s.xiii
1
acolit
1181-85
acordur
s.xiii
acunter
1
1113-19
acuntur
1
c.1270
administrour
c.1292
admiral
c.1170
admission
1370-72
[adubbour]
1167-68
affoerour
s.xiii
ex
agistour
1278-79
ainzné
c.1150
[ajugeur]
1380
alderman
s.xiii
2
[alekonner]
1419
almoshomme
1420-21
aloer
2
s.xii
1/4
aloper
1278
[aluminur]
1291
ambassateur
1384
ambassatrie
1400
ameillour
1303
amobreshep
1426
ancele
s.xii
1
apesur
s.xiii
2
aporteur
1121-25
apostoile
1121-25
apothecaire
c.1300
appreisour
1444
apprentage
1479-80
apprenticialité
1345
apprentisse
s.xiii
ex
apprentissé
1430-31
apprentiz
s.xiii
1
[aprenur]
s.xiii
2/4
aprest
1
1319
apriser
2
s.xiii/xiv
[apruour]
c.1270
arbitratour
1313-14
arbitre
1
c.1292
arbitrour
1312
arblaster
1155
arcediacne
s.xii
3/4
arceveske
1140-60
archevilein
1302
archiprestre
1337
archipruveire
s.xiii
in
arçuner
s.xii-xv
arestour
1354
argenter
1420
arme
1
1113-19
armentier
1212
armurer
1268
armuret
1311
arraiour
1319
arriol
s.xiii
ex
artificer
s.xiv
1
artifiour
s.xiv
1
artillier
1323-25
[arur]
s.xiii/xiv
arwesmyth
1278
askebrenner
1278
[asnetier]
s.xiii/xiv
asnier
s.xii
4/4
assaiour
s.xiii
m
assessour
1280
assigner
1160-74
assister
1400-03
astronome
s.xii
3/4
astronomien
1113-19
aturner
1121-25
auctor
s.xii
2/4
auditur
1267
augurer
1280-1307
aumosner
s.xii
2/4
[aunard]
1317
auneor
1333
avener
1
1230
avirun
1
1121-25
avitaillain
1371
bacheler
s.xii
2/4
bacinet
1316
baiardour
1329
bailiff
1121-25
baillie
1113-19
baisaux
1303
baisse
c.1200
baisselete
1396
baker
1
1177
[balancer]
1
c.1276
balister
1377
banc
1
1121-25
baneur
s.xii
2/4
banisseor
1194-99
barber
1
1221
barester
1481
bargainur
s.xiii
bargemen
1369
bargier
1421
barkere
1203
barquier
s.xiv
barrier
1160-74
baster
1230
baston
s.xii
1
batur
1
1199
baxster
1295-96
bedel
s.xii
[bedelur]
s.xiv
beltere
c.1260
beltewryght
1334
bercere
1
c.1290
berceresse
1369
bercher
1171-74
bernbrutte
s.xiv
2/3
bernegreyve
1327
berner
1150-60
bersur
s.xii/xiii
bestiarie
1121-35
[bestornour]
1333-35
betere
1200
bireller
1398-99
birlster
1419
blader
1305
bladesmythe
1483-84
blaker
1291
blakestare
1275
blaksmythe
1248
blancheresse
s.xiii
m
[blanchisour]
1333-35
blanchour
c.1292
blekestere
c.1275
blodletere
1221
blouer
1199
boccher
1422-23
bocher
1
1184
bode
1309
boker
1255
bolenger
1180
boletel
1205
boleter
1
1180-90
bollere
1203
bordier
1201
bordwrighte
1318
botelmaker
1483-84
[boter]
2
1130
boterer
1280
botiller
1155
botoner
2
1265
boucler
1
1148
[bougeur]
1300
bounde
1
1121-25
[bourder]
1
s.xiii
ex
bover
1
1113-19
bowemakiere
1281
bower
1395
[bowewright]
1292
bowstringer
1316
braceour
1
1168
braceresse
s.xiii
braconer
s.xii
3/3
braeller
1275
brasiatour
c.1290
brasiler
1211
brevettour
1221
brevur
c.1200
brewer
1403-04
briggwricht
1230
brocour
s.xiii
1/3
[broieor]
1198
brouderer
1397
broudester
1363
brustere
s.xv
in
bucecarle
c.1136-37
[bureller]
c.1275
burghmaistre
1336-37
burnisour
1370
burser
1
1305
bursere
1300
buscher
2
1205
buscur
s.xiii
businour
s.xiii
cachepole
1086
[cager]
1300
calemelie
s.xiii
in
calendrer
1311
calfhirde
1263
callere
1271
canthathur
1196
capitain
c.1340
capmaker
c.1439-40
cardein
1314-15
carder
1
1332
[cardester]
1363
cardinal
1140-1160
cardmaker
1410-11
cardoresse
1448-9
cariour
1332
cartwright
1269
(carucer)
1394
carvanere
1318
castelwryte
1347-50
cauersin
1260-70
[ceinter]
1
1275
ceintere
1275
[ceintureler]
s.xii-xv
ceinturer
1
1275
celatour
s.xiv
1
celere
1
c.1240
celerer
c.1240
ceper
1
c.1155
chaceur
1155
chaloner
1213
chalonere
1319
chamberlein
1155
chambre
1
s.xii
1
chambrier
s.xii
2/4
chambriere
s.xii
2/4
chamellier
s.xiii
m
champeneis
1
s.xii/xiii
chanceler
1
1120-40
chandeler
2
c.1240
[chandelor]
1301
changer
1121-25
changeur
s.xii
3/4
[chanonesse]
c.1334
chanter
1
1113-19
chanterel
1203
chanteresse
s.xii
2
chantur
1155
chapeler
1249
chapman
1298
charetter
1
s.xii
3/3
charetun
s.xiii
1
charpenter
1
1155
charron
s.xiii
in
chartrer
s.xiii
in
charue
1155
charuer
1
1203
chastelein
1155
chatur
1220
chaucer
1
1220
chaucer
3
c.1136-65
[chaufornier]
1265
chaumere
2
1439-40
cheminur
s.xiii
2/4
chesemaker
1275
cheseman
1262
[chesemongere]
1186
chesewryghte
1293
chesewryngere
1281
chesknave
1255
[chetur]
s.xiii
2
[chevalcheur]
s.xii/xiii
chevecier
s.xiii
cheverelmongere
1310
cheverer
1
1278
[chiselour]
s.xiv
1/4
cimbeour
1212
[cimentier]
1402
cirger
s.xii-xv
cisour
a.1399
[citariste]
1330
clarioner
1
1373
cleier
1
1401-02
clerc
1113-19
closier
1396
[clouer]
2
1201
clutere
c.1225
cobeler
1409
coffre
c.1240
coffrer
1275
cogere
1195-7
coifar
1180
[coifer]
1228
[coifere]
1270
coifstere
c.1320
coigner
2
c.1290
coillour
1209
[coilter]
1179
[coiltere]
1254
colier
1
1172
colite
s.xiv
1/4
collectour
1305
collokwryht
1324
comanderre
c.1170
comedien
s.xiii
commissaire
s.xiii
ex
commun
1
1120-40
compaignon
1113-19
compotistien
1113-19
compotistre
1266-1300
concinatour
1212
[conduisur]
s.xiii
2/4
conestable
1130
confectioner
1318
conjurur
2
s.xiii
2/4
[conraiour]
1220
conseil
1113-19
conseiller
1
1121-25
conservator
c.1333
contreroulur
1324-25
contretaillour
1338-39
controvour
c.1170
contur
1
1155
coperbeter
1286
copersmith
1305
corder
3
1207
cordewaner
s.xii
coreour
1369
(corlenocher)
s.xiv
in
cornier
1
1209
cornur
s.xii
3/4
coroiter
1354
coroner
1
1255
correcter
1
1353
corsour
c.1200
cort
1
1121-35
[cortier]
1190-93
cortiler
1199
[cortilere]
c.1290
[cortiner]
1
1345
corvoiser
c.1130-5
cosour
1294
cosson
s.xiii
2
costre
1
1120-40
coteler
1216
coterelle
1171-74
couchour
1248
[coulewright]
1292
couper
1
s.xiii
coupour
s.xiii
2
couratier
c.1320
coureour
s.xii
3/4
[cousteresse]
s.xiii
cousturer
1
1386-87
[coutisor]
s.xiv
1
couver
1199
coverour
1200
coverturwrythe
1287
criur
1
1194-99
crocer
1
1190-1210
crokere
1275
crouther
1279
[cuisiner]
s.xiii
[cuisour]
1318
cuistron
c.1136-37
cultiver
1
s.xii
1
cumbewrehte
c.1310
curate
1393-94
curatour
1323-25
curer
1
1113-19
curial
1212
custode
1417-18
custumer
1
s.xii
3/4
(cutuel)
1308-09
daie
1212
daubour
1219
dean
1171-74
[deanclerc]
1285
deanee
c.1292
deanrie
c.1310
debuter
1121-25
decretite
s.xiii
2/4
delvere
1230
descharger
1155
despenser
1
s.xii
3/4
dethewright
1299
devin
1113-19
devisour
1360-62
[devoidere]
s.xii
2
devoideresse
s.xiii
1
diacne
1171-74
dier
1403-04
diocesan
1323
disor
1259
dispositour
1373
doctur
c.1184
draper
1148
drawere
1332
drenchere
1303-4
dresceour
1300
drivere
1275
drover
1287-93
drugeman
s.xii
3/4
[dubbour]
s.xii
dustre
s.xii
1
duyceor
1356-57
edifier
s.xii
1
edifiour
c.1292
emplastrer
2
1276
emprentiz
1261
[empruour]
1313-14
enbreveur
c.1200
enchantur
s.xii
1/3
endoctrinur
1267
enfoiour
s.xiii
ex
enformour
1300
engineor
1155
enorrour
1420
enquerrour
1258-59
enseigneresse
s.xiii
ex
enseignour
1267
enservir
s.xii
m
entaillur
1165-80 (?)
entalliator
1313
[escawinger]
1366
eschangeour
1279
escheterie
1304-05
eschetur
1258-59
escorcheur
s.xii/xiii
escriptour
s.xiv
1
escrivein
1113-19
escueor
s.xiii/xiv
escurreour
s.xiii/xiv
eskevin
c.1300
eskipre
c.1136-37
especer
1
1184
espenser
s.xiii
[esperverel]
s.xii
4/4
espigurnel
1285
espinguoresse
s.xiii
espunur
s.xiii
2/4
esquier
1
c.1136-37
(essuicer)
s.xiii
2
establer
1
s.xiii
2/4
esteimour
1302
estendour
c.1285
estivur
1
s.xiii
estiward
1380
estorur
c.1270
estueor
s.xiii
1
esturman
c.1136-37
euer
1
c.1250
evesqal
1139-50
ewage
s.xii
1/3
ewarer
1318
ewe
1
1104-6
ewer
2
1185
executur
1212
exorciste
c.1136-65
expendour
1377
exploratour
1376
expositur
s.xii
3/4
factour
s.xiv
2
fagotter
1279
faire
1
1113-19
faisour
1267
famle
s.xiii
1
fariner
1
1298
fauchour
c.1270
fauconer
s.xii
fei
1
1113-19
[feinur]
1271
felicer
1432
feliper
1277
felmonger
1419
felur
1275
feoder
1343
ferier
2
1421
[fermailer]
s.xiv/xv
fermer
1
s.xiii
1
ferour
1
1160-74
ferrier
1212
ferron
1194-99
feryman
1247
[feuper]
s.xii-xv
feutrer
1
1198
fevere
2
1160-74
filacer
1
1410
fileresce
1291
filur
1275
finour
1189
firetour
1318
fischer
1263
fisshemonger
1382
flauner
1211
flecher
1
1190-1210
floter
2
1281
forester
c.1136-37
forgeur
s.xii
3/4
forier
1155
formager
1198
fornier
2
1208
forstraire
s.xii
1
fossard
1086
fosseur
1194-99
fruter
1203
fruterer
1318
fuller
1
s.xiii
fullun
s.xii
1/3
[fundur]
2
1303
furbisur
1260
furbour
1180
furrour
1
1296
fusour
1483-84
fuster
1179
fusterie
1274
fyssher
1421
gaderer
c.1275
[gafrer]
1212
[gafreter]
s.xiv
1/3
gaiger
1
1359
[gainpain]
1
1265
gainur
c.1200
gaioler
1163
gaite
1139
galeymen
1404-05
galiot
2
1194-99
galiur
s.xiii
3/4
gallioter
s.xiv
in
galopin
1195
game
1
1487
ganter
1172
garbagere
1318
garbelatour
1418
garbelour
1393
garce
1
c.1185
garcette
s.xiii
ex
garçun
s.xii
1/3
garde
1
1113-19
gardein
1
c.1136-37
garderober
1297
gardiner
s.xii
3/4
[gardireve]
c.1155
garennier
1198
garlecmongger
1280
garnestor
1320
garnisour
1330
garthman
1389-90
gateward
1255
gaugeor
1086
gelinier
2
1214
gent
1
1113-19
gerneter
1
c.1285
geteur
1
c.1170
gigur
1190-1210
gilde
s.xiii
gildein
c.1300
gildeine
c.1300
giller
1251
gineor
s.xiii
m
[glacier]
1297
glasemon
1332
glasenwryth
1312-3
glasworchere
1313
glaswrighte
1301
glaswrite
1318
glewryt
1319
glovere
1250
goldbeter
1403-04
goldsmyth
1303
gongfermer
1408-09
gorgerer
1219
gorgeur
1221
gotere
1279
governur
c.1135
granger
c.1100
grangerie
1308-09
graverein
1160-74
gravour
1275
gredere
1188
greyve
1
1216-72
grindere
1230
grocerman
1419
grom
1187
groser
1255
grubber
1279-80
guerreier
1
c.1136-37
[guimpler]
2
1260
[guimplewebbe]
1325
guiur
s.xiii
in
gurdeler
1306
gwynder
1275
hachur
1225-50
hakeneyman
1318
haker
1224
halere
1272
hanaper
2
1236-41
handcraftman
1483-84
hangeman
1343-50
[haranger]
1296-97
harewere
1275
harpemaker
1380
harpur
1155
hasteler
1190
hastere
1
1275
hatter
1212
hauberger
2
1201
hayrewritte
1279
hayward
c.1270
hekeler
1297
heliere
1275
[helmer]
1220
hemmer
1301
henxman
1364-72
heraud
1275-1377
[herbeir]
s.xiv
1/4
herberger
1
1377
herberger
2
1121-25
herbergeresce
c.1360-79
herbergur
1150-70
herbervir
1244
hercer
1
c.1270
herde
1
1189-99
herder
1327
hewe
1
1279
hewer
c.1160
hine
1256
hirdman
c.1185
hobeler
1
1317
hoder
1220
home
1113-19
horder
1225
horner
1
1275
horsdriver
1273
horsliverour
1354
horspage
1265
hosier
1
1197
hospitalier
1194-99
hostiarie
c.1136-65
hukestere
1382
hulyere
1310
hundreder
1280
hundredman
1243
hurer
1
1244
husbande
s.xiii
2/4
husbandman
1433
huscarle
c.1136-37
[illuminur]
1265
[imagour]
1326
inquisitor
1309
interpretizour
s.xiv
m
[interpretour]
1155-60
iremongere
1249
joinour
1204
jueler
1340
juer
2
c.1170
[jueresse]
1155
juge
1
c.1135
jugeur
s.xii
1
jugleur
1155
jurate
1278
justiser
1
1113-19
kembere
1241
keper
1477-78
kerver
1275
kittere
1177
kittewritt
1275
knedere
1280
knettere
1305
kystewrycthe
1332
laborur
1155
lacer
2
1278
[lainer]
1
1146
[lainour]
1379
[lanterner]
1298
[larderie]
1318
lardiner
1161-81
latimer
1
1087
latoner
1306
lattewrichte
1268
laundere
s.xiii
ex
lavender
1
1280-1307
lavendere
1194-99
lawyer
1336
leche
3
1279
lecher
3
1272
lector
c.1136-65
legat
1155
leggere
1298
legistre
1
1139-50
lei
1
1113-19
lepere
1185
lepmaker
1338
lerere
1235
levour
1293
[lieutenandise]
1435
lieutenant
1296
limwryte
1279
[lindraper]
1308-09
[liner]
3
1279
liour
s.xiii
in
lire
3
s.xii
1/4
lirot
s.xiii
in
liser
1
c.1334
listresce
c.1305
litestere
1235
litur
1121-25
liu
1
s.xii
1/4
liverour
s.xii
m
loddier
s.xiii
ex
lodman
s.xiv
4/4
loer
2
s.xii
2/4
loer
3
1113-19
loker
1221
loksmyth
1226
lome
1
1391
longaigner
s.xiii
2
loreur
1121-25
lorimer
1
c.1130
[loutrer]
1220
lowiz
c.1200
luant
1
1271-72
luminur
1205
macecref
s.xiii
in
macecren
c.1195
macecrer
1160-74
magistre
c.1230
magnien
s.xii
ex
maillier
1203
[maillur]
1262
mainoverour
s.xiii
ex
[maisuner]
2
1212
maiur
1113-19
makenur
s.xiii
mancher
1292
manciple
1212
maner
1
c.1136-37
mango
1419
mangun
2
s.xiii
1/4
marbrier
s.xiii
in
marchandin
c.1360-79
[marchandur]
s.xiii/xiv
marchant
1113-19
marché
1
1113-19
mareschal
1084
mareschalcie
c.1275
margler
c.1245
marin
1
s.xii
1/3
mariner
s.xii
2/4
markere
1185
market
1377
marler
3
1275
[marteler]
2
c.1270
mason
1
c.1130
[masonnerie]
1342
mathemat
s.xiii
ex
matter
1327
mattere
1263
mazeliner
1253
mazerer
1281
medicinour
1354
mendur
s.xiii/xiv
menour
1
s.xii
2/4
mercener
1171-74
mercer
1
1113-19
mercier
1
1212
meschin
c.1136-37
meschine
s.xii
1/3
mesnal
1389
mesneng
c.1275
[mesner]
1
1212
message
1
1113-19
messager
s.xii
1/3
messe
1
1121-25
messer
1
1172-80
mester
1
s.xii
1/3
mestre
1
1113-19
mestresse
c.1170
mesurer
2
c.1165
metere
1
1307
middewyf
1375
[milkberere]
1285
milker
1221
[milkmakere]
1285
milkster
1246
millere
1
1412
milner
1230
ministral
1120-40
ministre
1
s.xii
1
ministrer
1
s.xii
1
ministrour
s.xiii
in
minour
1
1195
[mintere]
1221
mire
2
s.xii
1/3
miresse
1150-70
mirurer
1218-22
[mirurmakere]
c.1384
miseor
1261
moliner
1171-74
moneour
s.xiii
in
moneter
s.xiii
ex
mongere
1255
mortermakere
1359
mouner
s.xiii
muger
1
1269
mukere
1229
mul
1
s.xii
1
muler
1
s.xiii
1
mummer
a.1399
murour
1308-09
murrier
1357
musike
s.xii
3/4
mustarder
c.1200
[mustardere]
1327
muster
1
1113-19
[mutuner]
1275
mynesmyth
1319
nager
1113-19
nageur
1194-99
nailere
1231
naperer
1148
naperie
1268
nef
1
1113-19
nethird
1353
netknetter
1287
netmaker
1288
nettere
1
1253
nomer
1113-19
nominacion
1324-25
nomour
1345
notier
s.xiii
1
notiner
1113-19
noun
1
c.1170
noutehird
1296
novel
1113-19
[nuncovenable]
1266-1300
nurice
s.xii
1/3
[nuriçun]
1160-74
occupaciun
1212
occupier
1
c.1292
office
1160-74
officer
1292
official
c.1240
officiener
c.1339
[oileman]
1275
oillemakere
1307
oiselur
s.xii
1/3
oldereve
1315
[oneradoure]
1377-78
[opere]
1341
operer
2
1422
opposour
1340
oratour
1391
orbatur
1230
ordenaire
1271-72
ordenance
c.1285
ordenement
1113-19
ordener
1
1113-19
ordenour
1259
oremaker
1313
orewrycthe
1332
orfeour
s.xiii/xiv
orferie
1372
orfevre
s.xii
1/3
orfevresse
s.xiii
ex
orfevrie
s.xiii
[orfreiser]
1296
[oriloger]
c.1275
orsmyth
1292
ost
1
c.1136-37
oste
1
1121-25
[ostelein]
1371
osteler
1
s.xii
3/3
[ostelere]
c.1360-79
oster
1
1113-19
[oster]
2
c.1300 (?)
ostesse
c.1150
[ostoir]
1199-1202
ostricier
1160
outrider
1340
ovrable
1
s.xiii
ex
ovraigne
1140-60
[ovral]
1347-60
[ovrance]
1391
ovre
1
s.xii
1/3
ovrement
s.xii
1
ovrer
1
1113-19
ovresce
1363
ovrier
1
1121-25
ovriere
1155
ovrour
s.xii
3/4
owe
1
1160-74
oxherd
1281
page
1
1319
paiur
c.1240
pakkedrawere
1332
pakker
1
1353
[palefrenur]
1295-96
palefreur
1246-1305
palingman
1482-83
paliser
1315,1442
paneter
1206
paneterie
s.xiii
in
paniermakier
1310
panner
1262
[panterer]
1428-32
pantler
s.xiv
1
papacie
c.1360-79
papesse
c.1334
[parailleur]
s.xiii/xiv
parcheminer
1181
[parduner]
2
s.xiii
2/4
parier
1321
parischprest
1318
parker
1
1086
parkeresman
1319
parmenter
1160-74
parmentere
1296-97
passage
c.1136-37
passager
s.xiii
1
passer
1
1199
pasteler
s.xiii
pastur
1
s.xii
1/4
pasturel
2
1113-19
paternostrer
1280
pather
c.1300
[patiner]
1391-1446
patinmaker
1416
patriarchee
c.1334
patrice
1214
patron
1113-19
paveour
1212
pavilloner
1302-03
peautrer
1311
[peautrercraft]
1416
pedder
1166
pedelare
1307
pedestre
s.xiv
1
peindre
1
1113-19
[peineresse]
1281
peintur
s.xiii
in
peinture
1
s.xii
1/4
[peinur]
2
1275
[peisager]
c.1377-88
peisur
1
1198
peletier
s.xiii
1/4
peletrie
1
1327
[pelour]
1
s.xiii
1
pendur
s.xiii
[penitencer]
c.1334
pension
1278
pensioner
1435
peonet
s.xii
ex
peonier
c.1136-37
pépudrus
1214
perdrisour
s.xiv
in
perrier
s.xii
1/3
personé
1311
peschur
c.1141
pessuner
1208
[pessunerie]
c.1299
pesteresce
1270
pestrer
1
s.xii/xiii
pestrer
2
s.xiii
pestur
c.1200
[pesur]
1
s.xiii
petit
1086
petiwacche
1372
petour
1
1219
peverer
1216-72
philosophe
s.xii
1/3
[piebakere]
1419
piemakere
1332
pikere
1188
piliper
1327
[pimentaire]
s.xiii
1/4
[pimentur]
s.xiii
1/4
pinder
1176
pinner
1244
[pinnercraft]
s.xiv-xv
pinnere
1
1400-01
pipard
1107
pipe
1
s.xiii
ex
piper
1
1322-23
place
1
s.xii
1/3
[plantur]
1281
plastrer
1
1276
platemaker
1297
platier
1292
[platur]
1319
pleinter
1406-07
pleyere
1275
ploghman
1260
ploghwright
1279
plumer
3
1185
plummer
1102-7
poete
1
c.1136-65
poghwebbe
1306
pointur
2
1206
pokyere
s.xiv
in
[poliseur]
s.xiv
1/3
porcher
c.1136-37
porkuiller
1215
portemartel
1302
porter
1
1113-19
portere
1
s.xii
ex
porteresse
2
1303
porterie
1338
portreve
1275
portur
1
s.xii
1
potagere
1286
potagier
1
1300
potestat
c.1240
potier
s.xii
1
[potiere]
1327
pottercraft
c.1407
pouchemaker
1419
prefect
s.xiii
in
prefection
1373
prefecture
c.1334
prefectus
c.1334
preisour
1283
prelacie
s.xiii
ex
prelaciun
c.1136-65
prendre
1
s.xii
1/3
preneur
1275
prenotarie
c.1292
[prenticialité]
1368
prentiz
c.1292
presbiter
1260-70
prestrage
c.1230
prestre
1
1113-19
pretour
c.1334
[prickere]
1260
priest
1
1380-81
prior
1121-25
prioresse
s.xiii
2/4
prise
1
1113-19
proctor
1301
procuracie
1260-70
procuratour
1212
procurur
1260
[professur]
c.1275
prothonotarie
c.1420-89
provincial
1312
provost
s.xii
1
provostur
s.xiii
ex
pruveire
1113-19
[psalterur]
1276
pucele
1113-19
puddingwyf
1287
puisné
1155
[pullailer]
c.1325
puller
1332
pulleter
1222
puraleur
1301
purpuresse
s.xiv
1
[purquerur]
1379
purseoir
s.xii
1
pursivre
c.1136-37
[purtraiur]
1292
purveour
1330
putere
1419
puteresse
1419
quarreour
1232
questour
c.1360-79
raglot
1284-1343
[raglotie]
1309-10
raglour
1319
[raier]
3
1280
raiour
1327
rakier
1327
raluys
s.xiii
ex
rameur
s.xv
[rasurer]
1285
receivre
1113-19
receivur
s.xii
1
recettur
1272-74
record
1
c.1165
recordour
1321
rectour
c.1136-65
redere
c.1275
redesmyth
1321
redubbour
c.1292
[referendarie]
1388
regardour
c.1170
registreur
1415-22
reitel
s.xii
1
remembrancer
1320-24
renner
1340
rentegaderer
1410-11
renter
1
s.xiii
2/4
reparailleur
1
c.1220
reper
c.1436
requeste
1
1155
restorer
c.1136-37
retenir
1113-19
retenue
c.1240
rethorien
s.xii
4/4
rethorique
s.xii
3/4
returner
1
1113-19
[returner]
2
1398
reulur
s.xiii
1
reve
1220
revenderesse
1433
rex
c.1200
rimour
1238
ringer
1207
ringild
1284-1343
[ripereve]
1305
ripier
1279
rivail
2
s.xiii
1
[riveter]
1313
robe
1
c.1136-37
roberdesmen
1331
[roelemakere]
1299-1300
roer
1
1176
rokestare
1383
romançour
s.xii
3/4
[romongere]
1212
roper
1220
ropere
1
1313
roughmason
1444-45
roulour
1274
rower
1
c.1300
rutherherde
1299
sacerdos
s.xii
1
sadeler
1288
[sadelercraft]
a.1394
sagitaire
1113-19
sagittour
1487
sakebere
c.1292
saker
1
c.1136-37
saker
2
1225
saketur
1267
salnier
c.1136-37
salniere
c.1136-37
salsemakere
1408 (?)
salter
1
1220
samplarier
1293
sampler
1250
sapere
1138-60
sartour
1333
saucier
1
1194
saveteur
s.xiii
2
savoner
s.xiii
ex
sawyer
1202
scalk
1198
scawageour
1404-05
schenche
1269
schepdrivere
1294
scherere
1272
schovelere
1301
schoyere
1309
scipre
1177
sclatere
1255
sclopmongere
1317
[scolemestre]
1284
scoudere
1285
scribe
s.xiv
1
scrivein
1208-13
scrivener
1345
scuieler
1219
sealour
1
1292
sechcher
c.1275
secretaire
1358
secretarishep
1452
sedare
1327
seder
1221
seer
1
s.xii
1/3
segrestein
c.1150
segresteine
c.1240
segresteinerie
1165-80 (?)
segrestie
c.1213
seguadour
1381
seldmakere
1285
seler
1
1086
selkwimman
1334
semere
1
1340
semester
1275
semour
s.xiii
2/4
seneschal
1113-19
sequestrur
1317
[sercheresse]
1327
serchour
1294
serf
1
s.xii
1/3
sergant
1121-25
sergante
c.1200
[serganterie]
1194-99
sergantie
s.xiii
in
servager
c.1270
servant
1
1121-25
servante
1
s.xiii
m
serve
1
c.1292
serviour
1197
servise
1
1113-19
servitur
1120-40
sessour
1343-50
sether
1257
setterforth
1450
seuster
1292
sextain
1311
shepeherde
1266
[sheper]
1327
sheperdes
1311
shepeward
1329
sheppere
1306
shepstere
1296
sherman
1281
shether
1277
shetherescraft
1377
shipman
1390
[shipwright]
1279
[shirebidel]
1227
[shirreve]
1212
shosmith
1288
shynglere
1276
[signeur]
1
1167-8
singere
1268
siur
2
s.xii
2
siuter
1206
siviere
1251
skepmakere
1310
skeppere
1296-7
[skevin]
1337
skynnere
1255
slegwrechte
1250
smereman
1287
smeremongere
1286
smyth
1250
sokeman
c.1150
[sokereeve]
s.xii
soldan
s.xii
3/4
somonur
1199
sonur
1290
soudeer
1
s.xii
3/4
soudeier
1
s.xii
2/4
souter
1263
sower
2
1410-11
sower
3
1281
specer
1200
speller
1267
spendur
1327
spens
1
1327
spenser
1275
spigurnel
2
1192
spinner
1270
[spiur]
1302
sponere
1179
sporier
1298
squier
s.xii
ex
stabler
1
1196
[stationer]
1293-94
steinour
1255
steresman
1200
stikker
1279
stivur
c.1230
stiward
c.1195
stodehurd
a.1240
[stokfishmongere]
1293
stokkere
1232
[stondelvere]
1349
storiere
1319
storour
1332
stotherd
1327
[straleggere]
1260
[stramongere]
c.1280
strecher
2
1263
strenger
1293
strenglayer
1319
strengmakere
1338
[stretegarde]
c.1150
[sturman]
c.1170
subjectiun
c.1136-65
suer
1
1185
suerie
1320-40
sukere
1277
sumelier
s.xii
[sumetier]
s.xii
ex
sumier
c.1135
surgien
1255
surveour
1314-16
survewe
c.1241
[suzauditur]
1358
[suzbailiff]
1297
[suzbotiller]
1295-98
[suzcapitain]
a.1399
[suzchetur]
1311
[suzclerc]
1318
[suzcoillour]
1319
[suzconestable]
1343-50
[suzconservator]
1393-94
[suzdaie]
c.1270
[suzdameisele]
1364-72
[suzeschetur]
c.1292
[suzestablir]
1307
[suzexecutur]
1390
[suzforester]
1334
[suzgardein]
s.xiv
1/3
(?)
[suzmareschal]
1401
[suzministre]
1310
[suzpaneter]
1295-98
suzprior
1212
[suzprioresse]
1319
[suzseneschal]
1294
suzsergant
1320
suztaxur
1305-6
[suztresorer]
a.1399
[suzvisconte]
1283
swerdeberer
1463
swiller
1260
swon
1215
swynhirde
1310
swynker
1345
syneman
1299
syveman
1298
syvewryct
1219
tabellion
1304-05
tabellionat
1452
tablier
1
s.xiii
in
taburer
1
1256
tackman
1275
tacuner
1
s.xiii
taillandre
1415
taillieresse
1291
taillur
1
s.xii
2
[talwemongere]
1294
tanckardmaker
1298
tannur
1166-7
tapener
1272
tapermaker
1322
tapiser
1
1274
tapper
1279
tappistere
1317
tasche
1
1165-80 (?)
taschour
c.1270
taskwerk
1430-31
taster
2
1397-98
tavernage
1360-79
taverner
1
1175
taverner
2
c.1342 (?)
tawere
1255
taxur
s.xiii
3/3
tegler
2
1350-51
teinterie
c.1275
teintur
s.xiii
1
teinture
c.1170
[teinturer]
1
c.1390
teinturer
2
s.xii
teler
1
1174-75
telere
1
1258
tenant
1
1136-37
teneor
s.xiii
2/3
tenir
1113-19
terme
1113-19
teselere
1301
[texteresse]
1363
textour
1389-90
thacherer
1286
thakestere
1295
thatchere
1251
thesaurer
1325
thresher
1294
throwere
1282
thumeler
1332
tideman
1386
tieuler
2
1185
[tilercraft]
1413
tillere
1275
[timbremongere]
1275
tinctour
1416
tincture
1406
tincturier
1449-50
tinkelere
1268
tinker
1243
tinnere
1272
tipelere
1250
tisserant
1271-72
tissuere
s.xiii
tistre
1
s.xii
1
tistresse
s.xiii
1
tistur
s.xii
2
tithyngman
1442
tol
1
c.1150
tolneour
c.1150
tolnoier
c.1150
[tolnutour]
c.1325
[tolonier]
s.xiii
[tonderesse]
s.xiii
[tonderier]
s.xii
2
tondour
1221
tonsour
s.xiv
1
tonwright
1246
torcheholder
1417-18
tosere
1249
tosour
s.xiv
in
totere
1279
trailbaston
1280-1307
trailbastonerie
1313-14
[traiour]
s.xiii
1/4
travailler
b.1165
traventer
c.1192
[traventerie]
1360
traveter
s.xii
3/4
trenchour
1280-1307
trescer
1
s.xii
2/4
tresor
1
s.xii
1/3
tresorer
1
s.xii
2/4
tribun
s.xii
3/4
[trithinger]
1314-15
trone
2
c.1253
tronetarie
1343-50
tronour
1334
trover
s.xii
1/4
trumper
1
1253
[trumpette]
1375
trumpetter
1375
trunchier
1192
tukere
1243
turein
c.1185
[turné]
1
1338
turnour
1180
[turtebaker]
1303
[turtepestur]
1419
turter
1
1307-27
tuse
1
s.xii
ex
tylie
1332
tywelwyrgh
1280
ues
1121-25
[uignementour]
s.xiv
1
[uinter]
1263
ulnerer
1410
upholdere
1289
[upholdester]
1316
us
1
s.xii
1/3
usdif
c.1136-65
usdive
1
1155
user
s.xii
1/3
usserie
2
1267
ussier
c.1136-37
[ussiere]
c.1240
usurer
1
c.1245
usurere
1
1267
vantparlour
s.xiv
in
veillour
1329-30
ventour
1295-99
vestur
1297
viander
s.xii
3/4
vielur
s.xiii
in
vitailler
1
1318-23
voideresse
wache
1
1185
[wacheman]
1225-50
wacher
1
1227
waiour
c.1290
walkere
1254
waller
1154-89
walmakere
1286
wapentakier
1318
wardeman
1277-78
waterbailif
c.1375
waterleder
1313
waterman
c.1215
[waxchandeler]
1433
waxmongere
1310
wayner
1
1381
waynman
1281
waynwryche
1292
webbe
1255
webber
1255
webbester
1252
wedestere
1346
weider
1185
wellere
1324
werkman
1236
[westadmiral]
1383
wever
1
1296
[weysergant]
1334
whelere
1249
whelwright
1256
whitawyer
1279
whitesmyth
1260
whittere
1221
wodehewer
1301
[wodemongere]
1464-65
wodeward
1208
wodewardie
1279
wodewardshep
1426
wodier
1206
wolbetere
1287
wollebyer
1318
wollemongere
1250
wollewerchere
1339-40
wright
1212
wringar
1319
writere
1275
wycchewrichte
1256
wyndrawer
1294
[wyredrawere]
1264-5
[wyremongere]
1483-84
yeman
1381
yetter
1260
yongeherd
1332
yongehosebonde
1280
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admiré
c.1170
[avirunement]
1
s.xiii/xiv
Clear
[avirunement]
1
(s.xiii/xiv)
Cite this entry
[gdw]
FEW:
vibrare
*14,393b
Gdf:
avironement 1
1,529a
GdfC:
∅
TL:
∅
DEAF:
virer (*)
DMF:
avironnement 1
TLF:
∅
OED:
∅
MED:
∅
DMLBS:
∅
envirunment
s.
1
ship.
rowing (with oars)
:
(
MS: s.xiii/xiv
)
remus: (T) envirunment
ii 30
avirun#1
aviruner#1
This is an AND2 Phase 7 entry (V and A-Z consolidation). © 2025-29 The Anglo-Norman Dictionary. All rights reserved. Funded by the
Arts and Humanities Research Council
of the United Kingdom.
avirunement_1
[avirunement] 1
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[avirunement]1 (s.xiii/xiv)