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Le Secré de Secrez by Pierre d'Abernun of Fetcham
Edited by O. A. Beckerlegge
1944
Oxford, Anglo-Norman Text Society
Genre: Philosophy
AND Bibliography: Secr abernun
Original work © 1944 The Anglo Norman Text Society, which has granted permission for selected portions to be digitised, browsed and searched on this site. Any other use, including making copies of this electronic version, requires the prior written permission of the copyright holders, who may be contacted via Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
INTRODUCTION
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3. ORIGIN, VERSIONS AND POPULARITY OF THE SECRETUM SECRETORUM
i. Origins
The S.S. was probably compiled in Syriac from various sources in the eighth century. 2 [2] See Secrees (EETS, ES, 66), Intro. This introduction, together with that of Steele's edition of the S.S. annotated by Roger Bacon, is full of information regarding the sources and first versions of the S.S. For fuller details, see these two editions.xix In a notice of one of the prose versions, an anonymous translation dating from the end of the XV century, we find some curious remarks on the origin of the poem:
On sait bien que le livre du Secret des Secrets est un ouvrage apocryphe; cela n'empêche pas d'admettre qu'il n'ait été traduit originairement du grec en arabe, et de l'arabe en latin.... Le traducteur françois se contente d'analyser les divers préambules de la leçon latine dans les termes suivans: Ci commence le livre appellé les Secrets d'Aristote, servant à tous princes et nobles hommes. Jean, fils de Patrice, sage en toutes manières de langaiges, trouva en la terre de Grèce repost en ung temple du Soleil que Estupides (lat. Escolapides) avait fait faire, le livre des Secrets d'Aristote et le translata de grec en calde et puis à la requeste du roy d'arrabe le
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translata de calde en arabic. Et après long temps ung grant clerc appellé Philippe le translatta de arabic en latin et l'envoya à très reverend pere en Dieu sage, noble et honneste personne Guy de Valence evesque de Triple.... Et depuis, par un venerable clerc il a esté translaté de latin en françois, mais non pas tout le livre, ainchois tout ce qui est prouffitable à l'estat et gouvernement des princes. 1 [1] P. Paris Catalogue des MSS. fr. IV. pp. 344 ff.; fonds anc. 7062 (today no. 572).xxIt goes without saying that no Greek text has been discovered, and it is very improbable that it ever existed in a Greek version. Nevertheless it is possible that some parts of the work may have been drawn from Greek sources, since Greek names are to be found in it. Nor has any Syriac MS. been found, though Steele is of the opinion (loc. cit.) that such a text may well have existed, for the S.S. had its origin in the interaction between Persian and Syriac ideas which took place in the seventh to ninth centuries of our era. 2 [2] Steele Opera.... Rogeri Baconi, p. x.xx Some MSS. call this the chaldean or rumi version.
With the Arab version we are on firmer ground. Two MSS. of this version are in England, one in Vienna, and several in the Vatican; 3 [3] v. Steinschneider, Jahrbuch für rom. u. engl. Lit. XII, 4, p. 366.xx moreover, one of these MSS. is written in Syriac characters, which confirms the theory that the S.S. previously existed in a Syriac version. There were in fact two Arab versions, one much shorter than the other. The short version, the Western version, according to Steele, 4 [4] Op. cit., p. xiii.xx was the work of a Syrian Christian, Yuhanna ibn el-Batrik (or Ibn Yahya al-Batrik, or Johannes filius Patricii), a famous translator who died in 815. 5 [5] ibid., p. xi.xx This version was divided into seven or eight books, to which three supplementary books (gates, as Steele calls them) were soon added; no MS. of this version exists today. Before long, the S.S. became much longer, and the eight books, now become ten, and three gates, were amplified; Steele shews 6 [6] ibid., pp. xiv ff.xx that this long version dates from c. 1220, though it is very probable that the process of amplification began several years earlier.
ii. Versions.
The first Latin version is the work of the famous Jewish translator, Johannes Hispalensis, 7 [7] Or Hispaniensis, or John of Seville, usually identified with John, son of David (John Avendeath), a Jewish physician converted to Christianity, who translated from Arabic into Latin, medical and astronomical works.xx who translated it for a Queen of Spain,
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by name Theophina, or Tharasia. She may perhaps be identified with Theresa of Portugal, daughter of Alfonso VI of Castille and Leon. If this identification, which is however uncertain, be accepted, the translation must date from before 1130, the date of her death. John of Spain is, in any case, known to have translated works from the Arabic between 1135 and 1153. 1 [1] Cf. C. H. Haskins Studies in the History of Mediæval Science (Cambridge 1924) pp. 13-14.xxi This version is far from complete; it was published by Suchier in his Denkmäler provenzalischer Literatur und Sprache (1883), pp. 472-480.The Latin translation of the longer version is by one Philippus Tripolitanus, and was written some time after the year 1227 for a certain Archbishop Guido. 2 [2] ibid. p. 138, and Steele, op. cit., pp. xix-xxi.xxi This Guido (possibly Archbishop of Naples, 1247-1253) was a member of the Anglo-Norman family De Vere, who lived in Lincolnshire; there was no other De Vere family in Western Europe, among whom Guido was a family name. 3 [3] Steele, op. cit., pp. xix-xxi.xxi This translation of Philip's was made from the Eastern text, but it is certain that he knew the work of Johannes Hispalensis. It contains the prologue of a certain Arab doctor in praise of Aristotle, together with that of Yuhanna ibn el-Batrik, and the two letters which serve as an introduction.
No MS. exists of the first form of Philip's version; there were important revisions before the form of the Latin text which exists today was established, the most important of which concerns the place which the discourse on physiognomy occupies in the work. This discourse, which stood at first at the end of the second discourse, was transferred to the end of the work and formed Book X of the new Latin version; Bacon, in a note on Aristotle's reply to Alexander's letter, tells us there had been such a revision.
Finally Roger Bacon edited the S.S. towards 1257, 4 [4] ibid., p. viii; Bacon knew the work earlier, and quoted from it in 1247.xxi dividing it into four books instead of ten.
The following table will facilitate a comparison of those parts of the three Latin versions (Western, Eastern and Bacon's) which correspond to Pierre's: 5 [5] It must always be borne in mind that the Eastern version was not an enlarged edition of the Western, but rather a separate translation of the long Arab version.xxi
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Western Version. | Eastern. | Bacon. | Pierre. |
Discourse I. | Discourse I. | Book I, ch. 5-8. | Ll. 157-462. |
Discourse II. | Discourse II, | Book I, 9 to II,30, | Ll. 463-1868. |
with additions. | plus end Bk. IV. |
The chronology of the work can be thus resumed: ? Syriac: VIII century. 1 [1] Hertz Gesammelte Abhandlungen (pub. by Fr. von der Leyen) (Stuttgart & Berlin 1905) p, 157, is of the opinion that the work goes no further back than the twelfth century: Doch ist es mehr als wahrscheinlich, dass Ibn Batrik an der angeblichen Übersetzung ebenso unschuldig ist als Aristoteles an dem angeblichen griechischen Original. Wir haben es zweifellos mit einem unterschobenen arabischen Machwerk zu tun, dessen Existenz vor dem 12. Jahrhundert nicht nachgewiesen werden kann.xxii Short Arabic: Before 815 (death of the translator, Yuhanna ibn el-Batrik). Long Arabic: c. 1220. Short Latin: c. 1125 (by Johannes Hispalensis). Long Latin: After 1227 (by Philippus Tripolitanus). Bacon: c. 1257.
In choosing Bacon's version as a parallel for comparison, we are not, of course, suggesting that Pierre d'Abernun based his verse translation on Bacon's Latin; though, in any case, apart from the latter's new arrangement in books and chapters, there is little difference between Bacon's edition and the other editions of the long Latin version. We have chosen it, simply because it is the most complete, and most accessible, version that we possess. The S.S. enjoyed an immense popularity during the whole of the Middle Ages. The evidence for this lies in the existence of the great number of versions and translations, imitations and adaptations in all, or nearly all, the European languages. As Steele 2 [2] Steele, Bacon, pp. xxv ff.xxii has drawn up a most impressive list of the various MSS. and editions of the work, there is no need to repeat that here; it will suffice if we refer to the most important versions, and add brief details only of those MSS. and printed versions which have escaped his attention. 3 [3] Steele says nothing of the Arabic and Hebrew MSS. Of the Arabic, there is a MS. of the short version in the B.M., Add. 7453, ff. 75v. to 76v. and of the long version in the Bodleian Library, Laud A88. There are several in the Vatican (JREL XII, 4, p. 366) one of which is in Syriac characters; there is one in Vienna (JREL, ibid.), and several are to be found in the B.N. (P. Paris, Catalogue IV, p. 345). In Steele's words, (Secrees, p. viii) Arabic texts abound in foreign libraries. Typical titles are: In recto ducis seu imperatoris regimine et ejus moribus rite instituendis, and Epistola de Regimine (JREL, loc. cit.). As for the MSS. in Hebrew, they are to be found in the Escurial, the B.N., at Montpellier, Turin, Cambrai and Middlehill (JREL, X, p. 163). These versions bear such titles as: Secretum Secretorum. Fertur esse liber de consiliis et consiliariis...olim ex Græco in Arabicum, postea ex Arabico in Hebraicum translatus (JREL, X). Steele's edition contains a translation into English of an Arabic MS. (Gotha 1869), and the Hebrew version was published, together with an English translation, by Gaster Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London 1907-8). Steele omits to mention the following MSS. of the shorter Latin version: B.M. Harl. 978, and B.N. f.fr. 955xxii
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One of the first French versions is that in prose of Jofroi de Waterford and Servais Copale, found in ff. 84 to 143 of the B.N. MS. f.fr. 1822 (ancien 7856.3.3 ), written c. 1290. The translator takes great liberties with his text, omitting passages which appear to him to be desordenéement dit (cf. f. 84v.), or not in accordance with Christian ethics, e.g. Aristotle's advice to Alexander to poison his enemy's wells (which appears in that part of the Latin text which Pierre did not know), and the second half of the advice: Si sentis gravedinem in stomacho ....medicina est ponere super ventrem camisiam calidam ponderosam, aut amplecti puellam speciosam. 1 [1] Bologna edition, 1501, f. 7, col. 2, quoted from Hist. Litt. XXI, p. 219. Pierre, it will be noticed, omits the same passage.xxiii Another French version, contained in a group of MSS. of the XIV century (e.g. MS. B.N. f.fr. 562), is of an abridged form, and in at least one of the MSS. (viz. MS. B.M. Add. 18179, a XV century MS.) the Physiognomy is missing. In his list of MSS. Of this group 2 [2] Op. cit., p. xxxi.xxiii Steele omits to mention MSS. B.N. f.fr. 10468, and Oxford, St. John's Coll. 102. A third French version (contained, e.g., in B.N. MS. f.fr. 1087), of the end of the XIV century, suppresses the first prologue and confuses Philippus Clericus and Johannes filius Patricii; this version was printed by Anthoine Vérard in 1497. Doutrepont mentions a Gouvernement des Rois et des Princes and an Épître d'Aristote à Alexandre, which are versions of the S.S.; 3 [3] Doutrepont, La Littérature fr. à la Cour des Ducs de Bourgogne (Paris 1909), p. 128.xxiii and further versions are cited by Steele who, however, does not mention MS. B.M. Reg. 20 B.iv.3 (quoted by Warton, History of English Poetry (London 1824), II, p. 415).
There are three versions in Anglo-Norman: Pierre's version, which appears to be one of the first, if not actually the first, in a modern language; the greatly abridged version of MS. B.M. Roy. 20 B.v., ff. 136 ff., mentioned by Vising, which dates from the end of the XIV century 4 [4] Cf. Romania XV, p. 188.xxiii and which is based on the third French version; and finally the XIII century version of MS. B.N. f.fr. 571 (ancien 7068), 5 [5] The MS. itself is of the XIV century; cf. P. Paris Catalogue IV, p. 404.xxiii an Anglo-Norman version, according to Paulin Paris and
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Steele, but of which Vising makes no mention in his Anglo-Norman Language and Literature.Translations into English of the S.S. are no less numerous. The first was made towards 1400, based on a Latin version; then in 1422 James Yonge translated the poem from Jofroi de Waterford's version; these two versions, together with a third, based on the French of M.S B.M. Harl. 219, are printed in the EETS series (E.S. 74). The most famous English version is, of course, Lydgate and Burgh's, translated about the year 1440: the Secrees of old Philosoffres, printed in the EETS series (E.S. 66). Steele quotes this edition, but does not mention the MSS: B.M. Sloane 2027 and 2464, Add. MS. 14408 (dated 1473), Harl. 2251 and 4826, Arundel 59 and Lansdowne 285. Another version was made by John Shirley (c. 1440, from the French), and one, for Edward VI in 1548, by Sir William Forrest, who entitles his work The Poesye of Princely Practise; part of this version, however, derives from the work of Aegidius Romanus.
The S.S. was also translated into Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch and Catalan. 1 [1] Cf. Steele Secrees, p. xii; Knust, JREL X, pp. 162 ff. According to Hertz (Ges. Abh., p. 160, where Hertz refers to the Jahresbericht der German. Philol. XV, 16, p. 525), the earliest Irish treatise in the English language is a version of the Sec. Sec. c. 1225.xxiv
So far we have spoken of the S.S. in manuscript. The work has often been printed in the various languages. Philippus Clericus' version was printed at Cologne in 1475 (B.M. IA. 3209), and several editions of Latin versions appeared during the following half century.
The French translation was printed, as we have seen, in 1497 at Paris, and there had been an edition the previous year; it was often reprinted during the next fifty years. Steele, however, does not mention the Histoire de l'estat et Gouvernement des roys et des princes apellé le secret des secrets (Paris 1515, printed by Alain Lotrian, 4to), in the John Rylands Library, Manchester. In English the S.S. was translated and printed in 1528 by Robert Copland: The Secrete of Secretes of Arystotle with the Governale of Prynces and every maner of Estate; then in 1572 (an edition that nobody has been able to identify); and finally in an abridged form in 1702. Lastly, much of the contents of the S.S. is to be found in the Ocia Imperialia, being Select Exercises of Philosophy, Policy, War, Government by John Heydon (London 1663).
It is a sign of the popularity of the S.S. that many works were
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modelled on it, and did not only imitate the S.S., but even directly quoted it. 1 [1] It is not suggested that any of these works were based on Pierre's version.xxv For instance, the Gesta Romanorum, composed c. 1300 by Pierre Bercheur de Poitou (ob. 1362), contains the story De puella nutrita veneno, which first appears in the SS. 2 [2] This story is not found in the first Latin version of Johannes Hispalensis, nor in the version published by Taegius (v. Steele Bacon p. xxiv), nor in that of Jofroi de Waterford. It is, however, to be found in a German metrical version of the XIV century, in the German version published by Lorchner (v. Steele Bacon, p. xxxv), in Pierre, and in Alain Lotrian's printed version. Frauenlob turned it into a poem, and it is further found in the Decameron, in Placides and Timeo (v. Hist. Litt. XXX, pp. 567 ff.), in an Italian version of Brunetto Latini (c. 1310), etc.; cf. Hertz, op. cit., pp. i62 ff. Later (p. 225): Aus Indien lässt der arabische Verfasser das giftgenährte Mädchen kommen, und Indien ist in der Tat die Heimat dieser Sagengestalt.xxv and we find many traces of its influence in John Gower's Confessio Amantis. written c. 1390. One of the editors of this latter work, Macaulay, has remarked that Gower borrowed no more than the Jew and Pagan story (ll. 3207-3360), and a passage on liberality (II. 2014-2057). But other critics, notably Allan H. Gilbert, 3 [3] Cf. Speculum III (1928), p. 84.xxv have demonstrated that Gower possessed a pretty detailed knowledge of the S.S. According to Gower himself, Book VII of the poem is drawn partly from the S.S. 4 [4] Cf. Gower Conf. Am., Book VII, opening lines, especially II. 18 ff: Forthi my Sone, unto thin Ere, Though it be noght in the registre / Of Venus, yet of that Calistre And Aristotle whylom write / To Alisandre, thou schalt wite. But for the lores ben diverse / I thenke ferst to the reherce The nature of Philosophie / Which Aristotle of his clergie, Wys and expert in the sciences / Declared thilke intelligences .... etc. These last lines are reminiscent of ll. 1924 in Pierre.xxv, and Warton accepted this statement. 5 [5] Op. cit., II, p. 311.xxv Actually it would appear that the truth lies somewhere between Warton's and Macaulay's points of view. Gower did in fact draw much of his matter from Jofroi de Waterford, but he added a great deal. This is not the place to indicate in detail Gower's borrowings from the S.S.; we shall deal with the question elsewhere at a later date, and meanwhile refer to Gilbert's article and Macaulay's edition of the poem (EETS. E.S. 81, 82; London 1900, 1901).Thomas Hoccleve's Regement of Princes, composed c. 1412, contains many quotations from, and allusions to, the S.S.; Hoccleve tells us (str. 292, ff.) that his poem is founded on the S.S. and the De Regimine Principum of Aegidius Romanus (or Gilles de Rome, or Egidio Colonna). 6 [6] The De Regimine Principum dates from c. 1285.xxv References to the S.S. appear constantly throughout the poem; the subject has been treated by F. Aster Das Ver
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hältniss des altenglischen Gedichtes: De Regimine Principum von Thomas Hoccleve, zu seinen Quellen (Leipzig 1888).Towards the beginning of the XV century, Guillaume de Tignonville translated a Latin text Dicta Philosophorum under the title Le Livre des Philosophes. 1 [1] Cf. P. Paris Catalogue des MSS. françois V, MS. 7068, 3, p. 2xxvi This was translated into English by Anthony Wydeville, Earl Rivers, and printed by Caxton in 1477. One of the sources of this was the S.S., as can be seen from the following example: And sayde Sedechias, if a kyng or a prynce enforce hym self to gadre money or tresor by subtyl exortacion or other undewe meanes he ought to knowen he doth amysse, for suche tresor may nat be gadred withoute the sequile be to hys daunger or depeopulacion of hys Royaume or countrey (cf. Pierre, ll. 263 ff). As may be expected, the scraps of philosophy attributed to Aristotle in this work bear many traces of the S.S. – e.g. liberalite is to yeve to nedi peple or to him yt hath deserved it, so that the gift be aftir the possibilite of the yever, for he that yeveth over reason ought to be called waster and not liberal (cf. Pierre, ll. 207-248); and there are numerous references to Alexander the Great. 2 [2] See our article A Source of the Dictes and Sayengis of the Philosoffres – the Secretum Secretorum, Comp. Lit. Studies IX (Cardiff 1943 ).xxvi
These three works were not the only ones to derive part of their subject-matter from the S.S.; many didactic works drew on the same source. The MS. Montpellier 164 3 [3] v. Romania XV, p. 166.xxvi which contains a version of the S.S. contains also an Enseignement d'Aristote à Alexandre, supposed to be based on Book I of the Alexandreis of Gautier de Châtillon; 4 [4] Speaking of this Alexandreis, Hertz (Ges. Abh., p. 23) remarks: Für die Lebensregeln benützte er (Gautier) wohl eine der zahlreichen Rezensionen der den Namen des Aristoteles tragenden Secreta Secretorum. This poem was written c. 1178. See also op. cit., p. 71; Toischer Anzeiger f. deutsches Altert., XII, p. 24; Paris Catalogue III, pp. 104, 200; P. Meyer Alexandre le Grand dans la litt. fr. du moyen âge (Paris 1886) II, p. 372; Romania XV pp. 164, 169 ff.xxvi this Enseignement is similar to the S.S. and was in fact inspired by it. 5 [5] Cf. also MS. B.N. f.fr. 1973, ff. 66-68.xxvi Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald de Barri), ob. c. 1220) wrote à De Instructione Principis 6 [6] Cf. Giraldi Cambrensis Opera (Rolls Series No. 21, vol. 8) (H.M.S.O. 1891).xxvi and Aegidius Romanus (ob. 1316) his De Regimine Principum, 7 [7] B.M. MS. Roy. 4 D. IV. 4; the work was printed at Rome 1482 and Venice 1498; see also p. xxiv, n. 6. It was translated into French by Henri de Gauchi towards the beginning of the XIV century: B.M. MS. 15 E. VI,11. (v. Warton, op. cit., II, p. 415).xxvi both of these being formed on the S.S.; and the De Administratione Principum and De Eruditione Principum
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of Innocent III (ob. 1216), the De Regimine Principum of St. Thomas Aquinas (composed c. 1265), the De Eruditione Principum of Guillaume Peraldi (ob. 1275), the Speculum Edwardi III of Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury (ob. 1366), and the Cresta, i.e. de Regiment de Princeps of a certain Ximenes 1 [1] Mentioned by Steele Secrees, who calls him a Spanish bishop, fl. c. 1400. A Francesco Eximenis (not, however, a bishop) (1349-c. 1409) wrote a Dotzè del Crestia ó Regiment civil dels hòmens e de les dones (Valencia 1484, Barcelona 1896, 1904); Professor Allison Peers has kindly suggested it may be some work of Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros, or of his relative García Ximenez de Cisneros, though their dates are later, 1436-1517 and c. 1455-c. 1510 respectively.xxvii have borrowed certain themes from the same work. 2 [2] For this theme, see L. K. Born The Perfect Prince, Speculum III (1928).xxvii Warton states 3 [3] op. cit., III, P. 31.xxvii that the S.S. is quoted in the Kalendar of Shepherds (ch. 42), printed by Wynkyn de Worde at the beginning of the XVI century; no trace of it is to be found however in Edmund Spenser's version of the poem. 4 [4] Parts of the Physiognomy are however to be found in the Kalendar, cf. Kalendar and Comport of Shepherds, ed. G. C. Heseltine, from the version printed by Richard Pynson in 1518 (London 1931), chap. xxx.xxviiIt is thus clear that the S.S. both in its Latin and French forms, enjoyed a great reputation through the Middle Ages; this was owing to the fact that the author of the poem was thought to be Aristotle, and the subject Alexander, and especially his liberality, which the Middle Ages generally considered his greatest claim to honour. Later, when reckless generosity was no longer considered a virtue, it was his skill in military matters that began to be admired. But the reputation afforded to the poem by these two names soon declined. Ascription of the work as a whole to Aristotle was questioned by Jofroi de Waterford: Quanqu'est bien dit et solonc raison en cest livre, Aristotles dit ou escrit, mais quanqu'est faus ou desordonéement dit, fu la coupe des translatours 5 [5] B.N. MS. a.f.fr. 1822, f. 84v., quoted from Pinchbeck The Prose Sermons of Jofroi de Waterford (doctoral thesis, typescript, London 1936); there is no printed edition of Jofroi's works.xxvii; and though some older critics have thought that traces of genuine Aristotelian works were recognisable, 6 [6] Hist. Litt. XXI, p. 217: Nous y avons reconnu presque tout le traité d'Aristote sur la Physiognomonie, dont nous avons le texte grec, et peut-être ne serait-il pas difficile d'y retrouver des lambeaux de quelques autres de ses livres; and the editor of the English version of 1702 speaks of the Credit of its author Aristotle and the excellency of the matter contain'd therein, which singly consider'd is enough to recommend it (as divers authors have done, partiularly Bacon of old age), and is surprised that the S.S. is not to be found in any edition of Aristotle's works (Secret of Secrets, London 1702, The Bookseller to the Reader).xxvii no one now admits Aristotelian authorship.
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4. PIERRE'S VERSION
The contents of the work.
It will be remembered that the long Latin version of the Secretum Secretorum begins with a dedication to a certain Guido de Vere (v. p. xx), followed by a paragraph on the origin of the work and the various languages in which it has existed. All this is omitted by Pierre. The origin is summed up once again in the Latin version, and it is at this point that our author begins his version. This introductory passage is followed by an extract from the correspondence between Aristotle and Alexander, included in the work in order to show the philosopher's wisdom and the success of the king who followed the advice given him by his old master (II. 33-82). Later Alexander addressed a second letter to him, now unfortunately lost 1 [1] That which Alexander seems to have desired of Aristotle was some of the great Hermetick Secrets, if not the grand Aurifick Elixir, which that philosopher was as likely to be Master of as any, but seems unwilling to discover to his pupil, probably judging it might be abus'd to serve his Ambition, and which perhaps might be a great cause of his excusing his Absence. But thinking it not prudent positively to deny the request of so great a Prince, he tells him he hath said enough to him Enigmatically, and under a Veil . . . (The Secret of Secrets, London 1702, The Bookseller to the Reader).xxviii (II. 83-94; this passage seems to be an invention of Pierre, who at this point omits the Prologus Johannis qui transtulit librum); the S.S. is the philosopher's reply to this letter. First of all there is a preliminary passage (ll. 95-128) in which Aristotle begs the king's pardon for not being able to visit him in person to explain his philosophy, the great hermetic secret. But if the king carefully reads the book which the philosopher will write for him, he will learn all he requires in order to reign happily, (ll. 129-156). Here follows another passage in the original, a whole chapter, which Pierre does not translate. In it the philosopher declares his fear lest the book should fall into the hands of unworthy people; and he hopes his pupil will be as careful as he in guarding its secrets. The king should be powerful and wise in order to govern and defend his kingdom; and should teach his subjects legitimate actions (operaciones licitae). Even if Alexander read the treatise but superficially, he will at least find some good precepts; if he read it carefully, he will find in it the essential teaching, the secret he wants to know. May God open his eyes!
From this point up to l. 1359, Pierre translates the Latin, as far
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as the end of Book I (Bacon's version), omitting only to treat the art of astronomy, which occupies the last paragraph in that section of the Latin. He continues by treating the subjects of health and medicine, following the Latin as far as l. 1867, when he suddenly breaks off. The original continues with the following themes: the importance of eating when one has an appetite; the seasons; parts of the body; waters and wines; drunkenness; baths; medicines; stones and plants; the five senses; justice; a king's servants; choice of officials; war; and, lastly, physiognomy.In the next 370 lines Pierre treats some of the subjects which he has already treated; the first lines of this passage (ll. 1868-1881) seem to sum up some of the precepts which have already appeared in the S.S. Then he speaks of exercise (ll. 1882-1913); of sleep (ll. 1914-1965); when and how much one should eat (ll. 1966-2033 ); the food eaten should suit both the season of the year and the individual (ll. 2034-2127); when one should drink and when abstain from drinking (ll. 2128-2201), and finally he speaks of wines. This treatise on health closes at line 2237.
The remaining 146 lines are a sort of epilogue, written by Pierre himself:
De ceste treité plus ne trovai,
Mes plus i ad, tres bien le sai;
Kar devant en cest liveret
Tuche choses ke il premet
En meismes cest livre a treiter,
Dunt rien ne poie aprés trover.
(ll. 2238-2243).
Unfortunately, says Pierre, the work is not complete, but what there is, is truly useful (ll. 2244-2253 ). He makes a number of sound comments on the poem he has translated; he points out that medicines and rules of health suitable to warm countries are not always suitable to other countries (2254-2267); the reader must remember that the rules he has translated were written in a country very different from that where his poem will be read (2268-2301). Finally one must not suppose that this treatise indicates all the virtues necessary to salvation. Those which he has treated are pagan virtues, good, no doubt, but inadequate (2302-2319). Faith, Hope and Charity are lacking, all of which are necessary to the Christian, especially Faith. If one has not Faith, his good works are of little
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value; the three theological virtues are truly inseparable (2320-2355). But even a Christian cannot be saved if he persists in sinning (2356-2361). For this question, see the Lumère as Lais (2362-2375). Pray for Pierre who translated this book (2376-2383).Up to the present nobody has succeeded in identifying the source of ll. 1868-2237; critics have been content to say that these lines are taken from some treatise on health – such treatises abounded at that time. The search is the more difficult as all these treatises resemble each other closely, and all have borrowed much from the S.S. 1 [1] For example, the De Secretis Naturae of Michael Scot (1175-1232) treats, in Part III, physiognomy, and this part roughly follows Bacon's order. Steele (Bacon, p. xxi) quotes parallel passages; but one must note that x [x] Scotxxx had a knowledge of the S.S. in its original form only – i.e. in Latin or Arabic.xxx It is clear that the lines are not a pure invention of Pierre's (cf. ll. 2238 ff.); and Dr. Steele assures us that I have no doubt there is a vernacular source behind 1868-2237. 2 [2] In a letter written March 20, 1938.xxx The Precepts of the School of Salerno, which appeared in their first form towards 1150 3 [3] Grande Encyclopédie XXIII, p. 532.xxx contain many passages reminiscent of the S.S.; these passages will be found in the relevant places in the Notes, as also will be passages from Bacon's edition offering resemblances with some parts of the lines 1868-2237.
The Aphorisms of Hippocrates and Celsus' De Medicina contain passages likewise reminiscent of parts of the S.S., and which are perhaps their original:
Hippocrates Aphorismi 4 [4] Quoted from Aphorismi Hippocratis (Edinburgh 1736).xxx : I, 17: Et quibus semel aut bis, & plura vel pauciora, & per partes offerri conducat, videndum. Concedendum autem aliquid et consuetudini & tempestati & regioni & aetati (cf. Pierre, ll. 2018 ff.). I, 20: Quae judicantur & judicata sunt perfecte, neque movere oportet, neque innovare sive purgantibus, sive aliis irritamentis, sed sinere (cf. ll. 2034 ff.). II, 3: Somnus, vigilia, utraque modum excedentia, malum (cf. ll. 1946 ff; v. also ll. 1440 ff.). II, 21: Famem vini potio solvit (cf. ll. 1982 ff.). II, 51: Multum, et derepente, evacuare, aut replere, aut calefacere, aut frigefacere, aut aliter quocunque modo corpus movere, periculosum est. Nam etiam omne multum naturae est inimicum. Quod vero paulatim fit, tutum est; tum alias, tum si quis ex altero ad alterum transeat (cf. ll. 1440 ff.; 1860 ff.).
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Celsus De Medicina 1 [1] ed. Loeb; 1935.xxxi: I, 2, 9: Post satietatem, nihil agendum (cf. ll. 1906 ff.). I, 3, 2: Ergo cum quis mutare aliquid volet, paulatim debebit adsuescere (cf. ll. 1864-7). I, 6, 2: Semper autem post cibum conquiescere (cf. ff. 1906 ff.).
There are other pieces of advice in both these works for which it is difficult to find exact parallels; e.g. Hippocrates, II, 16: Ubi fames, non oportet laborare; and Celsus, I, 2, 8: Numquam utilis est nimia satietas, saepe inutilis nimia abstinentia.
So far we have presumed that lines 1868-2237 are borrowed from a lost, or, at any rate, unidentified, work; that it to say, Pierre's S.S. is a composite work, made up of part of the S.S., part of an other treatise on health, and an epilogue. It may be however that these lines are based on a very mutilated version of the chapters in the S.S. following Book II, ch. 8 of Bacon's version.
Steele, Bacon (p. xliv), for example, writes: Section l, de calore naturali, is taken over (and expanded a little) by Philip from Johannes Hispalensis. Comparing it with his translation from the Eastern text, lines 19-30 (p. 81) correspond almost word for word with cap. 20 (pp. 88-9), pp. 82.1-83.8 with pp. 94.22-96.2. And later (p. xlv): Section p., de corroborantibus et macerantibus. As Bacon remarks, this section is a repetition of section n, this time from the Eastern version. In ll. 1868-2237 there are several ideas which have already been treated in the poem, in addition to those themes appearing in this passage which offer resemblances with themes in the untranslated part of the S.S. Thus compare lines 1880-1913 with lines 1694-1707; 1892-1913 with 1794-1801; 1914- 1931 with 1768 ff.; 1936-1945 with 1802 ff.; 1992-2007 with 1482 ff., 1740-1749, and 2108-2119; 2008-2033 with 1844-1859; 2058-2063 with 1708-1739; 2071-2075 with 2144 ff.; 2076-2081 with 1818 ff.; 2108-2119 with 1744 ff., and 1992-2007; 2120-2127 with 1560 ff.; 2128-2143 with 1750-1767, and 2164 ff.; 2144-2155 with 2071 ff.; 2164-2171 with 2129 ff. Compare also lines 1906-1931 with Bacon's gloss on lines 1794 ff. (which is especially interesting): (movement after eating engenders) constrictiones nimie humerorum generatorum ex cibo et potu, set intelligendum est de magno motu equitando vel itinerando vel laborando forti labore. Post unam horam tamen
Page xxxi
sedendo, utile est suaviter ambulare per aliam horam ante dormcionem, quia tunc est tempus et cibus descendat ad inferius stomachi, licet non in prima hora, ut voluit, quia Avicenna docet quod multus motus et labor corrumpunt cibum in stomaco. Set sciendum est quod non debet homo dormire immediate post prandium quia descendit cibus facilius extra stomachum et indigestus, et multum nocet oculis, quia in dormiendo fiunt multe evaporaciones ad capud que gravant oculos; igitur post duas horas bonum est dormire 1 [1] Steele, Bacon, pp. 73-4.xxxii . It is evident that a similar gloss existed in the text from which Pierre worked.Compare also lines 1868-1881 with Book II, ch. 14, last paragraph; 1974-1991 with Book II, ch. 9; 2129-2171 with Book II, ch. 22; and ll, 2230-2238 resemble Book II, ch. 23, para. 2. Lines 2064-2107 seem to he suggested by those chapters in the Latin S.S. in which the philosopher discusses seasons and the foods suitable to each (Bacon, II, ch. 10-13). It will be noticed that the passage in which Pierre speaks of wines (2202-2237) bears very little resemblance to Bacon's chapter on wines (II, ch. 23).
There is still one more possibility: the Régime du Corps of Aldebrandin of Florence (Alebrant of Sienna), written in 1256 for the Countess of Provence, contains some chapters resembling the S.S., cf. the Table of Contents in the edition of Landouzy and Pépin (Paris 1911). The similarity between Pierre's lines 1844 ff., 2018 ff., and 1974 ff. and the following passage from the Régime is particularly noticeable: Ains doit tenir le nombre du mangier selonc çou qu'il a acoustemé et usé, et doit mangier quant li volentés li vient (I, 2; fo. 5b; op. cit., p. 16); and in the following chapters we read that in Winter and Spring much food should be eaten, but less in Summer and Autumn (cf. ll. 2064 ff.; Bacon, II, ch. 10-13); one should not drink before eating nor drink too much at once (cf. ll. 2129 ff., and 2172 ff.); wine should be drunk in moderation; one should preferably go to bed on an empty stomach, lying on the right side (cf. ll. 1773 ff., 1915 ff.). MM. Landouzy and Pépin indicate Avicenna and Hippocrates as being the principal sources of Aldebrandin's work 2 [2] The chapters de l'air, de mangier, de boire, du vin, de dormir and comment on doit garder le corps come directly from Avicenna (I, ii, ii, 2, 5, 16; iii, ii, 7, 8, 9). Other parts of the work are taken from Aristotle and Galen (cf. Hist. Litt. XXI, pp. 415-8) and from the Diaetae Universales et particulares of Isaac. Mesue and Rasis are also possible sources of the passage 1868-2237; we are indebted to Dr. Steele for information on this point. It would be a life's work to study all the possible sources of these 370 lines.xxxii ; we have already seen that the S.S. contains themes apparently
Page xxxii
borrowed from Hippocrates. Finally a passage from the editors' foreword might well be applied to a large part of the S.S.:Dans ce traité, où la Diététique occupe la place la plus importante, Maître Aldebrandin règle l'usage des repas, du manger et du boire. Accordant déjà une large part aux agents physiques dans la conservation de la santé, il expose l'action de l'air, du sommeil, de l'exercice, du repos, du coït, et des bains, selon l'âge, lea tempéraments et les saisons. 1 [1] op. cit., p. XI.xxxiii
Lines 1868-2237 could then be borrowed from any one of these health treatises; it is not impossible that Pierre may have worked from a defective MS., containing some leaves of the S.S., followed by some of another health treatise – or perhaps by some leaves of an abridged version of the S.S. It is possible that Pierre himself had no suspicions that the incomplete work he was translating was a composite – whether deliberate or accidental – of two works, both of them incomplete.
It is clearly impossible to say what was the precise Latin original of Pierre's version. We have compared Bacon's version. with the closely related version printed in 1520. Pierre usually follows Bacon's version, driverging from the 1520; but there are many Places where the poet follows the latter in preference to Bacon's.
(i) Pierre follows Bacon's version:
Pierre. | Bacon. | Paris 1520. | |
269. | destruera. | destruit. | destruit regnum suum. |
49. | sui en purpos. | proponimus. | proposuimus. |
170. | a suens e a sei. | sibi et suis subditis. | sibi. |
234, 238. | (phrase missing). | ||
288. | clarté. | claritas. | caritas. |
293. | de Chaldeus. | Caldeorum. | calculorum. |
341. | de fol la folie. | stulticiam stulti. | stultitiam. |
355. | E meske ja n'usse dit. | Et si nunquam dixissem. | et nunquam dixissem. |
261. | E l'aver despendre e governer. | Committere res publicas disponendas et regni divicias gubernandas. | Committere res publicas dispensandas et regni divitias conservandas. |
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(Here, despendre follows the 1520 version, but governer follows Bacon's.)
602. Pierre, with Bacon, commences here a new chapter; the 1520 version continues the old.
(ii) Pierre follows the 1520 version:
Pierre. | 1520. | Bacon. | |
16. | prince e mestre. | ipsum propositum vice regem et magistrum. | magister et propositum. |
328. | chose donee. | rem donatam. | donativa. |
341. | feindre. | fingere. | fugere (al. fingere). |
354. | naturele science. | physicam. | philosophicam. |
441. | el cors. | in corpore. | inde corpus. |
461. | cors. | corporis. | operis. |
477. | certeins. | certa. | cetera. |
581. | Bacon's version contains a phrase which appears in neither Pierre nor the 1520 edition. | ||
592-3. | si ne vendrunt . . .la gent sovent pur ver tel rei. | nec multum libenter vident regem. | tunc non multurn libenter audiunt regem saturantem. |
604. | dispositiun. | disposicione. | dispensacione. |
609. | od. | cum. | in. |
705. | a voz desirs e volentez. | sic consequitur desideria voluptatis. | (missing). |
712. | regne. | regnum. | vitam. |
722. | dur a esparnier ne seez. | noli esse crudelis et inflexibilis ad parcendum. | noli esse crudelis set flexibilis ad parcendum. |
761 | est. | est. | et (cf. the whole phrase). |
764 | autres. | alios. | eos. |
(iii) At line 371 the 1520 version, like Bacon's, begins a new sentence; this begins in Pierre's version at line 373. At 397 the 1520 version again agrees with Bacon's; Pierre's is based on another version wrongly containing Invidia for Mendacium. At 330, both the 1520 and Bacon's versions read remunerare; Pierre reads renumbrer (< renumerare); cf. l. 647. At 657, Bacon's and the 1520 version read
Page xxxiv
commendare; Pierre translates recunter. Compare also the note to l. 778.(iv) With the exception of these lines, Pierre's version corresponds very closely to Bacon's. We have seen that Pierre was a very faithful translator; even a superficial examination of the work shews that it is often nothing more than a word for word translation – such a faithful translation that the versification suffers and the sense is often rendered very obscure – there is no need to quote examples here. He takes scarcely any liberties with his text, except at lines 1778-1781 where, for modesty's sake, he omits a phrase: tunc medicina necessaria tibi est amplecti puellam calidam et speciosam. It is interesting to notice that Jofroi de Waterford, who takes great liberties with his text, omits the same phrase (cf. Hist Litt. ., XXI, p. 219). 1 [1] Cf. p. xxii.xxxv It is of course possible that a Latin version existed, omitting this phrase.
(v) As for Pierre's other omissions, these are often explanatory phrases, possibly glosses by some editor or other. The only important omissions appear at the beginning of the work and at l. 1359 (end of Book I in Bacon's version), where the philosopher is speaking of the three parts of astronomy; Pierre omits a short paragraph, remarking:
Mes saciez, sire, ke ne voil mie
Ore treiter de astronomie,
Mes aprés, quant a ceo vendrai,
En cest livre contreiterai.
(ll. 1360-1363).
Pierre's additions to his text are nothing but chevilles and short explanations.
The following summary will shew exactly how Pierre has treated his text:
The original is freely translated at lines: 16-24, 195-9, 630 ff., 812 ff , 940 ff., 959, 1636, 1716-1727, 1812 ff., 1823-7.
The original is faithfully translated: 120, 165-188, 249-262, 269-270, 343 ff., 353-4, 359 ff., 476-492, 554-9, 602 ff., 930 ff., 1025, 1040-9, 1066, 1101, 1412-3, 1492, 1572, 1664-1715, 1788.
Pierre's version is quite different from the Latin: 35-6, 125-8.
There is a new arrangement of phrases, paragraphs etc.: 37-8, 371-2, 616, 682, 869, 1110, 1412-3.
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There is a change of words: 330, 341-2, 345?, 766, 843, 876, 915, 956, 1279, 1292-3n, 1420-1, 1487, 1520 ff., 1552.
Lines not found in the Latin: 433-4, 542-3, 719-720, 806-9, 960-1, 1237, 1358-9, 1360-3.
Passages are omitted at lines: 740-3, 812, 852-5, 875, 946-9, 1018-1020, 1211, 1241, 1249, 1360, 1457, 1618, 1631, 1647, 1649, 1663, 1748-9, 1847, 1853.
There is a change of construction: 54-63, 120-2, 293, 812, 860, 873, 902-4, 920, 1088 ff., 1151, 1294-8, 1424-5, 1678, 1816?, 1844.
Pierre has not understood the Latin (or perhaps his Latin text was defective): 54-63, 195-9, 353-4, 371-2, 440 ff., 530-1, 548, 760-1?, 946-9, 1108?, 1144?, 1520 ff., 1816?
The poet has developed his Latin for the sake of the versification: 468-9, 774-7, 1214-5, 1309-1311, 1401-3, 1764-7, 1840-3.
Anacoluthia: 285-292, 437, 760, 1090-1, 1108, 1228-9, 1552-3, 1844-7, 2028-9.
5. DESCRIPTION OF MS. F.FR. 25407
Pierre's version of the Secret of Secrets is found in one manuscript only, the Bibliothèque Nationale MS. f. fr. 25407, a XIII century manuscript of parchment, bound in parchment, measuring 245 by 175 millimetres. The MS. comes from the Fonds Notre Dame (no. 277), a collection offered by the canons of Notre Dame to Louis XV on April 24th 1756. 1 [1] We are indebted to M. P. Perrier, the librarian of the B.N., for this information, and for parts of what follows.xxxvi
On the binding of the volume, facing fol. 1, we read: À la bibliothèque de l'Église de Paris. Écriture du treizième siècle au moins, written in a brown ink. Originally à quatorzième was written after treizième, but this has been crossed out and douzième au added between the words du and treizième, in a darker ink. Finally douzième au has been suppressed and au moins added at the end. Below this description is Fr. 25407. Volume à 244 feuillets. 4 juin 1898.
The MS. contains:
Fol. 1. L'Image du Monde. Written in black ink, 28 lines per column, capitals decorated in blue and red. Corrections and addi
Page xxxvi
tions made in a lighter ink. In verse. This poem, still unpublished, 1 [1] A prose version of this work was published by O. H. Prior: L'Image du Monde de Maître Gossouin. Rédaction en Prose. (Lausanne and Paris 1913). Cf. also Holmes Hist. Old French Lit., p. 241.xxxvii is based on the Imago Mundi.Fol. 102. Des Peines qui sunt en Purgatoire. This is the Espurgatoire seint Patrice of Marie de France, published with an introduction by Thomas Atkinson Jenkins (Philadelphia 1894), and by K. Warnke, Bibliotheca Normannica IX (Halle 1938 ).
Fol. 123. Ci comencent moralitez. In prose, unpublished.
Fol. 139. Romanz des Romanz. Published by F. J. Tanquerey (Paris 1922, q.v.), and by I. C. Lecompte (Elliott Monographs 14 – 1923); 28 lines per column.
Fol. 157. Paraphrase du Credo and the Pater Nostre. Not yet published, so far as we know.
Fol. 161. Hic Incipit Prolog Regine Sibille. Two columns per folio, 26 lines per column. In six-syllabled lines.
Fol. 173. Paroles de Jésus Christ. Two columns in prose. This folio, clearly the last remaining page of a paraphrase of Christ's words on the Last Judgement and of His promise to St. Peter, has been crossed out.
Fol. 173 v. Le Secré de Secrez. See later paragraph.
Fol. 197. Distiques de Caton. By Everart de Kirkham. Latin and French text, published in. EETS O. S. 117 (1901), and in Le Roux de Lincy Le Livre des Proverbes français (Paris 1859) II, pp. 439 ff.
Fol. 213. Le Torneiment Anticrist. By Hugon de Méry (v. fol. 244), published by G. Wimmer (Marburg 1888). In 2 columns per page.
In this manuscript four handwritings can be distinguished, the first from fol. 1 to fol. 101 (Image du Monde), the second from fol. 102 to fol. 122 v (Des Peines qui sunt en Purgatoire), a third from fol. 123 to fol. 156 v, and from fol. 213 to fol. 244 v (Moralitez, Romanz des Romanz and Torneiment Anticrist), and the fourth from fol. 157 to fol. 212 v, (containing the rest of the poems, etc., including the S.S.).
From this it is obvious that there has been a new and incorrect arrangement of folios; that at first the Torneiment Anticrist followed the Romanz des Romanz. But this is not the only mistake. At the bottom of fol. 244 v (the last folio of the volume) are the words Al nun de Deu qui od nus sert, and on the opposite fly-leaf has been written:
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Ce premier vers est le. commencement du Purgatoire de M. Patrice (? – illegible) par Marie de France que je trouve au fol. 102 Ro. en le ms.
This note is written in brown ink, perhaps in the eighteenth century. The line in question is certainly the opening line of Des Peines qui sunt en Purgatoire. The position of this note at the bottom of the page shows that the preceding leaves were originally before fol. 102.
The following table then gives the probable arrangement of the MS. originally:
Foll. | 1-101. | Image du Monde | Scribe 1. |
123-156 | Moralitez | Scribe 2. | |
Romanz des Romanz | Scribe 2. | ||
213-244. | Torneiment Anticrist | Scribe 2. | |
102-122. | Des Peines. . . | Scribe 3. | |
157-212 | Paraphrase. . . | Scribe 4. | |
Pater Nostre | Scribe 4. | ||
Le Livre de Sibille | Scribe 4. | ||
Paroles de J.C. | Scribe 4. | ||
Secré de Secrez | Scribe 4. | ||
Distiques de Caton | Scribe 4. |
In short, the MS. was written by four scribes, though, with the exception of the first, the writing does not greatly differ. The Image du Monde seems to be older than the others; the illumination of the capitals is much more delicate.
It has generally been assumed that the York MS. of the Lumère as Lais is autograph. 1 [1] Cf. Vising A-N. Lang. and Lit., p. 57; Baker RLR LIII, p. 246; etc.xxxviii We have compared the writing of this MS. with that of the S.S.; if the former is Pierre's, then the latter is not. The writing of the S.S. seems to be of a later date than that of the Lumère and is more regular, which suggests that the S.S. was copied out by a professional scribe, so to speak, and the Lumère by an amateur such as Pierre. The formation of the letters is also different, especially the capitals A, D, E, L, K, S, and the ligature of the st; in the Lumère j denotes dž (e.g. jur) while the S.S. scribe never uses this letter (except when capital), but always writes, for instance, iur; the symbols y and w are of frequent occurrence in the Lumère, but rare in the S.S. MS. In the Lumère the capitals at the beginning of
Page xxxviii
each line are always separated from the rest of the line by two vertical lines.The S.S. is written in two columns to a page, of 26 lines each (except the first, fol. 173 c, which contains 25). Each paragraph begins with a large decorated capital, in blue and red. The capitals at the beginning of each line are sometimes somewhat separated from the rest of the line, but never so definitely as in the Lumère MS. As peculiar to the scribe, one may note the z with a cross stroke in certain places, the flattened serifs of l and h, the wide, slanting style of the writing and the two red strokes found in the oval of initial D and P.
The MS. is in very good condition, though it was rebound in 1939. There are but two faults in it, as far as our text is concerned. Towards the bottom of fol. 177 is a small round hole, in the middle of de-sir 387 and, on the verso, in veri-té 465. Similarly on fol. 191 there is a larger irregular hole between est and travailé 1827 and in the middle of hu-re 1828, and, on the verso, in the middle of ven-tre 1905 and between aprés and mangier 1906. There is a slight blot covering the ti of Latins 1398, but the context assures the reading.
In copying out the text, the scribe was very careful – the reader is struck by the small number of mistakes and corrections. The following corrections were made by the scribe: final s has been added above the last letter as originally written, in larges (174), des (460, 565, 724), choses (1197); words are inserted; lei (485; cf. the note), fei (1057), oilz (1255); an i is expunctuated in Persiens (MS. Perisiens) (40), dunkes is expunctuated (664), but the mark under a (2308) is not an expunctuation mark; between trop and poy there are two short strokes to separate these words (1430); at l. 1782, i bretuns, obviously a gloss, is in the hand of the original scribe. The scribe would appear to have been unacquainted with the forms itant, itel, icel; for on several occasions the words are broken into two: i tant, etc. Such are ll. 514, 832, 1114, 1318, 1346. On other occasions the scribe has possibly mistaken a prefix for a preposition (e.g. ll. 195 (?), 621, 1322); and in three cases a prefix has been agglutinated to the preceding word: la fere 444, lur deignement 1132, la drescer 1625. Most of all there is hesitation in those verb-forms (and very occasionally other parts of speech) which have the prefix en-. In more than 50 per cent of such verbs the prefix is separated from the rest of the word (thus en belie 572, en yverer 2221, etc.). Similarly the reverse process very occasionally is found, viz. the
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pronoun en linked to a verb as if it were a prefix (thus envienent 908, entrere 1045, etc.). There are cases also where meske is divided, usually when the e is elided before a vowel, thus mes k'autre 1098. In all these cases we have corrected the MS. reading.With these exceptions, word-division is carried through with marked exactitude by the scribe.
At l. 155, the capital O is indicated by the scribe, but he forgot to enlarge it. In the same way he omitted to insert a number of paragraph signs which he had indicated by two short strokes in the margin at ll.115, 576, 602, 670, 988, 1056, 1112, 1148, 1152, 1188, 1200, 1224, 1280, 1454, 1612, 1836; we have inserted these. He has twice repeated a word by accident: les (1178) and alme (2253).
At the top of fol. 176 r a later hand has written the catchwords Rois Alisaundre in a charter hand, and again at the top of fol. 185 r has been written Nota de Mulieribus.
In expanding the scribe's abbreviations, which present nothing unusual, the most common spelling in any given word has been followed. The sign 9 has been expanded to cum(n) or com(n) according to the prevailing orthography for any particular word – though occasionally choice could not but be arbitrary, as some words do not appear in the MS. in their expanded form. In such cases cum(n) has been chosen, as o͂ is more often represented by um(n) than by om(n). In ll. 786, 2033 the scribe has represented un by .i.; we have written out in full in the text. There is a complete absence of accents in the text; a dot however normally appears on the letter i whether it stands for i or j) when it is in juxtaposition to m, n or u (=u or v). Occasionally it appears on i in other positions, but evidently was intended purely as a distinguishing mark where confusion might otherwise arise.
Distinction has been made between i and j, and between u and v; here there was only once reason to hesitate, namely, as to whether to read eue or eve; the former was chosen on the basis of the rhyme beue : eue 1762-3; see the note to this rhyme. The acute accent has been used on final tonic é and és (e.g. entempré, adés, etc.), once or twice on lé standing for les, and on such words as lié (laetum) 1536, to distinguish it from lie < ligat. Similarly the cedilla has been used to distinguish c (s) from c (k) before a, o and u.
Although the syllable count is unreliable for deciding between hiatus and synaeresis, there are certain cases where it seems reason
Page xl
ably safe to postulate the former, cf. l. 153, and such rhymes as oïr: avenir 768. In such cases the diaeresis has been used, though on the whole, use of this sign has been sparing. A le, la, de, ce, se, ne or que (ke), reduced before a vowel, is agglutinated in the MS. to the following word; here the apostrophe has been introduced. Where however the preceding word is a, de or ne, the l (reduced from le or la) is normally agglutinated to that word (thus al estomac 2176, del alme 361, nel un nel autre 2333, etc.); in these cases we have printed as it stands in the MS., as al, del and nel also regularly occur before consonants (thus nel volez 346, del people 242, al regne 248, etc.).Capitals and punctuation have been regularised in accordance with modern usage; main paragraphs, beginning in the MS. with an illuminated capital, have been indicated by indentation and a large capital, and sub-paragraphs by the sign ¶ used in the MS.
Apart from the above-mentioned adjustments, the MS is printed as it stands.
Page 1
Le Secré des Secrez
[f.173c]Primes saciez ke icest treitezL1 [L1] treitez] trettez (?--reading doubtful)2
Est le SECRE DE SECREZ numez,
Ke Aristotle, le philosophe ydoine,
4 Le fiz Nichomache de Macedoine,
A sun deciple Alisandre, en bone fei
Le grant, le fiz Phelippe le rei,
Le fist en sa graunt vielesceL3 [L3] 3-7.Dr. Alexander Bell suggests that these lines are corrupt, that at least one line – perhaps two – has been omitted between lines 6 and 7, which would restore both metre and fidelity of translation. (This would put out the couplet system; but cf. 527-531). In that case, il could be introduced at beginning l. 7; or possibly Le has been caught up from the line above, and another word omitted or altered; perhaps we should read en sue or en sa graunde. If ke (l. 3) = for, because, the construction is simple, but that use is not found elsewhere in the poem.2
8 Quant de cors esteit en fieblesce,
Pus qu'il ne pout pas travailler,
Ne al rei Alisandre repeirer
Pur reale bosoine atreiterL11 [L11] 11. reale. The final e is possibly scribal as in ll. 497, 499 etc., but it appears to be attested for the poet in l. 252. Cf. p. xlvi.2
12 De sun deciple k'aveit mult cher;
Kar Alisandre en fin l'ameit
Kar graunz biens de lui aperneit.
Dunt suverein de sun cunseil esteit,L15 [L15] 15. Wherefore he (Aristotle) was first among his (Alexander's) ministers.2
16 Kar prince e mestre le feseit
Des reaumes de tute sa gent
Pur son tresnoble entendement.
¶ Cist Aristotle, quant viel esteit,
20 Sa vie en bien mener peneit;L20 [L20] 20. He took pains to conduct his life well.2
Entente mist e nuiz e jurs
Entur vertuz de bone murs,
Kar asez sout de philosophie,
24 De logike, e de naturel clergie;
Dunt, tant come Aristotle vesquist, [f.173d]
Alisandre partut bien le fist,
E bien sun regne governeit
28 Par sun sein cunseil ke il useit.
Dunt partut victoire aveit,
Partut cunquist, come chies teneit,L30 [L30] 30. He held as chief all the lands (lit. everywhere) he conquered.2
Tuz les reaumes cum un feseit;
32 A lui entendant le mund esteit.
¶ Aristotle mut espistles feseit
De morautez, kar il desireit
Page 2
Ke chescun bon fust endreit de sei
36 E endreit des autres en bone fei.
¶ Alisandre une epistle envea
De un respunse ke lui donaL38 [L38] 38. respunse. Or respuns? (cf. l. 84). Both forms existed; this may then be a case of omission of posttonic e of une, or addition of inorganic e to respuns.3
Quant Alisandre aveit cunquis
40 Les Persiens, e trestut suzmis;
Endreit de ceo si lui mandeit
Come oïr purrez ore endreit.
¶ 'O noble mestre, governur (de) dreit,
44 A ta cointise mand orendreit
Ke jeo ai gent en Perse trové
De grant sen e grant sutifté
Ke s'aforcent d'estudier
48 Coment sur autres pussent regner;
Dunt en purpos sui veirement
Trestuz occire icele gent;
Dunt par vostre escrit nus mandez [f.174a]
52 De ceste afere ke vus volez.'
¶ Aristotle li remande en teu manere:
'Si vus poez (fet il) changer la terreL54 [L54] 54 ff. This obscure passage is thus paraphrased by Abbé de la Rue Essais Historiques sur les Bardes (Caen 1834) II, pp. 360 f.: Si vous pouvez changer la face de la terre, l'air, les eaux, les villes, vous pourrez changer le goût de ces philosophes pour l'étude de la politique; alors faites-en ce que vous voudrez. Mais si vous n'avez pas ce pouvoir, sachez que c'est par la bonté que vous pouvez régner sur les savants; et si vous le faites, ils seront des sujets paisibles, fidèles et attachés à votre personne.3
L'eir e les eues e les citez,
56 La disposition changer purrez;
Fetes dunques hardiement
De eus trestut vostre talent.
Si ceo nun, saciez de veir,
60 Si seignurie volez utre eus aveir
En bone manere e bonement
Oez les deboneirement,
E treitiez en amur la gent;
64 E jeo vus afi certeinement
Ke, si si fetes, enseur seez
Ke de eus frez vos volentez,
E suget vus serrunt en bon amur
68 Par l'aide Deu, Nostre Seignur,
E obeissant en amur vus serrunt,
E tuz voz comandemenz perferunt;
E si vus amerunt leaument,
72 E frunt trestut vostre talent;
La victoire de eus issi averez,
Page 3
E en pes utre eus regnerez.'
¶ Alisandre, quant receu aveit
76 L'espistle k'Aristotle li enveeit,
Sulum sun cunseil pleinement [f.174b]
Feseit endreit de cele gent;
Dunt les Persiens trestuz esteient
80 A sun empire, plus k'autre n'esteient,
De tuz les naciuns la gent
A tuz jurs plus obedient.
Aristotle plus li envea
84 Une epistle ou respuns dona
Alisandre, de ceo ke li out
Mandé avant, ceo ke lui plout,
Si come orendreit orrez,
88 Si vostre entente bien i metez;
Mes d'Alisandre le mandement
N'i truvai pas verraiement,
For come Aristotle lui ad tuché
92 En le espistle ki ad mandé
A Alisandre generaument,
Dunt treite aprés especiaument.
De ceste epistle si est la tenur:
96 'O glorius fiz, empereur,
Deu te cunferme pur sa puissance
En dreiture e en cunuissance,
Vus meine en vertuz e veritez,L99 [L99] en v.e v.] de v. en v.4
100 E vus toille pur ses poestez
Tut vostre bestial talent,
Et de tun regne doint aforcement
E de engin esluminement [f.174c]
104 A lui servir a sun talent.
¶ Cher sire, si vus plust entendre,
Ne me dussez blamer ne reprendre
Ke ne vieng a vus a tun talent;
108 Kar saciez le, sire, veraiement,
Ke nel faz mie en desdein,
Einz est l'encheisun, seez certein,
Page 4
Pesantume d'age e fieblesce,
112 Ke met mun cors en grant destresce
E me rent en tant nunpoer
Ke ne pus pas ver vus mover.
¶ Mes la chose ke demandastes
116 E de mei saver desirastes
Est teu priveté veraiement
K'a peine humeine entendement
Le purra suffrir a enquerre
120 Coment dunc, par quel afere
Escrit en parchemin apertement
Pust ceo, k'enquerre vus apent
E a mei, atreiter leaument.L118 [L118] 118-123. That human understanding will scarcely succeed in enquiring how, then, and in what way, it can treat faithfully and openly on parchment the work (writing) which it behoves both you and me to enquire into.5
124 Saciez, ke fort est veraiement.
Mes il me covient e sui en dette
De la respunse ke m'entremette,
E vus est deu par raisunL127 [L127] vus est deu] v. estes d.5
128 Entendre la par discretiun.L127 [L127] 127-8. And it is your duty (it is due to you) to hear it discreetly. The NED quotes early examples of due with the sense belonging or incumbent as a duty – the meaning here.5
Kar si cest livre regardez, [f.174d]
Ke vus envei, e estudiez,
E lisez volenters e sovent,
132 Issi ke en eiez entendement,
E pleinement eiez trestut conceu,
Quanke est el livre contenu,
Sanz doute jeo crei veirement
136 Ke ja n'avra desturbement
Entre vus e ceo k'avez
De saver avant desirrez.L136 [L136] 136-8. There will never be any obstacle between you and what you have previously wished to know.5
Kar Deu vus a doné veirement
140 Tant grace e entendement
E vistesce d'engin e letrure
E de ma doctrine ausi la cure,
K'apris avez de mei avant,
144 Ke certein crei estre de taunt,
Ke par vus meimes le conquerez,
E quanke il a bien entendrez;L146 [L146] q. il a] q. li a5L146 [L146] 146. And you will well understand everything there is.5
E ceo primes aviez en desir
148 Savrez tut a tun pleisir,
Page 5
Kar de ta volentez la fervence
Vus durra veie de science
A vostre purpos a venir
152 E a la fin de vostre desir,
Sulum l'aïe Nostre Seignur;
Deu nus doint de lui socur!'
Ore comence l'especiale [f.175a]
156 Respunce aprés la generale.
Quatre reis sunt: li premer rei
Larges est a suens e a sei;
Li autre est aver endreit li
160 E endreit de ces sugez ausi;L160 [L160] 160. Ces. cf. Introduction, Orthography (29).6
Le tierz est aver endreit sei
E larges as suens, en bone fei;
Le quart vers sei ad la largesce,
164 E vers ses sugez ad la destresce.
¶ Les Lumbarz diseient en bone fei
Ke ceo n'est mie vice a rei
Estre endreit sei meimes aver,
168 E largesce endreit des suens aver.
¶ Les Indiens diseient ke bons est li rei
Ke aver est a suens e a sei.
¶ Les Persiens le cuntraire affermeient,
172 E le cuntraire as Indiens diseient,
E diseient ke rien ne vaut le rei
Si as suens n'est larges e a sei.
¶ Mes entre trestuz, veraiement,
176 Peür est par mun jugement
Le rei, kicunke ceo seit,
Ki a sei est larges e a suens estreit;
Kar le regne a tel veraiement
180 Destruit ert tost subitement.L179 [L179] 179-80. For verily his kingdom (lit.: the kingdom for such a one) will soon suddenly be destroyed. (Quia regnum eius cito destruetur).6
¶ Pur ceo covient veraiement [f.175b]
De ceo enquere sutivement
De ces vices e vertuz,
184 E quels ert dreit large tenuz,
E quei seit numé dreit largesce,L184 [L184] 184-5. And what will be considered as being truly liberal, and what can be called true liberality.6
E quei avarice ki fet destresce,
Page 6
E ou chiet largesce en errur,L187 [L187] largesce en errur] en largesce errur7
188 E quel mal en vient, a chief de tur,
A celui ki ne fet largesce,
Mes de ses biens fet destresce.
¶ Dunt est a saver, (e) seez certein,
192 Ke quant la chose passe la maen,
Cele chose est a reprover,
Quant al main ne puet acorder;L192 [L192] 192, 194. maen, main. If these words represent moien, there may be confusion between moien, sm., and moiene, sf., scribal, if not of the poet (cf. 38: respunse). These forms are presumably due to the phonological development: meiien > męęn > męn; as ę could in later A.N. be represented by ae, ai, etc., we hence arrive at the graphies here found. On the other hand, it is just possible that they may be examples of the intrusion of a Middle English word into A.N.: mene (modern mean). This word appears in the abridged version of the S.S., B.M. MS. Roy. 20 B.v., fol. 156r. Cf. also Skeat English words in Anglo-French, Notes on English Etymology (Oxford 1901), pp. 364 ff., and Archiv f.d. Stud. d. neuen Sprachen CIX, pp. 316-7.7
E pur ceo ke fort est a hurterL195 [L195] 195. hurter. Or ahurter? Cf. Koch, Chardry's Set Dormanz (Heilbronn 1879), note to l. 1131 (p. 197).7
196 Le dreit point de largesce aver,
E si est le meins ou plus leger
Par gast ou avarice a hanter,
Pur ceo est fort, saciez de veir,
200 Pure largesce a dreit saveir.L195 [L195] 195-200. And because it is difficult to succeed in hitting the bull's eye of generosity and, moreover, is more or less easy to dwell with extravagance or avarice, consequently it is difficult – know this for truth – rightly to know true liberality.7
¶ Pur ceo, si volez largesce aver,
Regardez primes tun poer;
Regarder ausi le tens devez
204 Des bosoignes e de necessitez
E si devez regarder ensement
Deserte a merite de la gent;
Pur ceo devez vus doner [f.175c]
208 Sulum l'estente de tun poer
A gent ke sunt dignes e unt mester,
Si dreit largesce volez aver;
Kar saciez le verraiement
212 Ke celui ke fet autrement
Encuntre la riule pecche e mesprent
De largesce tut utrement.
Kar ki done a tel ki mester n'a
216 Ja merite de ceo n'avra;
E ki ke dune a ces ki ne sunt mie
Dignes, tut pert e fait folie;
E ki utre mesure sun aveir
220 Done, saciez le de veir
K'al port amer tost avendra
De poverté, ou arivera,
E a celui resemblera
224 Ke dune la victoire qu'il a
Page 7
A ses enemis sanz respit:
Fous est cil ke si se vit.
¶ Celui dunkes ki durra
228 As bons, quant mester serra,
Ke bosoigne unt en bone fei,
Celui est dreit large rei;
Kar a sei est large verraiement
232 E a ses sugez ensement.
Le regne a tel s'esforcera, [f.175d]
E quanke il comande fet serra.
Itel rei de auntiens loé fu,
236 Entempré e larges dit en vertu.
¶ Le rei ke dune veraiement
Les biens du regne inordeinement
A ces ke pas digne ne sunt
240 Ne d'autre part mester n'en unt,L240 [L240] n'en unt] ne nunt8
Celui est en verité
Del bien del people wastur numé,
E del regne destriuur;
244 Dunt rien ne vaut tel governur.
Kar il est wastur en verité,
E si est il a dreit numé,
Kar rien ne vaut, saciez sanz dotance,
248 Al regne ke tient sa purveance.
¶ E saciez ausi ke avarice
Si est a rei tres grant vice;
Einz descovient en verité
252 A la reale majesté.
¶ Si aucun rei dunkes ad avarice
Ou de fole largesce la vice,
Si se deit cunseiller utreement
256 E purveer ententivement
Un leal humme e descret tenu
Ke de muz seit eslu,
A ki deit utrement bailler [f.176a]
260 Les bosoigne del reaume a treiter
E l'aver despendre e governer
Si come verra mieuz espleiter.L262 [L262] 262. As he will see best how to manage.8
Page 8
O Alisandre, noble rei,
264 Fermement vus di, en bone fei,
Celui ki veut continuer
Seignurie utre poer,
E utre mesure veut tenir
268 Plus ke sun regne ne put suffrir,
Saciez ke teu rei destruera,L269 [L269] 269. This line is an example of a literal translation of the Latin: Talis rex proculdubio destruitur et destruit – Know that such a king will ruin himself and will doubtless be ruined. destruera is here v.n. instead of the expected v. refl.9
E sanz doute destruit serra.
¶ Pur ceo uncore le vus di,
272 E suvent l'avez de moi oï,
Ke d'avarice l'abatement,
E de fole largesce ensement,
E aver largesce, come dis enceis,
276 Est joie e gloire des reis,
E si est ausi confermement
Des regnes pardurablement.
E saciez ke ceste chose avient
280 Quant rei ou prince se detient
E retreit sa main ke ne s'entremet
Des biens ke lui sunt suget,
Ne ne lur vuet de rien grever;
284 Itel rei puet a dreit regner.
Dunt jeo trouai escrit adés [f.176b]
De cel grant mestre Hermogenés,
Ke la suveraine e verraie bunté
288 E de veraie entendement clarté,
E si est plenierté de lei
E signe de perfection en rei,
La abstinence ver sugez aver
292 Ke rien ne preigne de lur aver.L287 [L287] 287-292. Sovereign and true bounty, clarity of true intelligence, fullness of the law, and the sign of perfection in a king, are summed up in the practice of abstinence towards his subjects: he should take nothing of their possessions.9
¶ Del regne de Chaldeus l'encheisun
De tute la destruction
Fu en despenses, en verité,
296 La tres graunt superfluité;
Kar les despenses plus amunteientL297 [L297] a.] amunterent9
Ke les rentes des citez ne feseient;
E quant rentes e despenses faillirent,
300 Les reis lur meins estendirent
Page 9
As choses e as rentes utreement
Des sugez torcenusement.L302 [L302] 302. torcenusement. Formed from torcenus, derived from *tortiare for torquere. Cf. Du Cange, tortionarie.10
¶ Les sugez dunkes pur le tort grant
304 Crierent a Deu le tut puissant,
Ki vent e tempeste i envea
Ke tres fierement les turmenta,
E grant poeple tost cuntre eus leva
308 E lur nun de terre del tut osta,
E, si ne fu ceo ke Deus i out mis,L309 [L309] 309. Were it not for what God had sent or Except for what God had sent.10
Le regne destruit fust a tut dis.L310 [L310] 310. A tut dis. Cf. Baker St. Osith, Mod. Lang. Rev. VII, p. 175, This phrase is common in Agn. (less frequent elsewhere); cf. Bestiaire, 2696 (ed. Walberg, p. 158).10
¶ Saciez le dunc ke sanz aver [f.176c]
312 Ne puet le people pas lunc durer,
Ne saunzL313 [L313] 313. This line is left incomplete in the MS. The difficulty of filling in the lacuna is increased by the fact that the poet is not translating closely at this point. We suggest, with much hesitation: Ne saunz [aver, vus di pur veir]; but it must be admitted that such a simple cheville would hardly have so puzzled the scribe as to cause him to leave a blank. The Latin runs: Scias itaque quod divicie sunt causa duracionis regni et vite animalis, et sunt pars vite ipsius, et non potest durare anima si talis causa destruatur.10
Ne puet rei regne governer.
¶ Pur ceo fet en verité
316 A eschivre superfluité,
E d'espenses trop habundance;
Ke si le fet ne fet pas enfaunce.
¶ Pur ceo covient temperance aver
320 Ki veut largesce purchacer,
Kar trop e folement duner
Fet a eschivre e reprover;
E si est de largece la substance,L323 [L323] la s.] la sustenance10
324 Volentiers parduner sanz dotance,
Ne ne fet des privetez d'autrui
Ne des secrez enquere, saciez de fi,
Ne ne fet pas a remenbrer
328 Chose donee ne a rehercer,
E si est de bunté e vertu
Renumbrer ceo k'est avenu,L330 [L330] r.] renuinbrer (?)10
E tort volentiers relesser,
332 E honurables honurer,
E si deit ausi a simple gent
Aidier debonerement;
As innocens li deit suvenir,
336 A lur defautes paremplir;
Respundre deit benignement [f.176d]
A salutacion de la gent,
Page 10
E sa lange deit refrener
340 E tort a tens dissumuler
E feindre de fol la folie
Ausi cum ne la sache mie.L341 [L341] 341-2. And turn a blind eye to the foolishness of madmen as if one were unaware of it (i.e. of the wrong and the foolishness). This is an example of a case in which Pierre follows the version printed in Paris in 1520 rather than Bacon's version; the former has fingere, the latter fugere; Pierre writes feindre.11
¶ Enseigné vus ai, en bone fei,
344 Ceo ke avant enseigner solei
Tuz jurs, e en vostre quor semer;L345 [L345] s.] seigner (cf. note)11L345 [L345] 345. semer. The MS. has seigner, standing no doubt for enseigner, taken up from the previous line. On the other hand, the Latin version has seminare. If seigner is correct, it is another case of aphaeresis of which the poem contains numerous examples.11
Bien sai nel volez oblier.
Pur ceo m'afi veraiement
348 Ke vus tiegnez ceo durement,
E vos veies e fetz tenez,
E si en estes esluminez,
E si avez science e clergie
352 A vus governer tote ta vie.
¶ Nepurquant vus di sapience,
Naturele enbrechié science;L353 [L353] 353-4. The obscurity of this couplet seems to be due to a misunderstanding of the Latin on the part of Pierre. Steele's translation of the Arab version (Secretum Secretorum...Fratris Rogeri, p. 182) gives us the idea: Now I tell thee a short maxim which alone would have sufficied to guide thee in all matters temporal and spiritual, even if I had not told thee others. We may then translate this couplet: Nevertheless, I set forth to you wisdom, (the) abridged (or: condensed) knowledge of nature. science seems to represent physicam (1520 version) rather than philosophicam (Bacon's version). Godefroy, quoting this passage, goes completely astray: embrechier: v.a., mot douteux, exprimant l'idée de surpasser, and he corrects Nature(le); cf. enbregees, l. 1144.11
E meske ja n'usse dit ceo k'est avant,
356 Fors sul le sen ke est ensivant,L356 [L356] F. sul le] F. sus le11
Enfin vus suffisera asez
A tuz voz eovres ke ferez.
Saciez dunc k'entendement
360 Est chief de governement,
Santé del aime e gardein
Des vertuz, seez certein,
E si est espiur des pecchez; [f.177a]
364 Kar en li regardum, bien le sacez,
Les maus ke sunt a despire
E les biens ke devum eslire.
Il est des vertuz nesance
368 E si est racine, sanz doutance,
Des duns ke sont a preiser
E honurables sanz reprover,
E si en est veraiement
372 De tuz biens premier estrument.
¶ Entendement, saciez sanz blame,
Est desir de bone fame;
E ki de bone fame est desirus
Page 11
376 Bons ert a tuz e glorius;
E ki la desire feintement,
Saciez le veraiement,
Par infamie ert confondu
380 E par esclandre ert viel tenu.
¶ Saciez dunc ke principaument
Est fame eslue en governement;L381 [L381] 381-2. The Latin of this couplet runs: Fama ergo est quod principaliter et per seipsum appetitur in regimine, which confirms eslue.12
Kar regne pur sei n'est desirez
384 Einz est pur bone fame, saciez.
Dunc est, saciez, comencement
De sapience e d'entendement,
Desir de bone fame en vie
388 K'est cunquis par regne e seignurie,
E celui ke purchace autrement [f.177b]
Regne ou seignurie veraiement
Pur bone fame ne cunquert mie,
392 Mes fait utreement par envie.
¶ D'envie est mençunge engendree
K'est racine de chose reprovee,
E si est matire entirement
396 De vices, saciez veraiement.
(Kar) envie engendre detractiun,
Detractiun hange engendre en sun,
Hange engendre tort suvent,
400 Tort inobedience ensement,
Inobedience ire, sanz dutance,
E ire engendre repugnance,
E repugnance engendre enemistez,
404 E enemistez bataille asez;
Bataille la lei tute defet,
Les citez destruit par grant forfet,
K'est contraire a nature, sanz dutance,
408 E ki ke fet a nature repugnaunce
Tut l'ovre, saciez vereiment,
Destruit trestut outreement.
¶ Estudiez, dunkes, e amez
412 E le desir de bone fame eiez;
Kar le desir de bone fame
Estreit verité sanz blame;
Page 12
Verité est racine, sanz fable, [f.177c]
416 E matire de tuz biens aloable,
Kar contraire est a mençunge pure,
E si engendre desir de dreiture;
Dreiture engendre afiance,
420 Afiance largesce, sanz enfance;
Largesce fet especiauté,
Especiauté fet amisté,
Amisté engendre en ceste vie
424 Dreit cunseil e bone aïe;
Par ceo satiez ke le mund fu
Ordiné e tut conceu,
E la lei establie a gent,
428 Ke a reison e a nature apent.
Pur ceo, desir de governement
Pur bone fame aver leaument
Est veraiement loable,
432 E bien, ke est en fin durable.
O Alisandre, k'estes de ma doctrine
Enseigné, e enbeu en ta petrine,
Restreignez en tei les apetiz
436 Ke vienent de charneus deliz;
Kar teus appetiz l'alme decline
As corruptibles volentez, sanz fausine,
Bestiales, saunz descretion,
440 Ou purveance ne vient en reisun;
Mes el cors corruptible, veraiement, [f.177d]
Ert alué, e rendra dolent
Le incorruptible entendement,L437 [L437] 437-443. l. 439 depends upon volentez,l. 438. Such appetites cause the soul to incline – I do not lie – to corrupt desires, bestial and indiscreet (or: boundless? The Latin, nulla discrecione prehabita, possesses both meanings), where foresight does not come in reason; but (the carnal appetite) will be lodged in the corruptible body, in truth, and will make the incorruptible soul sorrowful. Gdf. does not cite en reisun, but it seems to be the English in reason; the earliest example in the NED of in reason is 1400-1450.13
444 Si en irra l'afere malement.L444 [L444] 444. l'afere. (MS. la fere) For agglutination of initial syllable to article, cf. Burghardt Über den Einfluss des Englischen auf das Anglonormannische (Halle 1905), pp. 3-4.13
¶ Satiez dunke ke l'aforcement
Ke vint de delit charneument
Si engendre charnel amur,
448 E amur avarice, a chief de tur;
E pus engendre avarice aprés
Le desir de divices aver adés;
E cel desir de divices tant amunte
452 Ke fet un humme estre sanz hunte,
Page 13
E estre sanz hunte veraiement
Engendre fole emprise suvent;
Fole emprise desleauté met en fin;L455 [L455] 455. met en fin. From the context, this may mean to engender (tr. generat); but the simple translation brings finally gives the sense adequately. I do not notice the locution elsewhere.14
456 E de desleauté vient larecin,
De larecin est esclandre engendré
De laquele si nest cheitiveté,
Ke desuz met humme en ceste vie
460 E defet des bons la cumpaignie,
E met le cors a destructiun,
K'a (a) nature est contraire e a reisun.
A rei covient premierement,
464 Quant a sei meimes principaument,
Ke en bone fame en verité
Seit sun nun despeoplé,L466 [L466] 466. despeoplé. Godefroy lists (i) depublier (< depublicare) (depuplier, etc.); to publish, divulge; (ii) depopuler (< depopulare): depopulate, ravage. We have thus a cross between these two words; Tobler-Lommatszch lists depopler: depopulate. Cf. Koch, Chardry's Set Dormanz, l. 874: depoplees (MS. O. despeoplees); depopler hier offenbar in der bedeutung propagare, s. depulier Hip., depublicare D.C. (unter das volk bringen, nicht wie gewöhnl.= devastare. Cf. poplié 683 and pulpier 982.14
E k'en sapience seit loable [f.178a]
468 E k'a ses hummes seit resunable,
E k'a eus paroge sagement;
Kar saciez le veraiement
Ke dunc serra de eus honuré,
472 E par ceo cremu e douté,
Kar de ceo ert duté, ki s'eloquence
Veit e entent sa sapience,L474 [L474] Veit] Neit14
De tuz, saciez verraiement.L473 [L473] 473-5. For on this account he will be feared of all, whoso sees his eloquence and hears his wisdom. The strange phraseology – to see eloquence – is due to the Latin: quando vidunt eum in sua sapiencia eloquentem esse. The translation is rather free at this point; it may be that de ceo (l. 473) means of him – for he will be feared of him who . . .; but in that case it is difficult to see how de tuz (l. 475) is to be interpreted, and ceo is not elsewhere used for him in this text.14
476 E si puet en legierement
Par certeins signes bien saver
E legierement aparcever
En rei lequel, sen ou folie,
480 Eit en li la seignurie;
Kar, saciez, ke cil est digne rei
Ke sun regne sumet a la Deu lei;
Seignurie avra utre la gent,
484 E regnera honurablement.
Mes celui ke la lei Deu sumet
E fet a sun regne suget,
Celi a verité sanz respit
488 Trespasse, si ad en despit
Sa lei, e ki en despit a
Page 14
Lei de verité, en despit serra
De tuz, si ert condempné
492 En la lei, satiez de verité.
¶ Derechief vus di ke la sage gentL493 [L493] 493. Again I tell you that people wise in philosophy and understanding spoke from their divinity (i.e. inspired knowledge). Possibly Pierre has misunderstood the Latin adverb divinitus, taking it for a noun: divinitus loquentes. Ke in l. 495 is probably a scribal error for de.15 [f.178b]
De philosophie e d'entendement,
Ke lur divinité parleient,
496 E de ceo apertement diseient,
Ke reale majesté avient
E en dreiture le covient
Reales constituciuns aver,
500 E a ceo sanz feintise acorder,
Ne mie en feintise d'aparance,
Mes dreit en aperte fesance,
Ke tuz veient e seient certein
504 K'il dute Deu le suverain;
E k'il veient trestuz par tant
Ke suget seit al tut puissant,
E par itant, en bone fei,
508 Duterunt e honurrunt lur rei,
Quant il le veient Deu douter
E en tutes maneres honurer.
¶ Mes si sa religiun sulement
512 Seit en aparance devant la gent,
E seit en eovre maufesant,
De Deu ert reprové par itant,
E serra en despit de gent,
516 E defamez en ert veraiement;
Kar fort est malement overer
E l'ovre al people dunc celer,
L'empire a tel e de gloire l'onur [f.178c]
520 Ert ennienti a chief de tur.
¶ Ke volez vus ke plus en die?
N'est pris ne tresor en ceste vie
Ke pust el siecle tant valer
524 Come fet de bone fame aver.
¶ Ensurketut, a rei apent,
Saciez le veraiement,
Les sires des leis honurer,
528 Religius en reverence aver,
Page 15
Les sages eshaucer,L529 [L529] 529. This line, one of the four six-syllabled lines in the poem, is, like the other two, affirmed by the Latin; cf. Intro. p. lviii.16
E ovek eus treiter, dutes muver,
E honestes questiuns demander,
532 E de eus aprendre, dunke, coment
Respundre pust enseurement;
Les plus sages e les plus nobles deit
Plus honurer; sulum ceo ke veit
536 Ke a chescun estait apent,
Les deit honurer veirement.
¶ Ensurketut, covient rei penser
Coment pust sagement arester
540 As cas ke puissent avenir,
Ke de plus legier lé pust suffrir;
Purveer se deit sagement
K'eschape de ennui legierement.
544 ¶ E si apent a rei, devez saver,
Sur tute rien pitié aver, [f.178d]
E remuer deit le movement
D'irus corage utreement,
548 Ke depurveuement sanz deliveranceL548 [L548] dep.] depurvenement16L548 [L548] 548. deliverance. i.e. deliberation. There is evidently confusion between deliverance (action of delivering) and deliberation (action of deliberating); deliberare in mediaeval Latin possesses both meanings.16
Ne se deit mie en male fesance;L546 [L546] 546-9. remuer. Here: remove, instead of the more usual change, and which is not far from the Latin iram et motum animi retinere. In l. 549 it seems that remuer is to be understood after Ne se deit mie. This gives us the translation: And he should greatly remove the movement of an angry temperament, for without thinking and without deliberation he should not move (understood) into ill-doing. It is possible that mie 549 is a mistake of the scribe's for metre, or perhaps muer (which would translate the Latin progrediatur).16
Sun errur deit reisunablement
Conustre e repeler sagement;
552 Kar suvereine sapience est a rei
A dreit governer meimes sei.
¶ Quant rei veit dunc k'est bien a fere
Ou profitable chose ke seit a fere,
556 Face le o discresciun:
Ne mie trop tart, mes en reisun,
Ne trop tost, ke veu ne seitL558 [L558] 558. Ke veu ne seit. Literal translation of the Latin ne videatur; videor in Classical Latin=to seem.16
Trop hastif, ne lent en sun dreit.
560 ¶ E satiez ausi en verité
K'il avient a reale majesté
Estre vestu honurablement
E tuz jurs o bel apparaillement
564 De chiers e de beau vestement;
E des plus estranges ensement,
Se deit entre la gent apparer,
Page 16
Ke en beauté les autres pust surmunter;
568 Kar bien satiez k'a rei apent,
Pur sun poer ke ad utre gent,
Les autres en tuz poinz surmunter--
Ne vus dei pas iceo celer-- [f.179a]
572 Par unt sa digneté seit enbelie;
E ke sa poesté ne seit blemie,
Chescun li face en sa science
Come a rei due reverence.
576 ¶ D'autre part, apent a rei
Aver facunde sanz desrei
Haute, e la voiz haute e clere,
Ke mut profite a grant manere
580 En tens quant bataille avient;
Kar en teu tens haut parler covient.
O Alisandre, kar ore m'entendez:
Bele chose a honurable est, saciez,
584 A rei trop parler desporter,
Fors quant il veit ke seit mester;
Kar mieuz vaut ke gent eient desir
La eloquence de lui oïr,L587 [L587] 587. For this double function of de, cf. Tobler Vermischte Beiträge I, pp. 218 ff.17
588 K'estre, satiez de verité,
De ses paroles trop asarcié;L589 [L589] 589. asarcié. (Cf. also ensarzit 591, ensartiez 2137, asartiez 2143). The intrusion of this r into the resultant of *assatiare is presumably due to the influence of farcire = to stuff, or perhaps of sarcire = to mend. Meyer-Lübke, Roman. Etym. Wörterbuch (Heidelberg 1924), compares papilio and éparpiller.17
Kar des orailles la saulté
Le corage ensarzit en verité;L591 [L591] ensarzit] en sarzit17
592 Si ne vendrunt, en bone fei,
La gent sovent pur ver tel rei.
¶ D'autre part a rei apent
K'il ne vienge pas trop suvent,
596 Ne ne hante trop suvent mie
De ses sugez la cumpaignie, [f.179b]
De viles persones numeement,
Kar teu chose pas a rei n'apent;
600 Kar trop familierté a gent
Despit engendre de humme sovent.
¶ Pur ceo est bele veirement
La costume de indiene gent
Page 17
604 Del regne en la dispositiun,
E del rei l'ordinatiun,
K'aveient issi establiezL606 [L606] 606. establiez. For the rhyme, cf. Introduction, p. xli. For the change in conjugation -ir to -ier, cf. Tanquerey L' Évolution du Verbe en Anglo-Français (Paris 1915), pp. 382 ff. In this poem we find also parfurnier l. 619. These examples are among the earliest; Tanquerey remarks: Pour les textes littéraires, le plus sage serait de reculer la date de ce phénomène jusqu'au milieu du XIVe siècle. Cependant, nous en trouvons un certain nombre d'exemples avant cette date, comme escharnier à la rime du vers 2587 de Boeve...ces infinitifs sont rarement employés à la rime, et quand ils le sont, ils se trouvent le plus souvent accouplés avec la désinence -er. ...Dans quelques ouvrages du XIIIe siècle, mais fort rarement, spécialement pendant la seconde moitié du XIVe, nous trouvons un assez grand nombre d'infinitifs de II qui sont employés avec la terminaison -ier (op. cit., p. 387). Both parfournier and establier are found in the Parliamentary Writs, 1314-22 (Tanquerey, op. cit., p. 388).18
Ke le rei en l'an une feiz
608 S'aparrait entre tute sa gent
Od precius e real vestement,
Od gent armez trop fierement,
A sun destrier asis noblement,
612 Des armes tres bel aurné;
E pus aprés unt comandé
Le people luinz aukes ester,
Les nobles baruns aprecherL615 [L615] 615. aprecher. This form is not cited by Gdf.; it is presumably due to reduction of apruecher, strengthened by the influence of pres.18
616 Al rei, ki soleit dunkes treiter
Des granz bosoignes a espleiter,
Les aventures esclarir e mustrer,
E les bosoignes parfurnier,L619 [L619] 619. parfurnier. v. note on l. 606, supra.18
620 E quanke al regne e a la gent
Apendist de mustrer leaument.
¶ Si soleit en cel jur le rei
Doner granz duns en bone fei, [f.179c]
624 E ces ki ne furent pas trop copable
Delivra de prisun, sanz fable;
E ces ki esteient de charge grevez
Par lui sunt cel jur relevez,
628 E mult des eovres feseit de pitié
A icel jur en verité.
¶ Le rei aprés ceo se sereit,
E un des princes se levereit
632 Ke plus fu sages, e habundance
Eust en parole sanz enfance,
E s'aforcera a preiser
Le rei, a sun honur eshaucier,
636 E rendra graces al glorius Dé,
Ke le regne ad si ordené,
E de si sage rei ausi
Par unt lur pais est enbeli,L639 [L639] 639. pais. There is normally hiatus between a and i or other vowel (we have counted 14 cases of hiatus compared with 4 cases of synaeresis), but here there would appear to be synaeresis; cf. Rose, Über die Metrik des Chronik Fantosme's Romanische Studien V (1880), pp. 370-1.18
640 E k'ad fet indiene gent
Au rei acordant e obedient,
E ke les ad issi confermé
Page 18
Ke sun d'un quor, dunt sunt loé.
644 ¶ Puis, aprés ceo ke ad Deu loez,
E le rei en honur preisez,
S'en turne a la gent loer,
E lur boues murs numbrer,
648 Pur atrere lur bone voilance;
Si les amene, sanz dotance, [f.179d]
Par ensample e par raisun,
Pur mover lur discretiun
652 A humilité e obedience
E a amur del rei e reverence.
¶ Pur ceo tut le people aprés
Estudia coment loer adés
656 Pust le rei, a sun nun eshaucer,
E ses bones eovres recunter;
E chescun dunkes endreit sei
Prea pur la vie le rei;
660 E par les cités e les meignees
Ses eovres e sen furent cuntees.
¶ E pur ceo enseignerent sanz dutance
Lur enfanz, e treiterent dé enfance
664 Ke le rei dunkes dussent amer,
Obeir, duter, e honurer.
En ceste manere ert publié,
E acrestra en verité,
668 La fame le rei certeinement,
En secré e apertement.
¶ D'autre part costume esteit
Les mals fesanz, quant tens sereit,
672 E les feluns le rei punir,
E sulum lei vie tolir,
Ke les uns fussent chastiez,
E les autres par ceo amendez. [f.180a]
676 ¶ A cel tens soleient alegier
La gent de truages paer,
E as marchanz grace soleient fere,
Ke converserent en cele terre;
680 De lur rentes partie relesserent,
E lur merz e eus garderent
Page 19
E defendirent, dunt de Inde le nun
Poplié mut est par cele raisun;L683 [L683] 638. poplié. While it is possible that this is a spelling of publié (published), cf. the note to l. 466, the Latin runs: Et hec est causa quare multum est populosa India. De Inde le nun need not necessarily mean the name of India; nun frequently means the country, etc., itself; Gdf. quotes several examples, giving the meaning as race, peuple.20
684 Marchanz par tut i acurent
E la gent de la terre les honurent
E receivent e gainent citeins,
Riches e povres, e les foreins,
688 E de ceo vient en verité
Ke la rente le rei est enoité.L689 [L689] 689. enoité. This verb, almost exclusively A.N., (v. Wartburg I, p. 172), is formed from auctare + en.20
¶ Par ceo fet a eschivre en terre
Marchant corocer ou tort fere,
692 Kar il portent fame de gent
Par le sieecle utreement;
Pur ceo a chescun, sulum ke c'est,
Est a rendre ceo ke suen est;
696 Kar issi serrunt les citez
Garniz, e rentes multipliez,
E si acrestera en bone fei
L'onur e la gloire le rei;
700 Si serrunt ses enemis cuntinuament
Rebuté e confus ensement. [f.180b]
Dunt, si en teu manere vivez,
E sur les autres issi regnez,
704 En peis e seurement vendrez
A voz desirs e volentez.
O Alisandre, ne desirez mie
Choses corruptibles en ceste vie,
708 E ke passent legierement,
Ke lesser covient subitement;
Mes desirez richesce estable,
E la vie ke n'est pas changable,
712 E le regne k'est pardurable,
Ou joie ad e gloire durable.
¶ Voz pensees dunc adrescez,
E tuz jurs en biens remenez,
716 Dreite homesce en vus eez,
E glorius en Deu vus rendez,
La vie de bestes eschivez;
Par reisun menez tes volentez;
Page 20
720 Par manasces ne par demustrance
Ne seez pas cruel, kar c'est enfance;
Dur a esparnier ne seez
A ces dunt victoire avez.
724 ¶ Pensez des choses k'est a venir,
E de cas ke pust survenir;
Kar vus ne poez pas saver
Quei le jur a venir puet engendrer.L727 [L727] engendrer] engendrir]21 [f.180c]
728 ¶ Voz desirs ke vienent ne sivez mie
En beivres ne en mangerie,
Ne en dormir de jurs, n'en lecherie;
Kar saciez ke c'est male vie.
732 ¶ Pur ceo, emperur, reisun vus prie,
Ke femmes ne purgisez mie;
Kar teu chose est en verité
A porc dreit une proprieté.
736 Queu chose, dunc, ou gloire avrez
Quant teu vice averez hauntez
Ke de beste est proprieté
Ke reisun n'unt, en verité?
740 ¶ Ore, me creez seurement,
Ke teu trespas veraiement
Fet la gent enfeminez,
Dunt mal aprés (en) est engendrez.
744 ¶ Satiez k'a emperur apent
Privez aver de lele gent,
Od lesquels dunc parleraL746 [L746] 746. parlera...od tute manere (etc.). This translates the Latin: cum quibus delectabitur, cum variis instrumentis.... It appears that the idea of parlera therefore is to converse, to chat, thus to have a social evening, or some such phrase.21
Quant en enui aucun serra,L747 [L747] 747. enui. It is possible that here, and in l. 1448, we should read envi (u represents both u and v in the MS.); envi has the sense of bad temper, displeasure; but in both cases ennui is perhaps preferable, as here the Latin has quando fuerit tediosus and in l. 1448 egritudinum furors.21
748 Od tute manere d'estrument
Sulum le delit k'eiment la gent;
Kar l'alme d'umme natureument
Se delite en estrument;
752 Kar les sens dunkes se reposent,
Pensers e curiosité forclosent; [f.180d]
E satiez ceo, jeo vus afi,
Ke le cors en ert aviguri.
756 ¶ Si vus avez dunc le voleir
En ceo pur vus deliter,
Page 21
Itele vie au plus demenez
Treis jurs ou katre, ou come verrez
760 Ke mieuz seit, e plus honesté
Est ke seit fet en priveté.L761 [L761] 761. Est. There is. Here Pierre has followed the 1520 version which has est rather than Bacon, which runs: et semper melius et honestius, et quod hoc fiat privatim.22
¶ E quant vus en cest solaz serrez,
Le beivre aidunc desportez,
764 E lessez autres a covenir
De beivre, quant lur vient a pleisir;
En corage corociez vus feinez,L766 [L766] 766. It is not clear how Pierre arrives at this dictum; both Bacon and the 1520 version have et finge te calefactum a vino.22
Kar dunc aparcever purrez
768 Mute choses e oïr,
E secrez ke pussent avenir;
Mes ceste chose sovent pas fet ne seit
Mes dous fiez ou treis en l'an tut dreit.
772 ¶ Entur vus de ta meisnee eiez
Lé plus especiaus ke vus avez,
Ke dire vus pussent entresetL774 [L774] entreset] entrehet (cf. note)22L774 [L774] 774. entreset. The MS. reads entrehet, which is probably due to the spelling occasionally used entreshet, as in the Chronique des Ducs de Normandie (ed. Michel, Paris 1838, II, 21348). Either entresait or entreset is the spelling most commonly found.22
De choses k'en tun regne sunt fet,
776 E ke choses ausi, ke sunt cuntez
Par tun regne, enquere pussez.
¶ Entre tes baruns honorezL778 [L778] tes baruns] deus trauaus (cf. note)22L778 [L778] 778. tes baruns. The MS. reads deus travaus, but Bacon reads barones tuos and the 1520 version bonos barones. It may be there was a corrupt version reading duos labores for tuos barones; the substitution of duos for tuos is understandable. There is a Greek word barus (heavy), but we have found no Latin form of this, which might mean labour, and which might be confused with barones.22
Les sages, e ces ke verrez [f.181a]
780 Kar par deserte honurer devez,
E chescun en sun estait tenez.
¶ Un hui a ton manger preez,
Un autre demein, ki vus volez,
784 Un hui a vus atreez,
Un autre demein, ausi le frez;
E sulum chescun un degréL786 [L786] 786. According to each one (i.e. separate) degree; cf. the Latin secundum quod decet gradum uniuscujusque honora ipsum.22
Chescun seit de vus honuré,
788 Nul ne seit de ta noble gentL788 [L788] Nul] Nel22
Ke de ta largesce ne s'en sent,L788 [L788] 788-9. Let there be none of your nobles who is not aware of your generosity. For the use of the indicative sent in l. 789, cf. Intro., p. lii.22
E a tuz perge la bunté
De vostre reale majesté,
792 E la, noblesce a chescun sage
Perge de tun liberal corage.L792 [L792] 792-3. Let the nobility of your liberal spirit be apparent to each wise person.22
¶ Entre les autres choses veirement
Page 22
Satiez k'a chescun rei apent
796 Descretiun e contenance aver,
De trop rire se deit desporter;
Kar trop rire, satiez verraiement,
Tout reverence de la gent,
800 E vielesce sout engendrer,
Pur ceo fet bien a desporter.
¶ Ensurketut, devez saver
Ke le rei la gent plus honurer
804 Deit, en sa curt, veraiement,
E en consitoire ensement, [f.181b]
Plus k'aillurs, kar dunc apent
Al rei fees fere dreit a la gent
808 K'aillurs sunt a tort grevez;
La deivent estre relevez.
Dunt si les riches as autres (funt) tort
Funt, la covient aver resortL810 [L810] MS
. . . as autres funt
La couient auer resort23
812 Dunt les nobles e hauz sunt a punir
Ou la gent del people covient morir.L813 [L813] 813. When it is fitting that the common people should die; i.e. the king should hold a court in which he can punish the nobles as well as the common people. The Latin text runs: ...puniendus est secundum qualitatem sue persone; et aliter puniendus est nobilis et exCelsus, aliter popularis et abjectus.23
¶ Dunc est bien aver rigur,
E cuntinance garder, sanz folur,
816 Issi ke seit entre le rei
E ses sugez, sanz desrei,
Différence e destincteisun
Entre persones, kar c'est reisun.
820 Kar escrit est, en vérité.
El livre Esculape numé,
Ke le rei est mut a preiser,
E, si fet ausi, mut a amer,
824 Ke resemble al egle en ceste vie
Ke sur tuz oiseaus ad seignurie,
Ne mie celui k'al oiselet
Resemble, ke li est suget.
828 ¶ Pur ceo, ki k'en la cort le rei
Ou en sa presence fet un desrei
Ou tort ou chose ke n'est a fere,
A regarder est a enquereL831 [L831] 831. a enquere. Perhaps we should correct e enquere? There is only one verb in the Latin: considerandum est.23
Page 23
[f.181c]832 Coment il feseit itel damage;
Encerchier deit um sum corage,
Si en juant le fet solement
Pur solacer e reheiter la gent,
836 Ou en despit de ta digneté,
E en deshonur de ta reauté.
Si en giu seit fet solement,
Pardoné seit legierement;
840 Si ceo seit fet par felonie,
Dreit est ke perde la vie.
O Alisandre, seez certein
Ke obedience a soverein
844 En katre choses dreit se estent:
En religiun, e amur ensement,
En curteisie e reverence;
Satiez ke c'est grant science.
848 ¶ Alisandre, a vus cunvertez
Les corages as sugez ke vus avez;
Lur trespas e lur tort ostez,
A la gent matire pas ne donez
852 Ke mal pussent parler de vus;
Kar le pueple tot a estrus,
Quant mal de vus dire purreit,
De legier cuntre vus serreit.
856 Continez vus dunc, issi, cheir sire,
Ke mal ne pussent cuntre vus dire, [f.181d]
E par tant, bien le saciez,
Tut lur malfere eschiverez.
860 ¶ Ensurketut, saciez de verité,
Ke descretiun e meurté
Gloire est de digneté en vie;
E reverence de seignurie--
864 Saciez le certeinement--
Ke c'est del regne eshaucement.L863 [L863] 863-5. We seem to have here a reminiscence of either Job 28, 28, Ecce timor Domini, ipsa est sapientia, et recedere a malo, intelligentia, or Proverbs 9, 10, Principium sapientiae timor Domini et scientia sanctorum prudential, or Proverbs 14, 34, Justitia elevat gentem.24
¶ E saciez ke sovereine prudence
Est, k'enhabite ta reverence
868 Es quors des sugez plus k'amur.L867 [L867] 867-8. And know that it is the highest prudence that reverence of you dwell in the hearts of your subjects, more than love.24
Kar escrit est, e leu en autur,
Page 24
Ke le rei en regne par sun afere
Est come la pluie ke chiet en terre,
872 La quele est la Deu grace en sun,
Del ciel e de terre beneiçun,
Vie as vivanz, sanz doutance,
E si est a tuz aidaunce;
876 Kar par pluie vient esperaunce
As marchanz, e lur aidance;
En pluie sovent toneirs vienent,L878 [L878] 878. toneirs; and the rhyme of 878-9, cf. Intro., p. xliv.25
E fudres sovent ausi encheient;
880 En riveres fet cretine sovent,L880 [L880] 880. cretine. This (reduced from O.F. crestine) is possibly a clerkly word derived from cretum, pp. crescere (cf. modern crue d'eau). The Mediaeval Latin cretina is derived from the French, according to Du Cange (under cretina); and Meyer-Lübke, 2317, and Tobler mention crestine. Cf. also Koch, Chardry's Set Dormanz, l. 1020, and Quatre Livres des Rois (Paris 1841), p. 353.25
Les russeaus s'en enflent ensement
E mut avienent, les mers fremissent,
Par quei mut vivanz perissent. [f.182a]
884 ¶ Nepurquant, teus maus k'avienent
Ne desturbent pas home, ne detienent
K'il ne louent le glorius Dé
Del ciel en sa majesté,
888 Ki les signes de grace recorde
E ses duns de misericorde;
Kar par la pluie est vivifié
Quanke nest en terre engendré;
892 Les arbres burjunent par tant,
En verdurs sa beneiçon espaunt.
E pur ceo loent Deu la gent,
E mettent en obli veirement
896 Les mals ke suffrirent avant
Pur le bien ke en vient tres grant.
¶ Le rei ausi resemble vent
Ke Peu nus enveit e estent
900 Del tresor de sa grant merci;
Les nues nus enveit par li,
Les blez encressent, e arbres ausi,
Les fruz en sunt enmeuri,
904 Le puit sa force reprent,L904 [L904] Le puit] Lespirit (cf. note)25L904 [L904] 904. puit. This correction for espirit in the MS. fits in with the sense of the Latin, although Pierre is translating very freely at this point (arborum fructus maturantur et resumunt vires cum aqua desiderata recipitur). Possibly the Les of the MS. is the result of Pierre (or the scribe?) mistaking an original puitz for the plural instead of the nom. sg. It is however possible that the letters les have been caught up from the previous line, hence le puit is to be read. L'espirit, the MS. reading, might even be correct, this word representing the Latin vires, though the next line suggests puit.25
E ewe desiree en rent.
As nagianz fet grant bien le vent,
Kar aperte vie en mer lur rent;L907 [L907] 907. vie. This form for veie (found also in l. 1284) is much earlier than any quoted by Godefroy – unless it be that Pierre's Latin contained vita for via. veie is found in l. 1375.25
Page 25
908 E mut des biens en vienent ausi
Ke tut ne puet estre retreit ici. [f.182b]
E ausi en vienent sanz dutance
Mut de mals e grant desturbance;
912 Divers peril en vient sovent
En terre e en mer ensement,
Dulurs a meint dedenz e dehors,
D'omme en tempeste perit le cors,
916 Corruptiun en l'eir est engendré,
E norit venim, en verité,
E autre mals k'en vienent asez,
Ke pas ne poent ore estre cuntez.
920 ¶ E meske home le creatur
Deprie Deu, Nostre Seignur,
De oster le mal ke de vent vient,
Ja de plus tart ne le sustient
924 E sun curs e ordre ausiL923 [L923] 923-4. Later he maintains neither it nor its course and order. Pierre is not very clear at this point; the Latin runs: Ipse nichilominus ventos deducere sustinet cursum suum retinere et ordinem quem statuit eis, which may be translated: He takes it on himself to conduct the winds and orders them to keep to that course and order. It is clear that Pierre did not understand this, and mistranslated sustinet (sustient 923); perhaps in Pierre's version sustient is a mistake for retient – or a confusion of prefix.26
Sulum ceo k'avant out establi;
Kar sa sapience vereiement
En ordre e en peis ensement
928 Tutes choses ad destiné
E establi en verité,
K'a ses serf servent leaument;
E ceo li vient veraiement
932 De sa tres noble e grant merci,
E de la tresgrant bunté de li.
¶ Meimes l'ensample en verité
Troverez de yver e d'esté; [f.182c]
936 Kar l'un est chaud e l'autre freit,
Les queus la sapience Deu tut dreit
Par sa tresgrant purveance
Establi tuz jurs sanz faillance,
940 Pur natureu choses engendrer,
Nurir, mener pur durer;
E mut des mals en vienent nepurkant
E morteus perils par itant,
944 U en yvern par la freidur,
U en esté par la chalur.
¶ Ausi avient il--c'est la parclose--
Page 26
En rei mut profitable chose
948 E biens, k'a ses sugez desplet,
K'en rei regarder a tuz bon est.L949 [L949] 949. Which, in looking at as a king, is good for everybody. We have here an example of the double use of a preposition, the full phrase being en en rei regarder.27
O Alisandre, encerchez
La poverté e les necessitez
952 Des povres e cheitive gent,
Des fiebles e meseisez ensement;
De lur defaute suvienge vus
De ta bunté, tut a estrus.
956 Un prudumme e bien sachant
Ke seit de lur lange entendant
Establiez, e k'eime dreiture,
Ke de teu chose enpreigne cure,
960 Ke Deu vostre vie sustiegne,
E en bien e honur vus meintiegne;L960 [L960] 960-1. A reminiscence of Exodus 20, 12?27 [f.182d]
Ke eus pussez merciablement
Amer e governer ensement.
964 Kar en ceo est, satiez sanz dotance,
De la lei tute observance,L964 [L964] 964-5. Cf. Matthew 7, 12, or 22, 40.27
E leesce a la gent, e sucur,
E bone vulance del creatur.
968 O Alisandre, pernez en cureL968 [L968] 968 ff. This piece of advice (found in the Latin) seems to be based on the story of Joseph in Egypt, Genesis 41 and 42.27
K'asez eiez de warnesture,
De blé, e d'autre chose profitable,
Ke bone seit, e a gent mangable,
972 Ke suffire pussent en vostre terre
En tens de feim, kant avrez afere;
Si come avient en chieres anees,
Kant defaute est par les cuntrees,
976 Ke pussez par tun purveer
Ta gent aider, kant unt mester.
En tens de bosoigne, de veir sacez,
Ke sucure covient a tes citez,
980 Voz celiers dunkes overer devez,
E par tun regne e les citez
Fere crier e puplier
Furment e greins pur restorrer.
Page 27
984 Ceo ert grant cointise veirement
E purveance al regne ensement;
E si serra sauvetez
E garde au people e citez. [f.183a]
988 ¶ Vostre comandement dunc passera
E vostre fet si aforceraL989 [L989] 989 ff. The construction is here not too clear. Perhaps we should read s'i (989), giving us s'aforcer = to gain strength; perhaps the E of l. 990 is taken up from the previous line. Thus we have: And from your foresight your deeds will gain strength fully. . ..28
E pleinement de ta purveance
Dunt tuz en avrunt afiance;
992 Kar trestuz dunkes saverunt
Ke voz oilz de loinz verrunt;
E pur ceo vostre beneurté
Preiserunt tuz en verité,
996 E eschiwerunt, par defense,
A vostre majesté fere offense.
O Alisandre, sovent vus monestai,L998 [L998] 998. An example of a line in which there are clearly too many syllables; we could omit sovent, yet it is confirmed by the Latin: O Alexander, frequenter monui te. Cf. Intro., p. lvii.28
E uncore amonest, cum jeo sai,
1000 Ke vus gardez en ta peitrine
Misericorde e doctrine,
La quele, si vus bien gardez,
A vostre purpos tut avendrez
1004 E vostre regne, saciez sanz faille,
Par ceo remeindra sanz bataille,
Ceo est a dire, sanz esclandre.
Esparniez sanc d'umme espandre,
1008 Kar ceo a sul Deu apent
Ke conuit les secrez e quers de gent.
¶ Pur ceo pas n'entremettez
De chescun office ke vus avez;L1010 [L1010] 1010-1. This couplet has little relation to the Latin: Noli tibi assumere divinum officium; it would almost seem that Pierre misunderstood divinum officium to mean divine office in the ecclesiastical sense, whereas the meaning clearly is: Do not take God's duties on yourself.28
1012 Kar ne vus est pas iceo donez
Ke saciez de Deu les secrez. [f.183b]
Pur ceo, tant come vus purrez,
Espandre sanc d'umme eschivez.
1016 Kar Hermogenés, le noble doctur,
Escrit e dit tut sanz errur,
Ke quant creature a sei semblable
Creature occist, saciez sanz fable,
1020 Ke les vertuz del ciel a Deu crient:L1020 [L1020] 1020. The Mediaeval Latin Word List, Baxter and Johnson (London 1934), gives virtus, angel, heavenly power, c. 850, c. 1000, c. 1067, 13 c.; and Du Cange Gloss. Med. et Infim. Latinitatis VIII: virtutes, angeli, and quotes a phrase from St. Jerome: voces virtutum caelestium.28
'Sire Deu, Sire Deu,' en criant dient,
Page 28
'Vostre serf a vus k'estes mestre
Endreit sei semblable veut estre.'
1024 ¶ Cil k'a tort un occis a,
Saciez k'en respundra
Dunt Deu, le haut Creatur,
K'a humeine nature est sucur,L1027 [L1027] K'a] Ke29
1028 Dit ke: 'Cil ke tueraL1024 [L1024] 1024-8. He who has wrongly slain anyone, know that God the High Creator, who is a help to human nature, will then reply about it, (and) says that . . . (Quia si injuste interficitur, respondet Creator excelsus . . .). The construction is loose; it might almost be a question: Do you know what he will reply about it? Wherefore God . . ..29
Jeo premet ke tué serra;L1028 [L1028] 1028-9. Leviticus 24, 17.29
A mei seit vengance lessee,
E par mei ert vengance donee.'
1032 ¶ Les vertuz du ciel presenterunt
En lur loanges k'a Deu ferunt
La mort celui ke ert tué
Jeske venjance en seit doné;
1036 E celui ke tué l'avera
En peines d'enfern tuz jurs serra.
O Alisandre, bien sai k'avez
De peines conoisance asez;
1040 Kar mut des mals suffert avez; [f.183c]
En remenbrance lé remenez,
E les estoires d'antiquitez
Des peres e de parenz encerchiez;
1044 Si em purrez par cele afere
Mut esamples e fez en trere;
Ke par les choses ke passé sunt
De mutes choses k'a venir sunt
1048 Avum certein enseignement,L1048 [L1048] A.] Amum29
Saciez le veraiement.
¶ Petit home n'eiez en despit,
Kar celi k'ore est vil e petit,
1052 Si come avenu est sovent,
A richesces e a honurs ascent,
E dunc est fort e de plus poer
A nuire les autres e grever.
1056 ¶ Sur tute rien eschivez
Ke vostre fei donee n'enfreignez,
E covenant k'avez cunfermez
Page 29
Gardez ke pas ne fausez;
1060 Kar ceo avient as joefnes desleaus
E a puteins pur lur aveaus.
¶ Vostre fei premise ensement
Veez ke gardez leaument;
1064 Kar chescune desleauté, seez certein,
Porte male fin au derein; [f.183d]
E si d'enfreindre covenant bien aviegne
L'espece est mauveise, ki ke la tienge,L1066 [L1066] 1066-7. And even if good should come from breaking a covenant, the thing itself is bad . . . (i.e. it is fundamentally wrong).30
1068 Kar ensample k'est reprové
Est del gendre de maveisté.
Kar, saciez bien veraiement,
Ke par fei suret aüniz gent,
1072 E par fei sunt en veritez
Les citez enhabitez
Des homes de bone compaignie
E des reis tute la seignurie;L1075 [L1075] 1075. Anacoluthon: (From faith comes) all the lordship of kings.30
1076 Les chasteus sunt tenu par fei
Les citez gardees, regne le rei;
Dunt si la fei ostez, la gent meffrunt
E a lur estait premer returnerunt
1080 C'est a saver, a la semblance
De bestes, saciez sanz dutance.
¶ Pur ceo, tres leau rei, vus gardez
Ke vostre fei pas n'enfreignez,
1084 E gardez ausi fermement
Sur tute rien vostre serment,
E si tenez voz covenanz,
Tut seient il a vus grevanz.
1088 Kar bien savez ke Hermogenés
Le tesmoine, tut e a pres,L1089 [L1089] 1089. He testifies fully and in detail (or closely).30
Ke vus e chescun en vie
Ad dous espiriz -- n'est pas folie; [f.184a]
1092 L'un vus est a la destre partie,
L'autre a senestre, ke vus espie,
K'en garde ambedous vus unt
E sevent vos eovres, les quels musterunt
1096 Al Creatur, quanke fet averez,
Ou quank' en purpos de fere avez,
Page 30
Dunt, mesk'autre chose ne fust,
Sul ceste chose retreir dust
1100 Vus e autres ensement,
De vileins ovres veraiement.
¶ Ki vus a forcé tant sovent
Jurer e fere serment?
1104 N'est pas a fere, si ceo ne seit
Par grant necessité tut dreit;
Ne rei ne deit, si il n'i seit sovent
Requis, fere nul serment,
1108 Ne, savez bien, ke ceo pas ne avient
A digneté, mes descovient
Quant vus jurez; kar veraiement
As sugez e serfs jurer apent.
1112 ¶ Si vus demandissez l'encheisun
Ke fu de la destructiunL1113 [L1113] la d.] la destincteisun31
De icel regne de Eubaiens
E del regne de Socroiens,L1114 [L1114] 1114-5. Eubaiens, Socroiens. Eubaiens are presumably the inhabitants of Euboea, the largest island of the Aegean Sea; but we have not been able to indentify the latter people. Socroiens may represent the inhabitants of Skyros, an island to the East of Euboea. The Latin passage offers us no help: Si quidem queras que fuit causa destruccionis regni Ambasoyorum et Scitarum . . .. Scitarum refers probably to the inhabitants of Scythia (or possibly is corrupt for the inhabitants of Skyros?), and Ambasoyorum perhaps to those living in Ambracia. Each version contains different forms for these two names, e.g. Hoccleve's Regement of Princes has the peple of Scites and Arabiee. We cannot identify the reference to the destruction of these peoples.31
1116 Jeo vus respunderai, e tut a estrus,
Ke ceo fu, saciez le vus, [f.184b]
Pur ceo ke lur reis veraiement
Acostumé furent jurer sovent
1120 Par boidie a deceivre la gent
E les preceines citez ensement.
Dunt il depecerent covenaunt
Des choses establiz devant
1124 Al profit e sauveté de gent
Ke eus enfreindrent malement
Par lur faus serment k'il useient,
Par unt lur preceins destrueient,
1128 E pur ceo l'equité del juge dreitL1128 [L1128] 1128. equité. This is one of the earliest examples of this word; Dauzat Dict. Étymologique (Paris 1938) quotes it as first being used by Jean de Meung, c. 1275.31
Suffrir plus lungement nel voleit.
O Alisandre, fiz enseignez,
Jeo voil ke sachez e entendez
1132 Ke de empire l'urdeignementL1132 [L1132] l'u.] lur deignement31
E de regne governement
Sunt documenz mut especiaus,
Page 31
Pleinz de granz biens e tresmoraus
1136 K'a vus apartient a saver,
Ta meisnee e le pueple governer.
Mes n'est pas liu de ceo treiterL1138 [L1138] 1138. We have corrected the MS. ne to n'e[st]; but perhaps n'a was intended, especially as the Latin has habent.32
Ici, ne vus deit grever.
1140 Mes en cel livre la ou apent
Le saverez certeinement,
E si vus serrunt en verité
Documenz de grant saveté, [f.184c]
1144 Enbregees e tres profitable;
Lesquels si gardez, saciez sanz fable,
Serrez aforcez e plus a eise
Si a Nostre Seignur bien pleise.
1148 ¶ Gardez ke pas ne repentez
Des choses ke sunt avant passez;
Kar saciez tut de veritez
Ke de fieble femmes sunt propretez.
1152 ¶ E par ta aperte vaillantie
Gardez tuz jurs ta curteisie;
Tuz jurs tes buntés eshaucez,
Ceo est a tun regne sauvetez,
1156 E destructiun veraiement
A voz enemis ensement.
Universitez apparaillez,
Estudie en citez establiez,L1159 [L1159] 1159. estudie. Normally the noun estudie is pronounced ẹstudje̥, and the verb estudier (and its derivative estudiant etc.) -iẹr; owing to the uncertainty of the syllable count we cannot be sure of the pronunciation of estudier, estudianz, etc. in ll. 47, 130, 411, 655, 1169, 1172, 1193, 1195, though there appears to be consonantalisation in all but 47 and 1193. In 1159 the noun estudie appears to have the normal pronunciation; but in l. 1202 the i bears the stress – estudie: clergie, the result perhaps of English influence. estudie here seems to have the meaning of school, place of study. The Latin runs; tua statue studia in civitatibus tui regni and studium has this sense in Mediaeval Latin; cf. Baxter and Johnson Mediaeval Latin Word List (London 1934) s.v., where examples from c. 1250 onwards are quoted. The abridged version contains the passage: Stabiliez estudies de philosophie par les bones viles de ton realme, which strengthens our supposition. Gdf. quotes examples with the meaning of école, collège; cabinet de travail, bibliothèque, from the end of the XIV and the beginning of the XV centuries – so our example is an early one.32
1160 E en tun regne le suffrez,
E a tes homes le comandez,
Ke lur fiz apreignent de lettrure,
E ke d'estudie preignent cure
1164 En les arz e en morautez
Si ke seient clers esprovez.
E a vostre purveance apent
De trover lur susteinement;
1168 Fetes dunc aucun avantage
A bien estudianz, c'est fet de sage, [f.184d]
Ke par iceo ke a teus ferez
A tuz escolers ensample donez,
1172 E matire pur bien estudier
E bien veiller pur espleiter.L1171 [L1171] 1171-3. You will give to all scholars an example and the materials for (means of) studying well and being diligent, in order to succeed.32
Page 32
Lur requestes volentiers oiez,
Lur lettres volentiers recevez,
1176 Loez ces ke sunt a loer,
Reguerdun ke sunt a reguerdoner;
De ceo entreerez les (les) lettrésL1178 [L1178] 1178. entreerez. Tanquerey (op. cit., p. 731) cites plaiera as his sole example of a svarabhaktic form after a vowel, appearing in Rymer's Foedera (1375). But it may be that we have here simply the graphy ee for ai; cf. Pope, op. cit., § 1235.33
A vos loer, bien le saciés,L1179 [L1179] A vos] E uos33
1180 E voz fez en escripture
Mettrunt si ke lunge dure.
Iceste maniere est a preiser,
E iceste cointise est a loer;
1184 De ceo ert l'empire honuré,
Le regne enbeli e enluminé
La curt le rei, e les reaus fezL1186 [L1186] 1186. The correction proposed is supported by the Latin, which runs: illuminatur curia imperatoris.33
En memoire plus noblement retrez.
1188 ¶ Ki fu ceo ke le regne eshauça
De Grece, ke dure jeske ença?
Ki fu ceo, dunt par le mund lur fez
Pardurablement furent retrez?
1192 Ceo fu, saciez, la diligence
D'estudianz en lur science,
E ceo fu la vaillantie
Des sages estudianz en clergie, [f.185a]
1196 Ki sur tute rien science amerent
E pur ceo teu choses troverent
Dunt le regne fu eshaucé,
Ke tuz jurs en es ça ad duré.
1200 ¶ Dunt vus cunterai orendreit
D'une pucele k'a la meisun esteit
Un prudumme, ke par estudieL1202 [L1202] 1202. estudie. Cf. note to l. 1159.33
Tant cunquist ke par clergie
1204 Le curs del an tut conuisseit,
Les festes a venir ausi tut dreit,
E les lius de planetes ensement,
E l'encheisun d'enbreggement
1208 Del jur e nuit, e del firmament
Le curs, e des esteilles ensement,
E de choses a venir par jugement
Ke par art d'esteilles saver apent.
Page 33
1212 O Alisandre, en nule guise
En ovre de femmes n'en lur servise
Ne vus afiez; e ausi gardez
K'a eles ne seez abandonez;
1216 E si covient par necessité
K'a femme seez abandoné,
A une lele, dunc, ke duné vus seit,
Abandunez vus, kar ceo ert dreit;
1220 Kar, tant come femme te treite en braz,L1220 [L1220] 1220. treite. Perhaps a scribal error for treit (trahit).34
Baillez li estes en ses laz. [f.185b]
Gardez vus bien, e seez certeins,
Kar vostre vie (en) est en ses mains.
1224 ¶ Eschivez, eschivez venim mortel,
Kar gent ne comencent pas de novel
Autres envenimer, mes pieça fu
Ke muz par venim furent deceu
1228 Reis; de princes venim pieça
Avant dreit tens lur mort hasta.L1226 [L1226] 1226-9. But it happened a long time ago that many kings were betrayed by poison, and poison hastened the death of princes at an untimely age (lit. before their right time).34
O Alisandre, ne vus afiez
En un sul mire ke vus tiegnez,
1232 Kar un mire, satiez sanz dutance,
Ad bien poer de fere nusance,
E une felunie emprendre purreit
K'a vus, pust estre, n'estuvereit.L1235 [L1235] 1235. Which would not, perhaps, be necessary to you – a euphemistic construction for Which would be harmful to you, or Which you would not want.34
1236 Mes eiez dis, si ceo puet estre,
Ke seient de lur afere mestre;
E quant mester de eus averez
Devant vus seient tuz asemblez,
1240 E, si il covient ke medicine pernez,
Par cunseil de plusurs le frez.
O Alisandre, le fet remenbrez:
La reine de Inde, dunt bien savez,
1244 Kant par amisté a vus manda
Presens e beaus duns envea,
Entre quels choses fu envéée
Cele bele pucele tant maluree, [f.185c]
1248 Ke d'enfance veraiement
Page 34
De venim nurri fu de serpent;
Dunt, si a cele hure n'usse esté
Ke l'usse cointement esgardé,
1252 E par art nel usse coneu
E par esgarz aparceu
De ceo ke hardiement esgarda
E sanz vergoine les oilz ficha
1256 En face d'umme continuelement
En perçant e horiblement,
Dunt jeo aparceu bien par tant
K'ele tuereit home sul en mordant;
1260 Ke puis aprés par esperement
L'eprovastes tut certeinement;
Dunt ta mort, si jeo n'usse esté,
En ardur de lecherie vus eust procuré.L1263 [L1263] 1263. Cf. the note to l. 998. The Latin runs: mors tua fuisset in ardore coitus illius consecuta; though Pierre seems to have remodelled the sentence: Whereby, had it not been for me, she would have procured your death by ardour of lust.35
1264 O Alisandre, kar gardez
Vostre alme noble ke vus eez,
K'est par la poesté divine
De haute nature come angeline:
1268 E si vus est pur ceo baillee
Ke pas ne seit deshonuree,
Mes glorifié, ne ne seit mie
De condiciun de gent suillie,
1272 Mes seit del numbre de la sage gent
A quels glorie e joie apent. [f.185d]
Rei Alisandre, le benurez,
Si fere en nule manere poez:
1276 Ne levez vus mie, ne ne seez,
Ne ne mangez mie, ne ne bevez,
Ne rien ne facez en ceste vie
Sanz cunseil d'un sage astronomie.L1279 [L1279] 1279. astronomie. Here astronomer. The Latin runs nichil penitus facias sine consilio viri periti in arte astrorum.35
1280 ¶ E seez de ceo tut certein
Ke Deu nule rien ne fist en vein
En nature, mes tut par raisun,
E par reisunable encheisun;
1284 E par ceste vie e conoissanceL1284 [L1284] 1284. vie. Cf. note to l. 907.35
Conuit, saciez sanz dutance,
Page 35
Platun, nostre tresage mestre,
E enquist en nature tut l'estre
1288 Des choses compunt, des qualitezL1288 [L1288] 1288. compunt. The normal form of the p.p. is compost: but cf. Gdf., s.v.36
Ke sunt contraires en ceo trovez
E des colurs par compareisun
A chose de compositiun,
1292 Par quei aveit science trovee
De ydees e de chose furmee.L1287 [L1287] 1287-93. Et per istam viam et inquisicionem cognovit peritissimus doctor noster Plato naturam parcium compositarum rerum ex contrariis qualitatibus et coloribus in sua generacione per comparacionem ad res compositas, et per hoc habuit scienciam de sideribus comatis. We may thus translate (though the passage remains rather meaningless): And Plato examined in the world all the nature of composite things, from the contrary qualities which are found in them and from their colours, by comparison with composite things; whereby he had discovered the knowledge of ideas and things having form. Presumably the idea is that by a knowledge of the composition of certain things, we can, by comparison, ascertain the composition and nature of other things. chose de compositiun is another way of saying chose compunt. Bacon adds a gloss to sideribus: de ydeis et rebus, and to comatis: vel, formatis. It is clear that these glosses appeared in other versions of the text, at any rate in the version from which Pierre worked.36
¶ As dis des nunsages ne creez mie
Ke dient ke nul d'astronomie
1296 La science ne puet saver;L1295 [L1295] 1295-6. Who say that none can know the science of astronomy (qui dicunt scienciam planetarum difficilem esse).36
E ke si forte est ke nul trover
Ne puet de ceo entendement;
Ne sevent ke dient, veirement; [f.186a]
1300 Kar rien n'est fort quant a la pussance
D'entendement, saciez sanz dutance;L1300 [L1300] 1300-1. For nothing is difficult in relation to the power of the mind (where the power of the mind is concerned).36
Kar tutes choses k'a saver suntL1302 [L1302] saver] sauez36
Par reisun estre sues purrunt.
1304 ¶ Autres i ad mis en sotie
Ke ne dient pas meins de folie:
Ke Deu tutes choses purveu aveit
Pardurablement avant k'esteit
1308 Le mund, e avait avant ordiné
Ke quanke avient est necessité,
E est ordiné issi del festre,
Ke pur rien ne purreit autrement estre.
1312 Pur ceo, dient ke ne puet valeir
Chose k'est a venir de saveir;
Ices errerent malement
E forveerent apertement;
1316 Kar mesk'aucune chose aviegne
Ke avenir issi le coviegne,L1316 [L1316] 1316-7. For although something may happen, which necessarily is destined to come to pass, it will be better borne if . . .. (Dico ergo, quod licet, quedam sint necessario ventura . . .).36
Mieuz serra suffert par itant
Si l'en seit la chose devant,L1319 [L1319] Si l'en s.] Si lesseit36
1320 E mieuz eschivre le peot en
E decliner par aucun sen;
Kar chose k'est coneu e parveueL1322 [L1322] parveue] par ueue36
Serra plus sagement receue,
Page 36
1324 E, si aucune moleste i a,
Sanz trop damage passera. [f.186b]
Kar d'ivern ore pernez cure:
Kant om seit k'avendra grant freidure
1328 La gent devant mieuz se purverrunt
De dras, de busche, dont mester unt;
E pur ceo, quant yvern vendra,
Pas trop ne lur grevera.
1332 E, pur la chaline ausi d'esté,
Par freide viandes k'unt purchacé
E par freit especes eschaperuntL1334 [L1334] 1334. especes translates the Latin species rerum, and thus means sorts of things, of foods.37
Les fervurs k'en esté serrunt.
1336 Ausi ki avant saverunt
Les anz de feim ki avendrunt
De blez e d'estor se purverrunt,
Ke nule moleste de ceo n'averunt.
1340 ¶ Pur ceo est bien saver avant
Choses ke gent par itant
De lur mals garni en fussent
Ke de plus leger eschaper pussent;
1344 E, quant la gent conuisterunt
Les choses k'a venir serrunt,
Nostre Seignur prierunt par itant
Ke par sa puissance seit en aidant,
1348 Ke autre i mette ordeinement
Ke del mal avenir les defent.L1349 [L1349] 1349. avenir. Perhaps this should read a venir, cf. p. xxxviii.37
¶ Kar saciez ceo en bone fei,
Ke Deu ne fist rien contre sei, [f.186c]
1352 Kant fet tels choses a gent mustrer;
Kar il le purrunt pur ceo preer,
E en jeunes e en devotiun,
E en aumones e en oreisun
1356 De lur pecchiez avec pardun,
E de lur trespas remissiun.
Si musterunt bien par tant
K'il duterunt Deu le tut puissant.L1359 [L1359] 1359. At this point Pierre leaves off treating the subject of astronomy; he has since l. 1274 discussed its value as a means whereby one can foretell the future, but he proposes to leave over dealing with the art of astronomy till a later occasion in the poem. Thus he omits a paragraph of the Latin, which concludes that section of the treatise. Thus lines 1360-3 are Pierre's own, and he refers to this promise in l. 2241.37
1360 ¶ Mes saciez, sire, ke ne voil mie
Ore treiter de astronomie;
Mes aprés, quant a ceo vendrai,
Page 37
En cest livre contreiterai.
1364 Mes ore primes au comencement,
De medicine averez le document,
E une manere de privetez
Ke vus suffiserunt asez
1368 A vostre cors garder en santé;
E si est, saciez de verité,
La meillure e preciuse doctrine
Ke seit en tute medicine.
1372 E d'autre part, devez saver,
Ke mult vaut al mund governer.
Sire, ceo devez primes saver,
Ke n'est veie a fere, ne a purchacerL1375 [L1375] 1375. veie: way, means. This is not a common use of the word, but via, which it translates, has that meaning. Gdf. cites one or two examples.38
1376 Rien en siecle ke seit en terre,
Si par poer nel pussez fere; [f.186d]
E saciez ke nul n'ad poesté
Si ceo ne seit par sa santé;
1380 E sancté n'avera ja nul hum
Sanz oelté de complexiun,
Ne oelté n'est pas sanz dutance
De complexiun sanz temperance.
1384 Mes Deus de gloire ordina la manere
A temperance aver entiere
De humurs, remedie, e conservance
A santé aver sanz grevance,
1388 E plusurs autres choses ensement
Les quels as prophetes e a seinte gent
E as autres ke esleu aveit
Priveement Deu demustreit;
1392 Les quels ellumina en science
Per l'espirit de divine sapience;
Surse de science lur duneit,
Des quels les philosophes unt estreit
1396 Lur philosophie pleinement;
Kar de eus aveient comencement;
Les Latins e les Indiens,
Les Grius e les Parsiens,
1400 De ces lur science espucherent;L1400 [L1400] 1400. espucherent. This is probably a variant of espuisier and is so listed by Gdf.38
Page 38
Lur princes de art par eus troverent
E secrez k'en lur escriz mistrent
Dunt bien piert ke de eus le pristrent. [f.187a]
1404 Kar en lur escriz rien n'est trové
Ke ne seit reisun esprové,
Dunt des sages sunt receu,
Escrit, e oï, e esleu.
1408 ¶ Ki a sei meimes est encheisun
De mal e de perdicion,
Il serra plus legierement
Encheisun de perte de autre gent.
1412 ¶ Pur ceo elisum ceo ke nus amuns
E querums ceo ke nus entendums;
Mes nepurquant, devez saver
Ke Deu le haut, k'est rei sanz per,
1416 Entre tuz les philosophes k'el mund aL1416 [L1416] 1416. k'el. As aveir was long used impersonally without the accompaniment of i or il, the sense of this passage is that there are in the world.39
Les Grius sur tuz ellumina
A science enquere sanz dutance,
E de nature aver conuissance;
1420 De ceo vus ai jeo dit autre fez,
Dunt sulum eus ore fra cest treitez.
Les sages s'acordent trestuz,
Les natureus philosophes e pruz,
1424 Ke home est fet de quatre element
Contraries, e d'umurs ensement,
Ke tuz jurs de beivre e manger
A sustenance unt mester,
1428 Sanz lesquels home verraiement
Corrumpu serreit utrement. [f.187b]
E ki trop poy emprent ou plus d'asezL1430 [L1430] ou plus] e plus39
Fieblesce engendre e enfermetez,
1432 E mult d'autre mals ja vienent
K'entempreement pas ne se tienent,L1433 [L1433] 1433. Ke. – relative absolute: If one does not contain oneself moderately.39
Mes ki manjue e beit od temperance
A sa vie trovera bone aidance,
1436 Si en avera force de cors
E santé par tut dedenz e dehors.
Page 39
Issi s'acordent trestut li sage,
E dient tut par un corage
1440 Ki ke ceo seit k'issi le face,
Ke utre due mesure trespasse
En trop ou trop poi beyvre ou manger,
Trop ou tropoy dormir ou veiller,
1444 Trop ou tropoi reposer ou mover,
Trop ou tropoy le ventre voider,
En trop ou tropoy sanc lesser,
Ki si le fet, ne puet eschaper
1448 Les enuiz e les reveriesL1448 [L1448] 1448. enuiz. Cf. note to l. 747.40
D'enfermetez e de maladies,
Des quels brievement treiterai;
E certeine doctrine vus en dirrai
1452 De diverses maladies issi
E de lur remedies autresi.
¶ Les sages trestuz s'i acordeient
Ki de trop ou tropoi se gardeient [f.187c]
1456 Uelté e temperance avereient,
E lunge vie e santé recevereient.
¶ Ki desire dunc vivre e durerL1458 [L1458] v. e d.] uiure duter40L1458 [L1458] 1458. Our correction to this line is supported by the Latin: Qui igitur appetit vivere ac durare.40
Estudie dunc de purchacer
1460 Choses ke durablement covienent,
E ke la vie gardent e tienent,
E lesser covient en verité
Le desir de ta propre volenté,L1463 [L1463] 1463. ta. This is perhaps a slip for sa.40
1464 E garde qu'il n'ajuste mie
Mangerie sur mangerie.
¶ Jeo oï dire de Ypocras
Ke dietes garda--n'es pas gas--L1467 [L1467] 1467. n'es. One is tempted to correct this to n'es[t] – but final pre-consonantal t was beginning to be dropped by the end of the XII century (cf. Pope, op. cit., § 1202). Cf. also sun for sunt, l. 643. See Intro., Orthography (28).40
1468 Par les quels meymes fiebles devint
E les fieblesces de cors sustient;L1469 [L1469] 1469. sustient. Should we correct susti(e)nt? sustient and sustint are frequently confused in later Anglo-Norman; thus Maitland, Year Books of Edward II, p. lxii, writes: Some scribes regularly distinguish between the present and preterite tenses of venir and tenir (tient and tint, vient and vint); but others will use the same form for both tenses.40
Dunt un sun desciple li diseit:
'Noble mestre,' fet cil, 's'il vus plerreit
1472 Ke bien buissiez e mangissiez,
Tant fieblesce de cors n'averiez.'
Ypocras dunkes li responeit
En teu manere, si li diseit:
Page 40
1476 'Pur ceo manguz ke vivre pusse,
Ne vif pas pur ceo ke mangusse.'
Kar norrissement est pur durance,
Ne mie la reverse, sanz dutance;L1479 [L1479] la r.] la reuerence41L1479 [L1479] 1479. reverse. This correction is upheld by the Latin: Alimentum enim propter durabilitatem querendum est, non durabilitas propter alimentum.41
1480 Kar durance n'est pas veraiement
Pur aver le nurissement. [f.187d]
Kar mut ai coneu, tant come vesquirent
Ke de trop mangier se detenirent,L1483 [L1483] se] le41
1484 E lur apetiz desporterent,
E glotonie pas ne hanterent,
E par dietes vesquirent en temperance,
Ke crestiens furent sanz nusance;
1488 E mieuz poeient overer
E en vie plus legierement durer,
E de bon appetit ensement
E plus legiers de muvement.
1492 C'est en Arabiens aparant
E par desert ke sunt alant,
E lunges chemins ensement,
Par unt est apert argument
1496 Ke abstinence de trop manger
E de superfluité purger
Est la medicine soveraine
Pur aver dreite sancté plaine.
1500 O Alisandre, en medicine verement
Est contenu certein document
Ke la conservance est de santé
Principaument en dous choses trové.
1504 ¶ La premereine est k'omme use sanz fable
Mangiers a sun age convenable,
E del tens ausi preigne cure
E a la costume de sa nature; [f.188a]
1508 K'il use viandes, c'est a saver,
E beivres ke soleit hanter,
Dunt aveit norrissement
E de substance confermement.L1511 [L1511] 1511. conferm[em]ent. The MS. reading conferment is no doubt due to the elision of the second e in this word, bringing the two m's together, or to the writing of -ment on arriving at the first m.41
1512 ¶ La seconde est ke seit purgé
Page 41
De superfluité engendré,
De males humurs e corumpues,
Ke de surfet sunt avenues.L1515 [L1515] Ke] E42
1516 ¶ Humeine cors, devez saver,
K'est vessel de beivre e mangier,
Enmenusez est e remenez
En la matire, bien le saciez,
1520 E princes--dunt primes fu
Come d'elemenz engendré e conceu--
Par chaline ke l'umur ensecchist,
La quele le cors pest e norrist,
1524 Mes resouz est e remenez
As princes dunt estoit nez,
De vent e de solail par la, chalur
K'ensecchissent trestut l'umur.L1516 [L1516] 1516-1527. This extremely obscure passage is clearly based on a faulty Latin version. princes, l. 1520, (i.e. beginnings, elements) is manifestly a translation of elementa for alimenta; the Latin runs: Sciendum est igitur quod corpora hominum que sunt receptibilia cibi et potus diminuuntur et resolvuntur, tam ipsa corpora recipiencia quam ipsa alimenta recepta, ita quod resolvuntur in primis per calorem naturalem qui desiccat humiditatem corporum et nutritur ac pascitur eadem humiditate: resolvuntur eciam per calorem solis et venti qui desiccant humiditatem omnium corporum. Thus we may translate our passage: You should know that the human body, which is a receptacle for meats and drinks, is diminished and reduced to the matter and elements – you know this well – from which it was originally engendered and conceived as from the elements – by the heat (of the body) which dries up the moisture which nourishes the body; but it is dissolved and brought back to the elements whence it came (lit., was born), by the heat of the wind and of the sun, which dry up all moisture. Thus par chaline 1522 goes with enmenusez . . . 1518. Naturally this translation remains obscure, and does not follow the Latin. Perhaps the Latin has alimenta in error.42
1528 ¶ Quant cors dunc est de teu nature
Ke mut d'umurs passent par overture,
Grosse viande vaut a teu cors
Pus ke mult est k'en est mis hors
1532 De quantité e de grosse substance
De chalur pur trop habundance, [f.188b]
E de humurs ke del cors estreit sunt,
Ke par overtures tut s'en vunt.
1536 ¶ Mes, quant le cors est sec e lié,
Sutive viandes en verité
E muistes li valent veraiement;
Kar ceo k'en ist certeinement
1540 De poi de quantité serra
Pur les overtures ke estreit a.
¶ Pur ceo est certein document
A santé garder pleinement,
1544 Ke hume en sa santé use manger
K'a sa qualité pusse acorder;
C'est a saver, pernez ent cure,
A home k'est de chaude nature
1548 Chaudes viandes valent veirement,L1548 [L1548] veirement] uerirement42
Meske chaud seient entempreement.
Mes a home k'est de freide nature
Page 42
Freides viandes valent, en temprure;
1552 A home moist ou sec norissement,L1552 [L1552] 1552. A. – habet If a man has . . ..43
Entendez la manere ensement.
¶ Mes si home chaud est utre mesure
Quant chaline grieve la nature,
1556 K'eit par chauz mangiers receu
Ou par autre chaline k'est avenu,
Dunc li poent mangers valer
Contraires e freides a user. [f.188c]
1560 E quant l'estomac chaud e bon serra
E fort, a tiel mieuz, saciez, vaudra
Grosses viandes a mangier;
Kar tel estomac, devez saver,
1564 Est come bon feu e pussant,
Ke grosse busche gaste en ardant.
¶ Mes quant l'estomac veirement
Est freit e fiebles ensement,
1568 A tel estomac mieuz vaut mangers
Ke sutil seient e legiers,
Kar le feu resemble par reisun
Ke estuble art e sekeillun.L1571 [L1571] 1571. sekeillun. Formed from siccus; Du Cange lists siccamen matière sèche, and the Med. Latin Word List quotes siccum, dry wood.43
1572 ¶ Les signes de bon estomac, saciez,
Sunt d'aver de cors legiertez,
E d'aver cler entendement
E appetit ausi de movement.
1576 Les signes de mal estomac, en sun,
E de fieble digestiun,
Sunt pesantume de cors e molesce,
Enflure de face e peresce
1580 E baaler de buche sovent
E pesantume des oilz ensement,
Led e mauveis bretuner,L1582 [L1582] b.] bretimer43L1582 [L1582] 1582. bretuner. bretimer, the MS. reading, does not exist; G. lists bretun: rot, flatuosité s'échappant de l'estomac avec bruit, but gives no verb with this meaning. bretuner normally means to stammer; but the gloss to l. 1782 affirms the translation to vomit, to belch. Wartburg Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bonn 1928- ) I, p. 538, lists brittus, whence bretonner (:to stammer, stutter, from which we get to murmur, grumble).43
Kant ceo bretuner est amer,L1583 [L1583] b.] bretime43L1583 [L1583] 1583. Here the MS. reads bretime, which may be a noun from bretimer for bretuner, or possibly the infinitive itself. Cf. a note in Romania XLIX, p. 182: L'r avait déjà une prononciation très affaiblie; la lettre est souvent omise à la fin d'un mot dans les MSS.; et plus d'un infinitif français se voit ainsi réduit à l'état de participe.43
1584 Ou evus, ou egre, ou purlent,L1584 [L1584] p.] pirclent43
Ou ke savoure malement. [f.188d]
¶ E pur iceo sunt engendrez
Enfleure en ventre e ventositez,
1588 E si en ert amenusez
Page 43
Appetit de mangier, saciez;
E si la chose est en quantité grant,
Saciez, ke de ceo demeintenant
1592 Les piez e mains se estendent,
Les membres resortissant rendent,
E le cors en rent tut tremblant,
E suvent la buche en baalant,L1595 [L1595] 1595. en baalant. Perhaps we should read enbaalant, though the MS. has quite clearly two words, cf. p. xxxviii.44
1596 E autre mals k'en vienent asez
K'a santé sunt cuntrarietez,
E sunt al cors destructiun,
E a la nature corruptiun,
1600 Pur ceo vus devez veirement
De teus mals garder cointement.
Pus ke dunkes cors corruptible est
E la corruptiun, satiez, se nest
1604 De contrarieté de complexiun,
E d'umurs contraries ausi en sun
K'en cors sunt, vus escriz ore sanz fableL1606 [L1606] vus] uos44
Choses k'a ceo sunt profitable
1608 E necessaries, e les secrez
Ke sunt en art de medicine trovez,
Dunt tut seurement en pussez
Sanz deserte bien estre paez. [f.189a]
1612 ¶ E pur ceo ke hunte serreit a mire
Tutes maladies apertement dire,
Si vus ceste chose bien regardez
E sulum l'ordre precius vus gardez,
1616 Tut pleinement devez saver
Ke de mire n'averez ja mester
Estre ceo k'avienent par cas
Ke l'em ne puet bien eschivre pas.
1620 O Alisandre, ceo covient ke sacez
Ke quant de dormir vus levez,
K'ailez un petit entempreement
A estendre voz menbres oelment;
1624 E si devez vostre chief pinnier;
Page 44
Kar les menbres aforce l'adrescerL1625 [L1625] Kar] Kai, l'adrescer] la drescer45L1625 [L1625] 1625. l'adrescer. This is a verbal substantive (:to stretch, take exercise): For exercise strengthens the limbs. Pierre seems to have confused adrescer with drescer; cf. l. 2176.45
E le pienner les humurs, bien le sachez,
Estreit hors ke sunt muntez
1628 A la teste del estomac dreitL1628 [L1628] A] E45
Quant tens de dormir esteit.
¶ En esté vus fetes laver
D'eue freide, devez saver;
1632 Kar ceo destreint, e la chaline
Remue del chief par teu covine,
E si durra veirement
Talent de mangier ensement.
1636 ¶ Puis aprés bien vus vestez
De noble vesture e aürnez; [f.189b]
Kar vostre corage, en verité,
Se delitera en beauté,
1640 E la vertu de vie par delit
Serra recumforté sanz respit,
E le quor overt rendra,
Dunt leez e heité tut serra.
1644 ¶ Pus aprés si froterez
Vos denz e gengives asez
Od les escorces tut entur
D'arbre chaud, sec, amer de savur,
1648 Kar iceo les denz ennettit,
E vice de buche tut ennientit,
La lange bien parlante rent,
E la parole clere ensement;
1652 Ensurketut devez saver
Ke dune talent de manger.
¶ Puis aprés devez user
Sulum le tens vus estover,L1654 [L1654] 1654-5. Then, afterwards, you should be in the habit of taking a hot bath, according to the weather. User is here v.n., cf. ll. 2071, 2220; all the examples in Gdf. are followed by de.45
1656 Kar ceo profite a grant mesure,
Del cervel oevre la closture,
Les cols plus gros par ceo rent,
E les braz plus gras ensement;
1660 La face e la veue esclarsist
Le sen ausi en aforsist
E entardir fet ensement
Page 45
Chanuesce, saciez veirement. [f.189c]
1664 Pus les meillurs ke troverez
Uignemenz de bon odur hantez
K'acordent al tens nomeement
Sulum ceo k'a la seisun apent;
1668 Kar l'alme ne serreit pas refet
For del odur k'en est estreit.
Kar bon odur veraiement
Est al alme norissement,
1672 E, quant l'alme serra refet
E afermee e mis en het,
Le cors tut en reforcera
E le queor s'en joïssera,
1676 E le sanc es veines cura
Pur la leesce ke l'alme a.
¶ Si prendrez letuaires aprés
K'est nomé lignis aloés,
1680 K'est en livres de mescines escrit
Coment, e de ki, est cumfit.
¶ E reaubarbre pernez ensement,
Le peis de quatre deniers d'argent;
1684 Kar c'est une chose mult profitable.
Kar fleume sustreit, satiez sanz fable,
De buche del estomac tut hors,
Si engendre chaline el cors,
1688 E enchace ventosité,
E bone savur rent en verité. [f.189d]
¶ Pus od les nobles vus seez,
E oveskes les sages parlez,
1692 Sulum costume des reis e noble gent
E parlez e fetes ceo k'i apent.
¶ Pus aprés, kant hure serra
De manger, quant il vus plerra,
1696 Travaillez vus un poi avant
En chevachant, ou en alant,
Ou aucun autre chose fesant,
Kar ceo est mut al cors aidant.
1700 Kar ceo enchace ventositez,
Le cors adrescé e aforcez
Page 46
En est, e aleggé ensement,
E al estomac chaline rent,
1704 E les junctures lie, e ennientit
Les humurs nusantes, e tut defit,
E fleume sur l'estomac fet ausi
Descendre, k'est trop chaud e ensechi.
1708 ¶ Quant asis estes au manger,
Fetes mut des viandes porter,
E mangiez ent a tun pleisir;
E ceo dunt averez desir
1712 Od pein ke oelement seit levé
Ke seit parfitement fermenté.
E mangiez dunc premierement
Ceo ke primes manger apent; [f.190a]
1716 C'est a saver, si humme prent
Legiere viande premierement
E mole, ke l'estomac mol rent,
E la plus dure mangue derenement,
1720 Kant la mole vient devant,
Plus tost en ert defit par tant;
Mes la dure viande ke pus receu a
Plus lung en l'estomac demurra.
1724 Mes si la dure devant mangue
E la mole e legiere est pus receue
Del un e del autre par raisun
Ert bone la digestiun.
1728 Ausi saciez, si home prent
Plusurs viandes ensemblement
Ke moles e legiers sunt,
E de legier defierunt,
1732 Dunt covient k'avant manger viegne
Al funt del estomac ke bien retiegne.L1732 [L1732] 1732-3. First should come a food which will remain at the bottom of the stomach. manger is here a verbal substantive.47
Kar del estomac la parfundesce
(Ke) plus chaud est, e plus ad molesce,
1736 De ceo k'en cele partie junt
Charnuse parties ke i sunt,
E si est a la fie de pres veisineL1738 [L1738] v.] neisine47
Ke viande defit par sa chaline.
Page 47
1740 ¶ E bien saciez k'a tun manger
De manger devez desporter, [f.190b]
Endementiers uncore ke volentez
E desir de mangier avez.
1744 Kar par sa superfluité
L'estomac est mut anguissé,
E si en ert le cors grevé,
E le corage mut blescé,
1748 E la viande remeint pesant
Al fund del estomac e nusant.
¶ Ensemblement, vus retenezL1750 [L1750] 1750 ff. Cf. Conservandae Sanitatis (Frankfurt 1559), p. 102: Potus aque sumptus comedenti incommoda praestat. Hinc friget stomachus, crudus et inde cibus.48
Ke ewe aprés manger ne bevez,
1752 Jeske aviegne ke vus seez
De ceo fere acostumez.
Kar beivre freit eue, ki ke ceo seit,
Sur manger rent l'estomac freit,
1756 E la chaline esteint ensement,
E la viande confuse rent,
E engendre desturbement
Si mut en est beu veirement;
1760 Kar, saciez, ki ke mut en beit,
Rien n'est k'al cors peür seit.
¶ Mes si par bosoin seit beue
Par chaline del estomac eue,L1763 [L1763] 1763. eue. Following the Latin, Si ergo necesse fuerit ut aquam sumas, vel propter calorem temporis vel calorem stomachi sive corporis . . ., we translate this word water, in spite of the strange pronunciation thus given to the word. Few editors print eue (mostly eve); but Tobler-Lommatzsch (I, Col. 236) lists eue:keue, i.e. öe̥: köe̥ (Li Vers de la Mort, Windahl, Lund, 1887, 312, 2), and eue: reskeue – from the context clearly an irregular past part. of rescorre, not of reskeoir – (Chansons et Dits artésiens, Jeanroy & Guy, Bordeaux 1898, XXIV, 154). We have then two possible pronunciations: (1) ö(e̥); bö(e̥), a continental pronunciation resulting from the Western and North-Western sound-change e̥ü > ö (cf. Pope, op. cit., § 245 ); or (2) ju(e̥): bju(e̥, an A.N. pronunciation resulting from the change eu > iu > ju (cf. Pope, §§ 1125, 1165); cf. the related English word ewer. As the dates of these changes are uncertain, we cannot be sure with which of these two possibilities (if either) we have to deal. It is possible that eue is not aquam at all, but *habutam, in which case the passage would run But if perchance it (aqua) be drunk owing to inflammation of the stomach gotten; but to take eue as aquam, as we have done, makes better sense, and is supported by the Latin.
48
1764 Ou si chaline pur ceo avez
Pur chaude viandes k'avez mangez,
Seit dunc ceo k'enbevez ent,
Ne mie trop, mes entempreement. [f.190c]
1768 ¶ E aprés, quant refet serrez
Aucune chose, pus alez,
E pus en mol lit vus cochez,
E entempreement dormez;
1772 E un hure, si ceo puet estre,
Reposerez sur la costé destre,
E pus au senestre returnez,
E sur le senestre donke dormez;
1776 Kar le senestre costé est freit
Dunt chaline la busoignereit.
¶ Si aucune grevance dunc sentez
Page 48
Ou k'en l'estomac ou ventre avez,
1780 Fetes une chemise eschaufer
E ferm sur vostre ventre poser.L1778 [L1778] 1778-81. The Latin contains an additional cure: tunc medicina necessaria tibi est amplecti puellam calidam et speciosam. Apparently this was a favourite cure in times of antiquity; cf. I Kings 1, 1-4. Cf. pp. xxii, xxxiv.49
¶ E si vus avez eructaciun
Egre, ceo est par l'encheisun
1784 E signe ke l'estomac avez
Freit, saciez de veritez;
La mescine de ceo ke devez receivre
Est ke devez chaude eue beivre
1788 Od cirup acetus e geter:
Ceo vus deit mut al cors valer;
Kar la livre e corruptiunL1790 [L1790] 1790. livre. The precise significance and form of this word is obscure. If it be a noun, then we should perhaps correct livree e; if it be an adjective, then we may read la livree corruptiun. The Latin runs: Quia incarceracio cibi corrupti in ventre est valida corporis destruccio. Probably the obscurity is due to a misinterpretation by Pierre; it may be that he considered the prefix in- of incarceracio (in the Latin text) as being the negative prefix; in that case, incarcerare would mean to deliver from prison, whence la livre, though even then the force of the word is doubtful. In either case, the sense of the Latin – retention – is hardly to be obtained from livre, whether noun or adjective, though Du Cange cites an example of liberatio in the sense of securitas.49
De mangier el ventre destructiun
1792 Est al cors tut pleinement,
Si par remedie n'eit desturbement [f.190d]
¶ Devant mangier le muevement
Chaline al estomac rent;
1796 Mes aprés manger, satiez tant,
Ke c'est al estomac nusant.
Kar dunc, desquit, le manger descentL1798 [L1798] 1798. desquit. The Old French descuire (-quire) means to lose the qualities developed by cooking, and thus desquit means uncooked. The Latin indecoctus however has the meaning undigested, which is the meaning of the word here.49
Al funt del estomac veirement;
1800 E de ceo vienent estupemenz
E autre maus engendré dedenz.
Dormir devant manger suvent
Satiez ke le cors megre rent,
1804 E atreit l'umidité
Dunt est ensechi en verité.
Mes aprés manger dormir nurit,
Refet e emple e aforcit;
1808 Kar, tant come home dort en recelee,
La chaline naturele desparpilee
Par tut le cors est espandue,
En l'estomac dont est descendue,
1812 Dunt l'estomac est conforté
Par la chaline, e aforcé,
Dunt le manger receu bien en est quit
E par la decoctiun ert bien desfit,
1816 E aidunc la vertu reisunable
Page 49
Quert sun repos, n'est mie fable.
Dunt aucun des philosophes diseit
Ke mangier al vespre plus vaudreit [f.191a]
1820 K'a midi mangier ou la entur,
Kar midi la chaline a del jur;
E de jur ovrent les sens
E l'alme travaille dedenz,
1824 Kar hume dunkes e veit e ot
E pense e de reisun parout,
E plusurs choses fet ke avienent dehors
Dunt mut en est travailé le cors.
1828 Par unt en hure de midi s'estent
La chaline naturele utreement,
E ist par les parties dehors
Par tutes les overtures del cors.
1832 E pur ceo est mut enfiebli
L'estomac, saciez le de fi;
E si est dunkes de nunpoeir
La viande defire, saciez de veir.L1835 [L1835] defire] desire50
1836 ¶ Mes quant l'en mangue veraiement
Au vespre, est tut autrement;
Kar dunc ert sanz travail le cors
E les sens se reposent dehors,
1840 E la freidure de nuit dunc vient
E les overtures del cors emprient,
E en l'estomac la chaline quit
Dunc la viande en est enduit.
1844 ¶ Ensurketut saver devezL1844 [L1844] 1844 ff. Cf. Conservandae Sanitatis, pp. 162v-166 Et ratio quidem est, quod transgressio a consuetudine noceat nocumento magno. Consuetudo enim est altera natura . . . etc.50
Ki ke mangier acostumez [f.191b]
Est dous fiez le jur, sanz dutance,
Si se retient, en avra nusance;
1848 Ausi ki ke est acostumier
Une fiez le jur sulement mangier,
E pus s'il mangue dous fiez
Ceo li nurra, bien le saciez,
1852 Kar sun estomac pur le trespasL1852 [L1852] Kar] Par50
La viande defire ne puet pas.
Ausi avient del hore changer
Page 50
Quant soleit a costume manger;
1856 Kar tost aprés, bien le savera,
K'a sa nature grevera;
Kar de ceo deit em prendre cure
Ke costume est l'autre nature.
1860 ¶ Mes s'il avient par necessité
Ke la costume seit changié,
I covient ke fet seit sagement,
Ke ceo ne seit pas subitement;
1864 Mes petit e petit covient changer
Une feiz aprés autre manger,
Petit e petit come afiert.
E par l'aide Deu issi bien ert.L1867 [L1867] 1867. At this point Pierre ceases to translate from the Secretum Secretorum; it will be noticed that the words O Alisandre no longer appear. For a discussion of the possible sources of the remaining passage, see Intro., pp. xxx, ff.51
1868 La santé bien garder pleinement
Est en quité e movement
E en beivre e en mangier, satiez,
E en voider superfluetez; [f.191c]
1872 E si est ausi, sanz dutance,
En mesure e en observance.
Le liu e meisun ou meindre deit
Net e tempré par tut seit
1876 A maus ke pust avenir rester;L1872 [L1872] 1872-6. And moreover (health) consists also doubtless in moderation and the observance (of precepts). Let the place and house where one has to live be everywhere clean and temperate, to resist evils that may come.51
Avant ke l'en receive a manger
Les pensees de beste oster,
E les costumes bien garder;L1878 [L1878] 1878-9. oster, garder. Correct: ostez, gardez? but possibly a use of the positive infinitive construction, first found in the Régime du Corps.51
1880 Ki ke veut sa santé garder
Devant mangier estuit travailler.L1868 [L1868] 1868-81. Cf. Bacon's version, II, 14 (last para.).51
¶ En chescun travail k'ome seut hanter
Utre poer ne deit travailler;
1884 Seit ore ke seez acostumerL1884 [L1884] 1884. If it be that you are accustomed . . . . seez may be an error for seit, in view of deit 1883 and garde 1886. But this change of person may be deliberate, due to the presence of seit already in the line.51
Chescun jur aucune part aler,
Si garde ke ne travaille tant
Ke se sente grevé par tant;
1888 Mes, quant il se sent rien alasser,
Si deit demeintenant reposer,
Avant qu'il se sente grevé
Par l'aler, ou trop alassé.
1892 Travail devant manger soleit
Page 51
Naturele chaline acrestre dreit
A celui ke travaille; bien se sent
Ke chaline amunte veraiement;L1894 [L1894] 1894-5. He indeed feels the (interior) heat increasing.52
1896 E le cors de ceo force e grossur
Purchace e prent a chief de tur. [f.191d]
¶ Mes sur tute rien fet a garder
Ki grevus travail veut hanter;
1900 Ordre covient en ceo garder,
Ne deit pas subitement muver
Del repos ke ad eu devant
A pesant travail e grevant:
1904 E si le travail grief e grant seit
Sun ventre d'un cengle constreindre deit;
E aprés mangier se chastie,L1906 [L1906] 1906 ff. The question of the source of these lines is treated in the Intro., pp. xxx-xxxi.52
Ke forement ne se mueve mie,
1908 E del tut a eschivre est ensement
Muver sei dunkes lungement;
Kar si come meover devant mangerL1910 [L1910] c.] comeuouer (cf. note)52
Fet bien a santé garder,L1910 [L1910] 1910-1. If movement before eating is of value in keeping in good health . . . . The form of the MS. comeuouer is presumably due to homoioteleuton of come and meover.52
1912 Ausi le meovement aprés
Engendre de maladie fes.
Aprés manger covient veirement
K'ome se desporte tant lungement
1916 De dormir, jeske descendu seit
De la buche al estomac dreitL1917 [L1917] al e.] del estomac52
Le manger, e amenusé l'enflure
E la grevance, ke ne pusse nure,
1920 Issi k'uncore seit sentuL1920 [L1920] 1920. sentu. For this past part. form, cf. Pope, op. cit., §§ 1054, 1280; and Tanquerey, op. cit., p. 488.52
Ke le manger est descendu.
E satiez bien, si vus targiez
E un petittet aprés alez, [f.192a]
1924 A descendre la viande mut aidera
E profit aprés (e) avendra.L1914 [L1914] 1914-25. Cf. Cons. San., p. 10v. Secundum, ut paulisper a cibi sumptione celso et erecto corpore consistat; quo cibus ingestus, in ventriculi fundum, ubi concoctionis officina est, aequabiliter descendens, promptius concoquatur: ac raro deinde nec ita longo incessu inambulet, ne ob vehementiorem corporis motum calor e profundo ad partes exteriores attractus, dissipetur adeoque, cibi praepediatur concoctio. 1916-9 Until the food has descended . . . and the swelling and weight diminished, so that they cannot cause harm.52
¶ D'autre part bien vus gardez
Ke trop suvent ne vus voutrez
1928 Del un jeske al autre costez,
Kar la digestiun purluignez
E emfleure ensiut veirement
Page 52
E runge, saciez ensement.
1932 ¶ E saciez bien ke mut vaut
Aver un oriller bien haut,
E nomeement si le manger ne seit
Descendu en l'estomac dreit.L1926 [L1926] 1926-35. Cf. Cons. San., p. 18: In his igitur, ut somnus minus laedere possit, quinque conditiones, Bertrutio autore, observandae sunt. Prima, ut sit in consuetudine. Ex multo enim tempore consueta, etiamsi deteriora fuerint, inconsuetis minus molestare solent. Secunda, ne statim a sumpto cibo ineatur. Tertia, ne depresso, sed erecto non nihil et bene alto capite fiat. Quarta, ne modum excedat. Quinta, ne tumultuosa et subita ab ipso, sed lenis et modesta fiat expergefactio.53
1936 ¶ Satiez ke de dormir est le profit
Ke travail de l'alme tout sanz respitL1936 [L1936] 1936-7. Know that the advantage of sleep is that it removes fatigue from the spirit without delay.53
E plus sutive veraiement
De pensers e reisun la rent:
1940 Ke einz fu boistuse e come chargee
Enaguzié est, e sutillee;
Ke travail del cors ensuagist
E la digestiun mieuz nurist,
1944 E le cors ausi, veraiement,
Engressist e plus legier rent.
¶ Mes mut dormir, seez certein,
Ke le cors dewaste e rent vein,
1948 E le fet a desmesure tendre,
E trop de fleume en li engendre, [f.192b]
E si refreidist nomeement
Le cors gros e gras ensement.
1952 ¶ Mes mut veiller, enseur seez
Ke la chaline enoite en veritez
E l'omme led e megre rentL1954 [L1954] E l'omme led] E led lomme53
E ensecchit le cors ensement
1956 E colre russe engendre ausi
E nomeement le cors enmegri.
¶ Adecertes, si covient dreit
Ke l'alme de veiller aforcié ne seit
1960 Quant se sent come deswarokeeL1960 [L1960] 1960. deswarokee. The normal form of this verb is desgarochier < dis+garochier, a cross between rochier and garroter; cf. Meyer-Lübke, 7357.53
E en pensantume trovee;
Ne a dormir ne deit estre aforcee.
Quant sitille e ague est truvee,L1963 [L1963] 1963. sitille e ague. cf. l. 1941: enaguzié e sutillee, and S'estoit li rois Baudemaguz | Qui estoit soustius et aguz (Chrétien, Lancelot). The coupling of these two words together was clearly a cliché.53
1964 Quant legier est le movement
E les sens forz ensement.
Quant la pesantume est passez
Desuz, del manger avant mangez,
1968 E del ventre la soveraine partie
Page 53
Est sanz reddur tut esmolie,
E aucun travail seit fet avant,L1970 [L1970] 1970. If any work is done beforehand.54
Dunc fet a manger demeintenant;
1972 E tant mieuz, sacez veirement,
Si od tut vus vient a talent.
¶ Estre ceo, pas ne lessez,
Quant talent vus prent, ke ne mangez, [f.192c]
1976 Si le talent deceivant ne seit
Come en gent yvres estre soleit;
Mes pus k'omme yvre pas ne seit,L1978 [L1978] 1978. pus ke. The sense seems to require the translation if; and this is borne out by the use of the subjunctive, see p. lii.54
Ne gros n'est le manger k'avant mangeit
1980 E talent li prent, tut sanz demore
Manger deit tantost maimes l'ore.
¶ E si le manger seit tant delaéL1982 [L1982] 1982. Cf. Bacon's version, II, 24, i; and ll. 1782 ff.54
Ke le talent de manger seit passé,
1984 Cyrub acetus dunke receive
E od eue chaude le beive;
E pus aprés si se detiegne
De manger, jeske apetit li viegne
1988 Ou jeske assellatiun fet eit,L1988 [L1988] 1988. assellatiun. This does not appear in the Latin paragraph which seems to correspond to this passage, Bacon, II, 9, i. It seems almost as if Pierre has confused assellatiun with salivatio, as salive appears in the Latin.54
Par unt le talent engendré seit,
E quant ices choses fet avez
Dunc est hure ke vus mangez.
1992 ¶ E mut est a eschivre, ceo sachez,L1992 [L1992] 1992 ff. Cf. Cons. San., p. 30:
Tu nunquam comedas, stomachum ni noveris esse
Purgatum vacuumque cibo quem sumpseris ante
Ex desiderio id poteris cognoscere certo
Haec sunt signa tibi, subtilis in ore diaeta.54
Ke vus ja itant ne mangez
Ke l'estomac tant empli seit,
Ke seit grevé ou trop estreit;
1996 Kar, satiez, quant issi avient
Del eir k'atreit anguisse vient;
Dunt si a la fez si avenu seit
Avant ke le manger descendu seit,
2000 Si deit par vomite geter
Ke de ceo se pusse deliverer; [f.192d]
E s'il ne puet mie a dreit vomir
Travaille un poi e voit dormir;
2004 E chose ke le ventre soluble rent
Dunc est a prendre veraiement;
E del manger ke manger soleit
Le jur aprés meins prendre deit.
Page 54
2008 ¶ E si est a saver sur tute rien
Ke chescun garde en pregne bien
Ke les mangers ke manger soleit
Chescun mangusse en sun dreit;
2012 E si mangusse ausi suvent
Come soleit fere ensement,
Si la costume mate ne seitL2014 [L2014] seit] soit55
K'eschivre fet en chescun endreit,L2012 [L2012] 2012-5. And let each one eat as often as he was wont to do in such wise, if the custom is not bad (i.e. unless he is following an evil custom), that is to be avoided altogether, the which . . . etc.55
2016 La quele petit e petit lesser deit
Jeske a la bone viegne tut dreit.
¶ E saciez ke l'ordre de manger
Fet a sein home a garder
2020 Au mein ke mangusse une feiz le jur,
Ne serra grevante ne trop labur;
Vaut plus dous fiez entempreement
K' en dous jurz treiz fiez solement.L2018 [L2018] 2018-23. And know that it behoves a healthy man to keep the order of his eating, so that he eats at least once a day – it shall not be too troublesome nor burdensome (i.e. it must not be too much trouble to do this). And to eat twice (a day) in moderation is of more value than to eat three times only in two days. Cf. Intro., p. xxix.55
2024 ¶ A home megre le jur sanz dutance
Sul une fiez manger est nuissance,
Mes dous fiez le jur manger itant
A gros home e gras est nuisant. [f.193a]
2028 Mes a gent ke travaillent mult e sovent,
Mester unt de gros nurissement;
E a ces ke travaillent poi ou nient
Leger nurissement covient:
2032 Dunt a quere sunt viandes sanz fable
K'a chescun un costume est profitable.L2033 [L2033] 2033. un costume. (The MS. has .i. costume). Is this a gloss to explain chescun, as in l. 1782 (in which case it should be suppressed); or are we to read it as in l. 786, where .i. means un? In that case the meaning would be: One must choose foods that are suitable to each individual habit.55
¶ Il sout avenir mut soventL2034 [L2034] 2034. Cf. Intro., p. xxix.55
Ke de male viande nurissement
2036 A aucun esteit profitable,
E bones viandes a aucun nusable;
Dunt la, costume covient sivre
Ke profite, e l'autre eschivre.
2040 ¶ Dunt, s'il i a aucun nurissement
Ke bien fait a aucun dunt a talent,
Meske pas bone chose ne seit,
Sun appetit paer en deit,
2044 Si trop mauveis ne seit le manger;
Kar teu viande fet a lesser.
Page 55
Mes nepurquant l'en ne deit pas user
Tut jurs mal nurissant manger;
2048 E ki ke le fet, devez saver
Ke medicines covient sovent user,
Ke les humurs males de ceo engendrez
Par destemprure seient engetez.
2052 E aprés l'ore ke mangé a
Teu viande, si mangera [f.193b]
Ou beivre aucune chose deit
Ke meins mal face k'entempré seit,
2056 Ausi corne aprés le dirrum
E, si Deu plest, enseignerum.
¶ Sacez ke de male degestiunL2058 [L2058] 2058. Know that the cause of a bad and corrupt digestion is taking different foods together at a single meal. Cf. Cons. San., p. 34: Nihil quidem deterius est, quam si multa simul ac varia ciborum genera conjungantur, atque justo longius deinde in comedendo tempus protrahatur: cum enim postremum accedit nutrimentum primum iam aliquo modo confectum est, partes ergo in coquendo non adsimilantur. (Quoted from Avicenna, 3. 1. doc. 2., cap. 7).56
Corumpue est l'encheisun
2060 Ke l'en en un sul manger prent
Diverse viandes ensemblement,
E la grant demuere ensement
Entre la fin e le comencement.
2064 ¶ Estre ceo, en yver quant fet freit,L2064 [L2064] 2064 ff. The following 40 lines seem to be a résumé of the advice on health, appearing in the chapters in Bacon which deal with the four seasons, particularly Summer and Winter, Bacon II, 11, ii (end), II, 11, iii, and II, 13, iii.56
Covient ke viande chaude seit,
E en esté devez user
Viande freide a tun manger;
2068 Ne viande ke tantost vient del fiu,
Si chaud, ne deit pas estre receu;
Ne viande ke seit come neif freit
Nul manger ne user ne deit;
2072 Kar viande k'ad freidure tant
Nul ne deit user, for adunke quant
Est le tens de chaliene grant,
Quant le cors ert come feu ardant.
2076 ¶ E si devez ausi saver
K'en hure freide fet dreit manger;
E si hore freide aver ne poez,
Freide mansiuns suveaus eez. [f.193c]
2080 ¶ E si deit en tel hore manger
Ke l'en pusse aprés dormir e reposer.
¶ Le fruit ke l'en manger deit
Avant autre mangiers mangié seit,
2084 Si ceo ne seit teu manere de fruit
Page 56
Ke lunge en l'estomac gist descenduit,L2085 [L2085] 2085. descenduit. The spelling of this past part. is due in part at any rate to the rhyme. With the reduction of üi to ü, the symbols ui and u became interchangeable, hence the present graphy for descendu which occurs in ll. 1811, 1921; cf. Pope, op. cit., § 1227. These two graphies may even represent iu or u; cf. Intro., p. xliv.57
Come est fruit acetus e pomuant
Come pome gernette e autre freidant,
2088 Mes ki k'un poi ent prendre veut
Par medicine bien fere le puet;
Mes mieuz vaut a santé garder
Tuz fruiz freis del tut lesser;
2092 Ou, si l'en rien en manger deit,L2092 [L2092] 2092 ff. Cf. Bacon, II, 13, iv.57
Ke de petite quantité seit,
Desquels ki ke mut en eit mangez
Par mescine aprés en seit purgez.
2096 E travail ausi e exerciceL2096 [L2096] e.] exercite57
Sucur en est de oster malice.
¶ E si fet mut a desporter
Les fruiz ke freiz sunt a manger;L2099 [L2099] sunt] There is a mark on the MS. resembling somewhat the cross of an 'f' : funt.57
2100 For quant avez travaillé le jur
E ke sentez en l'estomac ardur:
Les fruiz freiz dunt parog cest hore
Sunt figes e grapes e peire e mure;
2104 E pus aprés, quant est mangié
Le fruit k'ai ore avant nomé, [f.193d]
Aucune piece covint ke atiegne
Avant ceo k'autre viande preigne.
2108 ¶ E de engroture, saciez le bien,L2108 [L2108] 2108. As for immoderate eating . . ..57
Deit eschivre sur tute rien;
E s'il avint a aucun k'engroté seit,
Icel jur plus manger ne deit;
2112 E le jur ensivant deit manger
Petit e chose ke seit legier;
Mes, si mut des jurs continuelment
Seit engruté veirement,
2116 Medicine dunc prendre deit,
Meske trop destemprant ne seit,
Sulum ceo k'est en art livré
De mescine, e mestres unt enseigné.
2120 ¶ Une manere i ad de gentL2120 [L2120] 2120 ff. Cf. Cons. San., p. 46v.: Recte itaque Rhazes lib. 3. ad alman. ca. 9. Crassa, inquit, caro multum sese exercentibus convenit, iis vero, qui vitam in majori octo ac quiete degunt, subtilis et extenuans. Quod Avicenna quoque 3. 1. doc. 2, cap. 7. ita ferme scribens confirmat: Vehementer sese exercentes, multoque labore fatigati, firma magis et crassa alimenta requirunt.57
Asquels, saciez verement,
Page 57
Ke grosse viande en tute manere
Mut mieuz lur vaut ke la legiere;
2124 Dunt l'en deit bailer a teu gent
Viande k'a lur estomac apent,
E (a) ces ke l'estomac contrarie unt
Viande contraries receverunt.
2128 En governement de beivre, saciezL2128 [L2128] 2128 ff. Cf. Bacon II, 22. The Arab version contains a phrase not found in the Latin: The water of melted snow and ice is also bad and heavy; cf. ll. 2150 ff. You should know it behoves those to keep from water, who suffer from nerves and weak digestion, whose stomachs and livers are cold, and whose minds are almost weakened [and] over-delicate.58
Ke ceste reule tenir devez:
Ke eue jun pas ne bevez,
Jeske tant ke vus eez mangez, [f.194a]
2132 E jeske les parties del ventre amunt
Aukes alegié aprés serrunt;
Mes nepurquant, si vus en bevez
Pur seif estancher ke vus avez,
2136 Un petitet adunc en bevez,
Mes ne mie ke seez ensartiez.
Mes puske les parties del ventre amunt,
Come dis avant, alegié serrunt,
2140 E(n) la viande descendue seit,
Dunt fet a beivre, a bon espleit,
Ou de eue ou de vin asez
Jeske om seit bien asartiez.
2144 ¶ Mes a eschivre fet sur tute rien
D'eue de neif beivre rien,
Ne al manger ne bevez mie
For eue ke seit bien refreidie,
2148 E beivre de freit eue un petit,
Saciez bien k'asez suffit.
¶ De eue de neif fet a garder
De beivre a ces, devez saver,
2152 Ke les nerfs e digestiun fieble unt
E asquels l'estomac e feie freiz sunt,
E asquels sunt les esperiz
Come pres degastez trop sutiz;
2156 Mes home charnus, ke mut sanc a
E la colur vermaille avera [f.194b]
E avera bien fort le talent,
Beive cist eue hardiement.
Page 58
2160 Mes nul juvene home beivre ne deit
Eue, si tresgrant ardur n'eit
Ou ke suspris seit de yveresce,
Ke seif le mette en trop destresce.
2164 Ensurketut eschivre deit chescun
De beivre mut eue quant serra jun
E aprés bain e aprés travail tant
Ke passe force e seit nuisant;
2168 Mes s'il covint ke l'en freit eue beive,
Un poi e petit e petit receive,
E le face issi cointement
Jeske passé seit le talent.
2172 ¶ Ki mut eue beit en verité
E la seif en seit plus enoité,
La nervuse char k'en l'estomac a
Par passiun se estendera,
2176 E la buche k'al estomac afiertL2176 [L2176] 2176. And the mouth (or opening) which leads down to the stomach will be stopped up and cramped. This is an unusual meaning of aferir; perhaps there is confusion with ferir, which can mean to reach, used to give a rhyme.59
Desuz, estoupé e constreint iert;
E, puske l'estomac est si tendu,
La force dunc li est tolu,
2180 Ke n'a pas dunke le poer
L'eue as entrailles de geter,
E les veines del fai ke i sunt
L'eue en treire ne purrunt, [f.194c]
2184 Dunt la faie rien ne receit
Ke aide ou cumfort li serreit,
Einz remeint chaud veraiement
E d'autre eue ad le talent;
2188 E tant come plus eue bevera
Tant plus l'estomac s'estendra,
E tendu ert en tel endreit
Jeske tant enmoli seit,
2192 E, quant sa molesce avra,
L'estomac en bon point serra.
¶ Beivre eue de nuit, devez saver,
Ne deit om mie, mes desporter.L2164 [L2164] 2164-95. Cf. Cons. San., pp. 104 ff: Insuper et hoc notandum, quod aquae potio, Avicenna 3. 1. doc. 2. cap. 8. teste, non inter edendum modo, sed in aliis quoque certis quibusdam vitae studiis noxia existit. Et primo quidem si jejuno stomacho sumatur . . . Secundo, si ab exercitatione vehementiore, aut statim a coitu sumatur . . . Tertio, si mox a balneo sumatur . . . Quarto, si depravate sitis, quae ebriis saepe ac aliis quibusdam ventri ac gulae servientibus media nocte aut summo mane oboritur, depellendae gratia sumatur.59
2196 ¶ E si aucun beit eue sovent,
E aprés plus en ad talent,
De beivre dunc se deit detenir
Page 59
E la seif mut covient suffrir;
2200 Kar ki ke ceo seit ke issi le fra,
La seif, saciez, tost s'en irra.
¶ Home familus, ki ke ceo seit,L2202 [L2202] 2202. The manner in which the subject of wines is treated in the Conservandae Sanitatis has more in common with Bacon's than with Pierre's version; the Cons. San. treats also phlebotomy, as does Bacon's version.60
Vin ne beive, kar fere nel deit,
2204 Ne aprés bain, ne aprés manger
Egre, ne aprés trop travailler,
Ne aprés ceo ke de viande seit
Ensaulé, vin beivre ne deit,
2208 Jeske tant ke le manger receu
Seit en l'estomac bien descendu; [f.194d]
Ne aprés yveresce ne glotonie
Vin a beivre ne fet mie,
2212 Ne si ne deit de vin tant estre beu
Ke l'estomac seit grevé ou tendu;
Suffi ne seit k'aucun le voler
Aprés le beivre eit sei mediciner.L2215 [L2215] eit] ert60L2214 [L2214] 2214-5. Let it not suffice that anyone should have the desire to partake of medicine after having drunk it (i.e. wine).60
2216 ¶ Chescun eslire deit, sanz fable,
Le vin ke plus est profitable;
Kar mut i ad, en veritez,
En plusurs vins diversitez;
2220 Ne si n'est a nule manere a user
A home suvent sei enyverer,
Kar mutes maladies suvent
Engendre yveresce veraiement;
2224 Meske une feiz ou dous le meinz beit
Tant k'enyveré aprés en seit,
Valer li peut veraiement
Issi ke nel face trop suvent.
2228 ¶ Chescun teu vin deit user
K'a sa nature puet profiter.
¶ Une gent sunt, devez saver,L2230 [L2230] 2230 ff. Cf. Bacon II, 23, ii.60
Ke sanz vin ne purrunt manger,
2232 E autre gent sunt, sanz dutance,
Ke de vin beivre unt grevance,
Esquels le manger od vin beu
Est en l'estomac corumpu,
Page 60
[f.195a]2236 E repleciun fet, e engrutement,
E fievres engendre ensement.
De ceste treité plus ne trovai,L2237 [L2237] The MS. continues without leaving any space.61
Mes plus i ad, tres bien le sai;
2240 Kar devant en cest liveret
Tuche choses ke il premetL2241 [L2241] 2241. Is this line corrupt? Perhaps we should insert Il before tuche, or correct: Sunt tuché choses. The reference is to l. 1360.61
En meismes cest livre a treiter,
Dunt rien ne poie aprés trover.
2244 Mes puske si est asez, suffit
Aparmemes ceo k'ai escrit
E del ensampleire translaté;
Kar ki ke veot en verité
2248 Entendre le e ovrer aprés
Prudume serra tenu adés.
Kar entendre puet e saver dreit
Coment en vertuz aver se deitL2251 [L2251] 2251. Aver. For this use of aver as v. refl., cf. Baker St. Osith Mod. Lang. Rev. VII, p. 172.61
2252 E endreit sei meimes, saciez de fi,
Quant al cors e al alme (alme) ausi.
¶ A entendre fet tant nekedent
Ke nature se diverse de gent,
2256 Sulum costume e naciun
Diverse, e diverse conplexiun
E divers liu e regiun;
Dunt par iceste reisun
2260 En diete deit om ceo garder
Quei a ki dreit puet valer;L2260 [L2260] 2260-1. With regard to diet, one should pay attention to what food is of value to what person, i.e. one man's meat is another man's poison.61 [f.195b]
Dunt medicine k'est ici tuchee
En chaude terres fu trovee,
2264 Ne ne vaut pas a tuz generaumentL2264 [L2264] 2264. a tuz. An anglicism? The first example of at all in the New Eng. Dict. is dated 1350.61
De diverses regiuns a gent,
Fors sulum mescine generale
Ke costume fet espesciale;
2268 Kar costume en norissement
Mescine est a tute gent,
Si la custume male ne seit
De la quele retreire chescun se deitL2271 [L2271] r.] retreite61
2272 Petit e petit pur sei user
Page 61
De bone custume purchacer,
E ke si garde sa nature
Ke male costume ne la post nure:
2276 C'est ore generale reisun
Ke diete en chescun regiun.L2276 [L2276] 2276-7. Diet then is a general rule in each region. Cf. Tobler, Vermischte Beiträge, I, 2, for this construction.62
¶ Mes en chescune veirement
I ad grant difference de gent
2280 E les regiuns diverses sunt,
Pur ceo diverses costumes unt.
¶ Ausi en une regiun
Diversent gent par complexiun,
2284 E par costumes ensement,
Asquels diverse diete apent.
Pur ceo a chescun veirement
Medicine especiale apent. [f.195c]
2288 ¶ Pur ceo le di, nel voil celer,
Kar ne fet pas trop afier
En l'art de medicine avant nomee,
Fors en la terre ou fu trovee
2292 E en ceo ke puet a tuz generaument
Profiter sulum ceo ke apent
Par costume bone, e par entempreure,
Ke trop ou tropoi ne post nure;
2296 E face aprés le document
Aristotle, sulum ceo k'apent;
Mes tute veis bon est e reisun
De fere le par discretiun
2300 Kar ne meffra pas legierement
Cil ke de sage cunseil enprent.L2301 [L2301] 2301. He who takes counsel of a wise man.62
Endreit del alme, devez saver,
Ke crestien bien se puet sauver
2304 S'il fet sulum le document
Des vertuz, ke cest livre aprent.
Mes ceo ne vus dei jeo pas celer,
K'a Giu n'a paen ne puet valer
2308 Fors sulement a eschivre peine
Mes en joie del ciel pas ne les mene,
Pur ceo ke creance lur faut,
Page 62
Esperance, e charité ke tut vaut;
2312 Kar ki ke faut del fundement
L'overe perit tut pleinement. [f.195d]
Le fundement de nostre creance,
E de tuz vertuz l'enseuerance,
2316 Est Jhesu Crist, le sauveür,
Le fiz Deu, nostre creatur.
Il est charité e nostre creance,
Il est del tut nostre esperance.
2320 Les quatre vertuz d'enfermementL2320 [L2320] 2320. The four virtues which strengthen a man; these are moral, rather than religious, virtues, cf. l. 2324. The reference is to ll. 844-5.63
Ke nomai au comencement,
E dunt est en cest livre treitez,L2322 [L2322] est en cest] en est cest63L2322 [L2322] 2322. And with which this book deals (lit.: and of which it is treated in this book – impersonal construction).63
Profitent, s'il seient acoplez
2324 A fei e esperance e cherité,
Ke vertuz sunt de divinité;
Kar profiter ne purrunt autrement
D'aver la joie ke fin ne prent;
2328 Kar par bone e dreite creance
Avum de gloire esperance;
Mes n'est pas dreite creance numé,
Ne esperance sanz charité,
2332 Ne charité n'est nule sanz creance
Nel un nel autre sanz esperance,
Kar issi sunt encheenez:
Si avez une, trestuz avez;L2335 [L2335] 2335 ff. If you have one, you have them all; and if one of the virtues is lacking, the effect (? – see below) of the others is of little avail. Hence one can do works of pity, but they do not amount to much without correct belief; nor is a work of pity named charity without Faith. On the other hand, if anyone believes rightly according to Holy Church, his good works are without charity, if he is in mortal sin; but none the less, it is well to do good to gain grace by which to keep from sin . . . .63
2336 E si une des vertuz vus faut,
L'afere des autres poi vus vaut.L2337 [L2337] 2337. L'afere. Perhaps this is a scribal error for la fere (for le fere), the doing of the others . . .; or for l'aver, the possession of the others . . . .63
Dunt l'en puet overes de pitié fere,
Mes poi amuntent sanz bien crere; [f.196a]
2340 N'est pas numé charité
Sanz creance, ovre de pité.
¶ D'autre part, si aucun creit
Sulum seinte eglise a dreit,
2344 Ses ovres bones sunt sanz charité
S'il seit en mortel pecché;
Mes nepurquant bon est de bien fere,
Pur grace aver de pecché retreire.
2348 Mes tant come home git en pecchee
Page 63
Creance e esperance e charitee
E trestutes les autres vertuz
A sauver home sunt trestuz nuz.L2351 [L2351] nuz] miz9999L2351 [L2351] 2351. nuz. The MS. reading miz is perhaps in part due to the scribal confusion between ü and i; cf. Jespersen A Modern English Grammar (Heidelberg 1909-31) I, § 3. 111. I take it that this is for nus (nuls) < nullus=of no importance, whence of no use; it would then be a pure latinism. Cf. Modern colloquial French: nul en histoire – no good at history.9999
2352 Dunt meske paens bons seient en sei
Vertuz ne profitent pas sanz fei,
Fors sulement, en verité,
Ke n'avrunt peine fors de oscurté.L2355 [L2355] Ke] Ka9999
2356 ¶ Mes crestien ke gist en pecchéL2356 [L2356] 2356 ff. But a Christian, lying in sin, who could, if he wished, be saved by good works and his faith, if he will not repent, he will be . . .9999
Ke purreit s'il vosist estre sauvé
Par bons ovres e sa creance,
Si ne veut aver repentance
2360 Cist ert en peine pleinement,
E en oscurté sanz finement.
¶ En un livre ke fes ai jad
De ceste matire treitié i ad,
2364 E mut des choses, satiez sanz fable,
K'al alme d'umme sunt profitable. [f.196b]
Le livre en verité saciez
LA LUMERE AS LAIS si est nomez;
2368 Pur ceo n'en voil ore plus treiter
Ne cest ne faz, for pur adrecer
Cest livre par dreit entendement
A acumplir le enseurement;
2372 Kar ore pert, ceo semble, sanz respit
Coment cest livre ad dreit profit
Par creance od l'enjustement
De esperance e charité ensement.
2376 ¶ Mes ore priez, pur Deu amur,
En ceste fin pur le translatur
De cest livre, ke Piere ad nun,
K'estreit est de ces de Abernun,
2380 Ke de bien fere li doint sa grace
E a nus tuz issi le face,L2380 [L2380] 2380-1. Cf. Lumère as Lais (Romania VIII, p. 331), ll. 649-50.9999
Ke le regne pussum merir
Ke done a suens a sun pleisir.
Amen.
Page 9999
End
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