Page xv

2. MSS. and their Classification

The Estoire has survived in four MSS.; of these only two seem to have been known to F. Michel when in 1836 he published the post-Conquest section (ll. 5129-6526) of Gaimar in his Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, but the other two were already available to H. Petrie when in 1848 he included the pre-Conquest section (ll. 1-5340) of the Estoire in his Monumenta Historica Britannica. No trace has been found of the MS. which was known to the copyist of the British Museum MS. Addl. 32125, nor of the MS. which is entered in the medieval catalogue of Peterborough Abbey as Historia Anglorum Gallice et rythmice, and may have been a copy of Gaimar's work; neither is it known whether the Phillipps MS. 4156 which, according to Arnold (Le Roman de Brut, S.A.T.F., I xiii), is related to D and L once contained the Estoire.

The extant MSS. are:

D = Durham Cathedral, C.iv.27; early 13th cent.; 167 foll. in gatherings of eight; 2 cols. of 36 lines up to fol. 138^v, from fol. 139^r onwards 1 col.; initials red and green. The leaves were trimmed when the MS. was rebound in the 18th cent., but the average size is approximately 231 mm × 162 mm.; the average size of the written page is 190 mm. × 130 mm. up to fol. 138^v and from there to the end 190 mm. × 112 mm. The pages are ruled horizontally and vertically, and the even lines of text are indented. The first page has at some time served as cover and the writing is in consequence

Page xvi

a little obscured; the large illuminated initial on the same page is badly preserved, most of the gilt being rubbed off; similar large initials were to have appeared on fol. 94^r and fol. 139^r, but have not been filled in; many of the two-line high initials at the beginning of sections have been indicated, but not added, and from fol. 139^r onwards all have been left untouched by the rubricator. Up to fol. 93^v there are many markings (crosses and circles) in the margin, possibly by a reader who may also be responsible for a sketch of a crowned head to represent Brutus on fol. 8^v. On fol. 1^r is the heading: Hic incipit Brutus; at the foot of fol. 8^v is the note: Brutus regnavit ·xxiiii· annos et habuit tres filios; at the top of fol. 42 d is written in red, though much blurred: Ci cummence la prophecie de Merlin; the actual prophecy does not begin until the following leaf.

The MS. has been written by four different hands who divide the work as follows:

Hand I: fol. 1^r-fol. 59^v; gatherings marked I-VI; last half-column on fol. 59^v (not last leaf of gathering) blank;
Hand II: fol. 60^r-fol. 96^v; gatherings marked a-d; a recent hand has added at the top of fol. 60^r: Poematis superioris continuatio ut videtur sed ab alio librario descripta;
Hand III: fol. 97^r-fol. 138^v; the first gathering is marked e, being the conclusion of the previous series of signatures; the remaining gatherings are unsigned; the lower half of the last column was left blank; the last couplet on fol. 96 d is repeated by the new copyist at the head of fol. 97 a; the last line of each column is, with one or two exceptions, not indented. On fol. 105^r in the margin above the second column is a drawing of a three-tailed comet; on fol. 136^r opposite the third line of the first column has been written by a later hand Willelmi 2di mors; on fol. 136^v opposite the third line of the first column the same person has noted Robert fitz Hamun;
Hand IV: fol. 138^v-fol. 167^v; gatherings unsigned; follows immediately on the previous hand; lower half of final page was left blank, but a later hand added a long note in Latin.

The volume which seems to have been compiled as a whole forms a history of this country from earliest times down to the death of William II, with Henry II's Scottish campaign as an appendix. Its contents are:

1 fol. 1^r-fol. 94 a: Wace's Brut; the Prophecies of Merlin are

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inserted between fol. 42^r and fol. 48^r in the version in decasyllables of one Helias who may also be the author of the lost translation of the Historia regum Britanniae, 170 lines of which were inserted before the Prophecies and are printed in an appendix by Arnold in his edition of the Roman de Brut (S.A.T.F.).
2 fol. 94 b-fol. 138^v: Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis, concluding with the Description of England and the short epilogue.
3 fol. 139^r-fol. 167^v: Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle.

The MS. has been at Durham since the early eighteenth century, for it is described in the catalogue of the Cathedral MSS. compiled by Rud in 1727; he regarded the volume as containing one poem in three parts, but gave no indication of its provenance.

L = Lincoln Cathedral, 104, formerly A.4.12 and still earlier H.18; later 13th cent.; 2 cols. of 32 lines up to fol. 157^v, from fol. 158^r onwards 1 col.; initials red and blue. The MS. is the work of one scribe, and its contents are:

1 fol. 1^r-fol. 108^r: Wace's Brut; the Prophecies of Merlin are inserted between fol. 48^r and fol. 57^v by a certain Willame in a version which is found also in British Museum Addl. 45103 and, as a fragment, in British Museum Harley 1605.
2 fol. 108^v-fol. 157 c: Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis, concluding with the short epilogue and the Description of England.
3 fol. 158^v-fol. 189^v: Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle; incomplete; though the catchword survives on the last page to show that it was intended to continue, it is not certain that this was done, as, according to D, only five lines remained; these were supplied on the present fly-leaf by F. Michel in 1837. The MS. has been at Lincoln since the time of Dean Honywood (1660-82) by whom it may have been acquired, as it figures in a list of books belonging to him, but with no indication of its provenance.

R = London, British Museum Royal 13 A xxi; late 13th cent. (foll. 40-150); 2 cols. of 42-48 lines; initials red and blue. The MS. is a composite one of three parts of which the first was originally a gathering of twelve leaves containing Herman of Valenciennes' Bible, but incomplete. The second part begins with the Imago Mundi, here attributed to one Henry, and continues (fol. 40 d-fol. 113 c) with Wace's Brut, but with the substitution of some seven

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thousand lines of another version instead of ll. 53-8728, and concludes (fol. 113 c-fol. 150 d) with Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis. The third part contains theological tracts. The Imago Mundi, if not the whole of the present second part, was at Hagneby Abbey (Li.) in the fifteenth century.

H = London, College of Arms, Arundel xiv; later 14th cent.; 2 cols. of 40 lines to fol. 149; initials red and blue. The MS. is a composite one and its contents are:

Part I.
1 fol. 1^r-fol. 92^v: Wace's Brut.
2 fol. 93^r-fol. 124^v: Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis, beginning at l. 819.
3 fol. 125^v-fol. 132^r: Le Lai d'Haveloc.
4 fol. 133^r-fol. 147^r: an account of the reign of Edward I, being a much revised copy of the third part of Peter de Langtoft's Chronicle and in a fresh hand.
5 fol. 148^r-fol. 149^r: La lignee des Bretuns, originally compiled during the reign of Edward II, but a later hand added the length of reign and also a complete entry for Richard II.
6 fol. 150^r-221^r: Chretien de Troyes' Perceval; contrary to what is stated in the introduction to the Rolls Series edition, and in my edition of the Lai d' Haveloc, the later continuations are not present, but there are two considerable additions to the text. Cf. A. Hilka, Perceval, App. II.

Part II. fol. 222^r-fol. 229^v: Walter de Henley's Hosebonderie in an older hand, but bound into the final gathering of part I.

Part III. fol. 230^r-fol. 238^r: an allegorical love-poem discussed by Miss C. B. West in her Courtoisie in A.N. Literature (Oxford, 1938), and edited by Ö. Södergård, Rom. 77 (1956), 289-330.

Such being the MSS. available, how are they to be classified? The close agreement in contents and arrangement of D and L suggests that they are more intimately related to each other than to the other two MSS. Now D, being the older, cannot be copied from L, nor, being the earliest extant MS. of the Estoire, can it be copied from either of the other two MSS. But L is not copied from D, as is shown by the presence in it of lines not in the other, e.g. ll. 1307-10, and, occasionally, of a more original reading, e.g. ll. 868, 2273. Hence the number of omissions of lines common to D and L, e.g. ll. 1035-6, and of readings they share against the other

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two MSS., whether correct., e.g. ll. 1031, 2912, or incorrect, e.g. ll. 899-1013, confirms their close relationship and allows us to postulate for them a common ancestor which, following Vising (Étude sur la dialecte anglo-normande, Upsala, 1882) I call Y. But there are in D and L other omissions which they share with H, a MS. not copied from either of them, as shown by the omission in it of ll. 3187-412, the two loose ends occurring consecutively in the middle of a column; they also share with H certain passages, of which ll. 1133-4, 5309-28 are the most important, not found in R. Hence it is permissible to postulate an earlier ancestor which, with Vising, I call β, from which both Y and H derive. Thus we are left with a family of three MSS. (D.L.H) on the one hand and a single MS. (R) on the other; this latter MS. is shown by occasional omissions of lines, e.g. ll. 2089-90, and by a few confusions, e.g. ll. 1248, 1815, not to be an absolutely faithful copy of the original text; and the mistake in the author's name in this MS. at l. 2921 suggests further that it may not be a direct copy of the original text.

But was there a common ancestor of the extant MSS. intermediate between the author's original text and β R? Vising postulated such an intermediate MS. and called it α, but based its existence mainly on ll. 1-38, which he referred to as a prologue and claimed were not by Gaimar. In my article The Prologue to Gaimar (M.L.R. XV (1920), 170-5) I showed that the lines in question are not a prologue but a connecting-link with Gaimar's lost Estoire des Bretuns and established their authenticity. In so doing I removed the main support of Vising's assumption, but the other ground for postulating the existence of α still remained: the presence in all the extant MSS. of Wace's Brut immediately preceding the Estoire. It was held that the two texts must have been combined in one volume, that from this volume our four MSS. are derived, and that this volume was to be equated with the α of Vising.

This was, indeed, the position I accepted in my edition of Gaimar's Haveloc episode, but further study now inclines me to scepticism on this point. Firstly, in two separate passages we find a break in construction which seems to be due rather to a lack of continuity in thought than to mechanical error in transcription: (i) In the account of the Settlement of Britain, which is found only in R, but which, as I showed in my article, The West Saxon genealogy in

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Gaimar (P.Q. II (1923), 173-86), is to be attributed to Gaimar, we read:

                   Mes pur ço ke Henges e Hors
                   E Certiz ki aprés lur morz
                   Ki vindrent en la terre
                   E tant sovent i firent guere
                   Furent de cest rëal linage
                   Cels e lur barnage
                   Nez del païs ki Ange ad nun
                   Engleis tuz les apela hom; (ll. 845-52)

here there seems to be something missing between morz and the following line. (ii) In the longer epilogue, which is found only in R, but which is to be attributed to Gaimar, as I have shown in The Epilogue to Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis (M.L.R. XXV (1930), 52-9), we read:

                   E de l'estoire de Wincestre
                   Fust amendé ceste geste
                   De Wassingburc un livere engleis
                   U il trovad escrit des reis
                   E de tuz les emperurs
                   Ke de Rome furent seignurs
                   E de Engleterre ourent treu; (ll. 6461-7)

here there seems to be something missing after the second line as the following line has no predicate. Secondly, there are two other uncertainties in the text which are scarcely to be regarded as scribal carelessness. (i) In the Wasing episode (ll. 895-918), which is common to all four MSS., we find a mysterious line–Il e Lowine de Gloucestre (l. 917); here all the MSS. diverge and none appears to have had an intelligible line to copy. (ii) In the account of the compilation of the A.S. Chronicle, inserted into the list of Bretwaldas, we read:

                   Mais n'alot pas la terre issi,
                   Que nuls hom né pur la guerre
                   Seüst cument alot la terre
                   Ne [en] cel tens sul ne saveit
                   Nuls hom ki chescon rei estait.
                   Moines, chanoines des abeïes
                   Escristrent de dis reis les vies,
                   Si adresça chascun sun per
                   Pur la veire raisun mustrer
                   Des reis; (ll. 2312-21)

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here the transition at the beginning is very abrupt and far from clear, and there is also uncertainty in the reading of ll. 2317-18. Also of interest is the fact that the Settlement, Wasing, and Chronicle passages are all later insertions by Gaimar and are all of the same length. Thirdly, we find in the earlier portion of the Estoire a number of couplets occurring only in R which are due to Gaimar, but possibly involve marginal additions made by him. As an example I shall consider one such couplet in some detail. At ll. 969-70, in a passage referring to the Pictish mission of St. Ninian, we read, but only in R: A Wyternen gist saint Dinan, Long tens vint devant Columban. It is clear that there is a mistake in the initial letter of the earlier saint's name, for he had been mentioned previously (l. 965); there DLH read Ninan, but R has the same corrupt form Dinan. Now this form would have made it impossible for anyone to find further information about the saint, so the couplet, with the correct name, must have been present at an earlier stage in the transmission of R. The whole passage is condensed and arranged from A.S.C. 565; from this annal Gaimar drew the fact of the donation of Ii (=Iona) (l. 963), the fact of St. Columba's abbacy there (l. 964), and the fact of the much earlier baptism of Picts by St. Ninian (ll. 965-6). It was natural for him to conclude, from the wording of the annal, which he must have read in order to obtain the above facts, that St. Ninian had come to those parts long before St. Columba and this conclusion, together with the burial-place, also supplied by the annal, are precisely the contents of the couplet found only in R. There are indications that Gaimar, when he first started to translate A.S.C., was not quite sure how to tackle the job; he seems to have read a group of annals first, and then to have made his translation; later he decided to deal with one annal at a time. The couplet I have just considered, and other similar ones, suggest that marginal additions, which could be understood as alternatives, are here involved. Thus the existence of a MS. intermediate between the author's original and (βR is, to say the least, problematical, nor, in view of the popularity of Wace's work, does it appear necessary to assume an actual combination of Brut and Estoire in one MS. only; Gaimar's work did not pass entirely unnoticed, and the idea of substituting the later, and more famous, account of British history for his Estoire des Bretuns could have occurred independently to more than one copyist; alternatively, the knowledge that such a change

Page xxii

had been made by one could have inspired another to do likewise and add the Estoire to his copying of the Brut.

Nevertheless, except for the elimination of his α, the relationship of the MSS. first worked out by Vising seems to me still to hold good, subject to the provisos (i) the R is not a direct copy of the original, and (ii) that there appears to be some contamination between L and H in the last few hundred lines. To this I referred in my Haveloc edition (p. 99) and my collation of the Gaimar MSS. substantiates the claim there advanced. It is, of course, almost impossible to specify the exact point at which such contamination began, but somewhere between l. 5500 and l. 6000 the change in the relationship between L and H would appear to have taken place. At any rate I have counted only some thirty-six instances up to l. 6000 in which L and H agree in their reading against the other two MSS.; of these some sixteen occur between the limits just mentioned. That the two should occasionally agree in omitting some little word–a pronoun or an adverb, should agree in some odd spelling of an O.E. personal- or place-name, should now and then change the number or the tense of a verb, is only to be expected and is of no significance, nor is it impossible for two scribes to hit on the same word to substitute for an obsolescent one, e.g. guarneisun for guareisun (l. 4553). When, however, we find two scribes making the same spelling change in a place-name, e.g. Stanford for Estanfort (ll. 5558, 5564) and substituting one name for another, e.g. Bardenie for Aberni (l. 5711); when we find them agreeing in a change of rime which may be influenced by a following rime, as in ll. 5593-4, where D and R have mandot : -ot, but LH mandat : -at, and all four have mandat (: -at) in l. 5595; when LH agree in omitting three lines (ll. 5641-3) and in adding a line (after l. 5644); then we are justified in suspecting some change in the relationship of the two MSS. The instances of agreement between L and H become even more numerous (some 55) after l. 6000. We find, of course, the same types as previously, but many of them, trivial when taken singly, help to increase the sense of deliberate change when considered in the mass. Certain others are much more significant and go far to establish contamination between the two MSS., probably in the direction of H from L. Thus at l. 6036 the text reads: Sa verge aidier a sustenir; for this L has: La verge deir a sustenir; but H reads: La verge d'or a sustenir; which looks like a deliberate attempt to

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give meaning to the line rendered unintelligible by L. Again, at l. 6039 the text reads: E mult suvent s'est puis gabez, for this L has: E suvent s'et pus babedez, but H reads: Et sovent s'est puis bauboiez, which once more looks like a deliberate correction. Again, at l. 6202 the text reads: Li reis aver l'en ad doné; for this LH have; Al rei sun frere l'ont doné; which alteration does not make sense.

Thus, it will be seen, the hitherto accepted views on the affiliation of the MSS. require some modification and I append a revised stemma, keeping Vising's sigla where possible and indicating contamination by a dotted line.

Page lxxxi

7. Establishment of Text

The edition is based on MS. D; a partial collation of the text in the Rolls Series showed that, apart from occasional reinterpretation of a succession of minims, it could be relied on to provide sense-variants, but in view of its importance the epilogue in that edition's MS. base–R–has been transcribed afresh. The text of the MS. base has been followed except where it has been necessary to make

Page lxxxii

good omissions, or to correct mistakes by resort to other MSS. Words, or letters, supplied from other MSS. are enclosed in square brackets. Very occasionally ee is used by D to represent e; I have relegated these few spellings to the variants, so that in the text ee always represents two syllables.

Study of the author's versification shows that he usually kept the pretonic vowel in hiatus, so I have marked it, when e, with a trema and introduced it into the text where not present in the MS. base; this is the only systematic correction made for metrical reasons. I do not feel quite so sure about Gaimar's acceptance of hiatus before an initial vowel, so I have not used the trema in such cases.

All departures from the MS. base are grouped together immediately below the text; where the reading is shared with other MSS. or when the MS. base is not D, the appropriate sigla are added. In the second variants are grouped together those from the other MSS.; they include only those which affect the sense; I have, however, included tense-variations, as these may reflect later usage, and I also give some interesting verb-forms from H. In the variants capital letters are used (i) to indicate the first word in the line, (ii) when followed by a full stop, to indicate abbreviation of a name in the text.

Abbreviations and contractions have been expanded normally without special indication, all names and initial words have been capitalized and modern punctuation introduced. As the MS. base usually gives numbers in full, this has been done in the text, though in the variants numerals are kept if they appear in the MS. cited.

The acute accent has been placed on final tonic e and es to avoid confusion with the corresponding atonic endings; the cedilla is used to indicate the assibilated pronunciation of c before a, o, or u; i and j and u and v have been distinguished. There is no agreed division into sections, each MS. following its own plan, and it does not seem possible to establish such divisions in any logical way.

Page lxxxiii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibliography is selective; details of books and/or articles referring to specific points are given at the appropriate place in the introduction and/or notes.

A. Editions

1836. F. Michel, Chroniques anglo-normandes, I; gives ll. 5129-6526.
1848. H. Petrie, Monumenta Historica Britannica, I; gives ll. 1-5340 and ll. 6429-6526; cited as M.H.B.
1850. T. Wright, The Anglo-Norman Metrical Chronicle of Geoffrey Gaimar (Caxton Society, XI).
1888-9. Sir T. Duffus Hardy and C. T. Martin, L'Estoire des Engles (Rolls Series).
1925. A. Bell, Le Lai d'Haveloc; gives ll. 1-816.

B. Studies

1902. M. Gross, Geffrei Gaimar : Die Komposition seiner Reimchronik and sein Verhältnis zu den Quellen (Strassburg diss.).
1906. F. Rathmann, Die lautliche Gestaltung englischer Personennamen in Geffrei Gaimars Reimchronik (Kiel diss.).
1934. P. A. Becker, Der gepaarte Achtsilber in der französischen Dichtung (Abh. der philogisch-historischen Klasse der Sächsischen Akademie, XLIII).
1939. A. Bell, The Munich Brut and the Estoire des Bretuns, M.L.R., XXXIV, 321-54.

C. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

1892-99. C. Plummer, Two Saxon Chronicles; cited as A.S.C., followed by appropriate siglum where required, for the text, and as Plummer for the introduction and notes.
1953. G. N. Garmonsway, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Everyman's Library, 624); translation of A.S.C.

Page 1

L'ESTOIRE DES ENGLEIS

                   [I comence l'estorie des Engles solum la translacion maistre Geffrei Gaimar].^L0 [L0] Before 1 in R: Ca en arere el livere bien devant Si vus en estes remembrant2^L0 [L0] Rubric not in DL2 [f.94b]
                   [O]ïd avez cumfaitement^L1 [L1] Avez oi R2
                   Coste[n]tin ot cest casement^L2 [L2] C. tint apres artur tenement R2
                   E cum Yvain refait fu reis^L3 [L3] Y. fud fet r. LR2
               4  De Mureif e de Loeneis.^L3 [L3] In these details Gaimar differs from Wace who, in agreement with Geoffrey of Monmouth, makes Yvain succeed his father in Moray and his uncle in Alban. E. Brugger (Yvain and his Lion, M.P. XXXVIII (1941) 267-87) suggests that Gaimar may have been influenced in some way by the earlier Vita S. Kentigerni, which connects Yvain with Lothian and gives his mother's name as Erwegenda. This name Brugger would emend to Orwegenda, a form of Orwegen, and would then equate it with the Orwen of the Historia Meriadoci. As Orwegen is a possible etymon for the name of Argentille's mother (Orwain 61, Orewain 81), it may be that Gaimar obtained this name from the story of St. Kentigern; at any rate the possibility cannot be excluded.2
                   Mes de ço vait [mult] malement:^L5 [L5] om  mult DL2
                   Mort sunt [tut] lur meilor parent^L6 [L6] om  tut DL2
                   E li Seisne sunt espanduz^L7 [L7] S. se s. R2
               8  Ki [od Certiz] erent venuz.^L8 [L8] furent v. R2^L8 [L8] de kerdiz DL2
                   Des Humbre desqu'en Kateneis
                   Duné lur ot Modred li reis,
                   Si unt saisi e tut purpris^L11 [L11] om  tut R2
             12  La terre que ja tint Hengis.
                   Cele claiment en eritage
                   Kar Hengis fud de lur lignage.^L14 [L14] estait R2
                   Este vus ci une [acheson]:^L15 [L15] om  une R2^L15 [L15] chancon DL2
             16  En grant travail entrent Bretun,^L16 [L16] Dunt en R2
                   Si funt Escot e li Pecteis,
                   Li Galweien e li Cumbreis.^L18 [L18] galwais L gawaleis R2^L18 [L18] galwein2
                   Tel guerre funt la gent [estraine]^L19 [L19] estrange DR2
             20  En grant dolur entrat Bretaine
                   E li Engleis tuz jorz creisseient^L21 [L21] acreisseient R2^L21 [L21] om  E DLR2
                   Kar d'ultremer suvent veneient;
                   Cil de Seisuine e d'Alemaine
             24  S'ajustoent a lur cunpaine;^L24 [L24] Sajustent R2
                   Pur dan Hengis lur anceisur

Page 2

                   Les altres firent d'els seignur.
                   Tuz jorz, si cum il cunquereient,
             28  Des Engleis la [recunusseient],^L28 [L28] recunciseient3
                   La terre que vunt cunquerant,^L29 [L29] v. cumq. L conq. R3^L29 [L29] t. kil R3^L29 [L29] querant3
                   Si l'apeloent Engelant.^L30 [L30] apelent DLR3
                   Este vus ci une [acheson]^L31 [L31] chancon DL3
             32  Par quei Bretaine perdi sun nun.
                   E les nevoz Arthur regnerent
                   Ki encuntre Engleis guerïerent
                   Mes li Daneis mult les haeient
             36  Pur lur parenz ki mort esteient [f.94c]
                   Es batailles que Arthur fist
                   Cuntre Modred qu'il puis ocist.^L1 [L1] This passage, often called a prologue, is really a connecting link between Gaimar's lost Estoire des Bretuns and his Estoire des Engleis; ll. 35-8 represent an extension made necessary by his decision to insert here his Haveloc episode; in R the opening is differently worded, but appears to refer to the arrangement of a particular MS. and has not been accepted into the text.3
                   [S]e ço est veir que Gilde dit^L39 [L39] De L3^L39 [L39] dist DLR3
             40  En la geste trovai escrit^L40 [L40] trova R3^L40 [L40] g. quil escrist DL3^L39 [L39] There is considerable divergence between DL on the one hand and R on the other, and neither reading, as it stands, is quite satisfactory. The objections to DL are that l. 40 is metrically incorrect and that, being a continuation of l. 39, we are left with an unfinished sentence. The objection to R is that his verb appears to be a 3 sg., but as he does very occasionally write a for ai in verbal terminations (e.g. l. 609 sa = sai) and as Gaimar is clearly appealing to the authority of Gilde, I have corrected the verb in the interests of clarity. Whether by Gilde Gaimar meant the author of the De Excidio Britanniae or whether he had in mind the Historia Britonum, a work often ascribed to Gildas in medieval times, cannot be determined, but neither of these works justifies in any way the appeal to its authority on the point of the two under-kings, though Gildas, of course, does feature a number of kings contemporary with Constantine.3
                   Que dous reis ot ja en Bretaine,
                   Quant Costentins ert chevetaine,^L42 [L42] C. estait R3
                   Cil Constentins li niés Arthur
             44  Ki ot l'espee Kalibur.
                   [Adelbrit] ot nun un des reis,^L45 [L45] A. aveit a n. li uns des R3^L45 [L45] Achebrit DL3^L45 [L45] Adelbrit R, Achebrit DL. This difference in the name, with minor graphic variants in the last component, is constant in Gaimar's Haveloc story. As the name in R explains the two-syllable form Albrit, which is required by the metre at l. 89, and as most other independent versions of the story use an Æthel- name, I have accepted R's form into my text.3
                   Riches hum fud, si ert Daneis.
                   Li altres ot nun Edelsi,
             48  Sue [ert] Nincole e Lindesi;^L48 [L48] fud DL3
                   Des Humbre desqu'en [Roteland]^L49 [L49] orient DL3^L49 [L49] Roteland R, orient DL. The former reading has been adopted, because the other boundaries are very definite and because Gaimar is describing the kingdom in a north-south direction; the parallel passage in the Lai d' Haveloc also gives Rotelande (l. 200).3
                   Iert le pais en sun cumant.^L50 [L50] s. cumandement L3
                   Li altre ert reis de la cuntree
             52  Ki ore est Northfolke apelee.
                   Tant s'acuinterent cil dui rei
                   K'il furent cumpaignun par fei
                   E que entr'els [dous] ot tel amur^L55 [L55] om  dous DL3
             56  [Que] Edelsi dunad sa sorur^L56 [L56] om  Que R3^L56 [L56] Qua3
                   A [Adelbrit] cel riche reis^L57 [L57] achebrit DL3
                   Ki ert del lignage as Daneis.
                   Li altre reis esteit Bretun

Page 3

             60  Ki Edelsi aveit a nun.
                   Sa sorur ot a nun Orwain,
                   Mult ert franche e de bone main;
                   De sun seignur ot une fille,
             64  Que l'um apelad Argentille.
                   La pulcele crut e tehid
                   Kar asez fud süef nurrid,^L66 [L66] f. ki la n. R4
                   Si avint ore tut pur veir^L67 [L67] a. trestut p. R4
             68  Que sun pere n'ot nul altre eir.^L68 [L68] p. uolt n. L4
                   En Danemarche le regnez
                   Avait quatre riches cuntez
                   E en Bretaine aveit conquis
             72  Kaïr Koël [od] le païs;^L72 [L72] od tut le R4^L72 [L72] ot4 [f.94d]
                   Des Colecestre desqu'en Hoyland
                   Durot sun regne en un tenant.^L74 [L74] s. realme R4
                   Tant cum il fud si poëstis
             76  Edelsi fud bien sis amis
                   Mes dunc fud [Adelbrict] mort^L77 [L77] d avint ke A. fu m. R4^L77 [L77] achebrit DL4
                   [Enz] en la cité de Tiedfort.^L78 [L78] om  Enz DL4
                   A Colecestre fud ported,
             80  Iloc fud li reis enterred
                   E Or[e]wain e Argentille –^L81 [L81] orwain DL4
                   Ço fud la reïne e sa fille –
                   En sunt alé a [Lindesi],^L83 [L83] lindesie4
             84  A sun frere rei Edelsi.
                   Le regne que [Adelbrict] teneit^L85 [L85] achebriht DL4
                   Li unt livré que guarde en seit^L86 [L86] om  en L4
                   Kar la reïne ert enfermee,^L87 [L87] afermee glossed infirmata L4
             88  Ne mes oit jorz nen ad duree.^L88 [L88] vint j. ad R4
                   Aprés [Albrict], quant fud finie,^L89 [L89] achebriht DL4
                   Unt la reïne ensevelie
                   E Argentille fud nurrie
             92  A Nincole e a Lindesie.
                   Si cum dient l'antive gent,^L93 [L93] dit R4

Page 4

                   Ele n'ot nul chevel parent^L94 [L94] chive L cheval R5^L94 [L94] chievol5^L94 [L94] cheval R, chievol D, chive L. Evidently the adjective was not familiar to DL, which at l. 2282 again stumble over the word, and there H substitutes another word. The word occurs three times in the Estoire–here and at ll. 2282, 2591 – and each time with somewhat different meaning. Here I translate: She had no near relative.5
                   De part sun pere des Daneis.^L95 [L95] om  pere R5
             96  Oëz que fist cist feluns reis!
                   Pur l'erité qu'il cuveitad
                   Sa niece mesmariee ad;^L98 [L98] mesmarier quidad L mesmariat R5^L98 [L98] senes mariad5^L98 [L98] mesmariee ad. It is the disparity in status involved in the proposed marriage, and not its speediness, which is important to Edelsi's design. This leads me to abandon the reading of D–in itself acceptable–in favour of an emendation based on the occurrence in LR of the verb mesmarier, though neither MS. offers a metrically correct line.5
                   Il la dunad a un garçon
           100  Ki Cuaran aveit a nun;
                   Pur ço que abaisier la voleit,^L101 [L101] que abassier LR5^L101 [L101] que baisier5
                   Se purpensa qu'il li durreit.
                   Cil Cuaran esteit quistrun
           104  Mes mult esteit bel vadletun;^L104 [L104] mult par ert b. R5^L104 [L104] om  Mes L5
                   Bel vis aveit e beles mains,
                   Cors eschiwid, süef e plains,
                   Li suen semblanz ert tut tens liez,
           108  Beles jambes ot e bels piez. [f.95a]
                   Mes pur ço que hardiz esteit
                   E volentiers se cumbateit,
                   N'aveit vadlet en la maison,
           112  Si li faiseit ahateisun
                   E sur lui cumençast medlees,
                   K'il nel ruast jambes levees^L114 [L114] rueit R5
                   E quant il bien se curesçot,
           116  De sa ceinture le liout
                   E cil dunc n'en aveit guarant,^L117 [L117] E si cil d. naveit R5
                   Bien le bateit a un verjant.
                   E nepurquant tant francs esteit,
           120  Si li vadlez li prameteit^L120 [L120] co DL5
                   Que pur [i]ço meins ne l'amast,
                   Senés l'ure le desliast.^L122 [L122] Ignelure R5
                   Quant il [se erent] entrebaisiez,^L123 [L123] serreient DL5
           124  Dunc esteit Cuaran haitiez.
                   E li reis e li chevalier
                   Lui dunoent de lur mangier;
                   Esquanz lui dunoent guastels,

Page 5

           128  Esquanz quartiers de simenels,
                   Les altres hastes e gelines
                   Ki lur veneient des quisines,^L130 [L130] veneint R6^L130 [L130] veneit DL6
                   Que tant aveit [pain e] cunrei^L131 [L131] de c. DL6
           132  Que dous vadlez aveit od sei
                   E as vadlez de la [meisun]^L133 [L133] meisuns DR6
                   Feseit suvent mult [large dun]^L134 [L134] larges duns DR6
                   [De simenels, de canestels]^L135 [L135] s. e de c. R6
           136  E de hastes e de gastels.^L135 [L135] not in DL6
                   Pur ço qu'esteit si bien amez^L137 [L137] co est. R6
                   E si preisiez e si loez,
                   N'aveit francs hum en la meisun,
           140  Si Cuaran en voleit dun,
                   Ke ne li dunast volentiers.^L141 [L141] Kil R6
                   Mes il n'aveit suig de luiers,
                   De tant duner cum il avait –
           144  Ço li ert vis [ke] poi esteit –^L144 [L144] om  ke DL6
                   E quant il n'aveit que duner,
                   Volentiers alot enpruenter;^L146 [L146] V. lalout R6 [f.95b]
                   Puis le dunot e despendeit –
           148  Ço qu'enpruentot, tres bien rendeit –^L148 [L148] b. soldout R6
                   Quanqu'il aveit, trestut dunot
                   Mes nule rien ne demandot.
                   Il iert issi en la meisun
           152  Escuieler [a un] quistrun;^L152 [L152] E. a une q. R6^L152 [L152] E. cume q. DL6
                   Dous vadlez ot qu'il nurriseit.^L153 [L153] nurisout R6
                   Or oiez pur quei le faseit:^L154 [L154] il le fesout R6^L154 [L154] Seignurs oiez R6
                   Il quidot qu'il fussent si frere
           156  Mes ne lur [a]partint sun pere^L156 [L156] partint DL6
                   Ne sa mere ne sun lignage
                   Ne n'esteit de lur parentage.^L158 [L158] l. parage R6
                   Puroc, [s'il] iert en [tel] despit,^L159 [L159] s. estait R6^L159 [L159] P. nent s. L6^L159 [L159] itel DL6^L159 [L159] om  sil DL6
           160  [Venuz] esteit de gentil lit^L160 [L160] Gentiz home fu si cum jo quit L6^L160 [L160] Ne nuls e.6
                   E se li reis [s']aparceüst,^L161 [L161] aparceust DL6

Page 6

                   Ne qui que ja sa niece eüst.
                   Dunt il iert nez, pas ne saveit,
           164  De lui sun jugleür faseit.
                   Pur la terre Adelbriht tolir^L165 [L165] albrict R7^L165 [L165] akebriht DL7^L165 [L165] In order to take Adelbriht's land. As the king is already dead, this must be the meaning; similarly constructed lines occur elsewhere in the Estoire. e.g. A la maisun Eiftroed alat (l. 3998), where only the context shows that we have the appositional genitive.7
                   Faseit sa niece od lui gisir,
                   La fille al rei en povre lit.^L167 [L167] om  en R7
           168  Ore est mestier que Deus aït
                   Kar ci ot fait grant cruelté
                   Pur cuveitise de cel regné,
                   Quant pur le regne sul aveir
           172  Hunist sa niece a sun espeir.
                   Il la dunad a sun quistrun^L173 [L173] E la d. R7
                   Ki Cuarans aveit a nun.
                   Cil ne saveit que femme [esteit]
           176  Ne qu'il faire ne li deveit;^L176 [L176] Second ne not in LR7
                   Des qu'il unkes el lit veneit,
                   Adenz giseit, si se dormeit.
                   Argentille ert en grant purpens
           180  Pur quei il giseit si adenz
                   E mult forment se merveillot^L181 [L181] f. sesm. R7
                   Que [unques] vers li ne se turnot^L182 [L182] unc7 [f.95c]
                   Ne ne la voleit aprismier^L183 [L183] Second ne not in L7
           184  Cum hum deit faire sa muillier.
                   La niece [al] rei se cumplaineit,^L185 [L185] lu DL7^L185 [L185] the king's niece. The construction is the same as in ll. 167, 193 and DL seem to have altered the phrase in order to avoid possible ambiguity.7
                   Suvent sun uncle maldiseit
                   Ki si l'aveit deseritee^L187 [L187] Ke L7
           188  E a un tel hume dunee,
                   Tant qu'il avint a une nuit
                   Qu'il firent primes lur deduit.
                   Aprés iço si s'endormirent.
           192  Mult s'entramerent e joïrent.
                   La fille al rei en sun dormant
                   Sunjad qu'ele iert od Cuarant
                   Entre la [mer] e un boscage,^L195 [L195] veie DL7
           196  U cunversad un urs salvage.

Page 7

                   Devers la mer vëeit venir^L197 [L197] m. en un L8
                   Porcs e sengliers prestz [d'asaillir]^L198 [L198] prist a. R8^L198 [L198] de saillir8
                   Icel [grant] urs ki tant [ert] fier^L199 [L199] k. si e. R8^L199 [L199] esteit8^L199 [L199] om  grant DL8
           200  Ki [voleit] Cuaran mangier.^L200 [L200] Ke L8^L200 [L200] volt DL8
                   Od l'urs aveit asez gupilz
                   Ki puis le jor orent perilz
                   Kar les sengliers les entrepristrent,
           204  Mult en destruistrent e ocistrent.
                   Quant li gupil furent destruit,
                   Cel urs ki demenot tel bruit,
                   Un sul senglier fier e hardid
           208  L'ad par sun cors sul asaillid;^L208 [L208] om  sun L8
                   Tel li dunad od l'une dent,^L209 [L209] d. de l. R8
                   En dous meitiez le cors li fent.^L210 [L210] le quer l. R8
                   Quant l'urs se sent a mort feruz,
           212  Un cri jetad, puis chaï jus^L212 [L212] p. est chau R8
                   E li gupil vindrent curant^L213 [L213] v. avant L8
                   De tutes parz vers Cuarant,
                   Entre lur quisses lur cüettes,
           216  Lur chiefs enclins en chatonettes,^L216 [L216] enc. a genuletes R8
                   E funt semblant de merci querre
                   A Cuarant que firent guerre.^L218 [L218] C. a ki f. R8 [f.95d]
                   Quant il les ot fait tuz lïer,^L219 [L219] t. lever R8
           220  Envers la mer volt repairier.
                   Li grant arbre ki el bois erent
                   De tutes [parz] li enclinerent;
                   La mer munta e li floz vint,^L223 [L223] muntout R8
           224  Dessi qu'al bois unc ne se tint;^L224 [L224] om  unc R8
                   Li bois chaeit, la mer veneit,^L225 [L225] si c. R8
                   Cuaran ert en grant destreit;
                   Aprés veneient dous leons,
           228  Si chaeient a genuilluns
                   Mes des bestes mult ocieient
                   El bois qui en lur veie esteient.

Page 8

                   Cuaran pur poür qu'il ot
           232  Sur un [des granz arbres] muntot^L232 [L232] grant arbre DL9
                   E les [leons] vindrent avant^L233 [L233] urs DL9
                   Envers [cel] arbre agenuillant.^L234 [L234] la. DL9
                   Partut le bois ot si grant cri
           236  Que la dame s'en esperi^L236 [L236] sen eveilli R9
                   E cum ele ot iço sungié,
                   Sun seignur ad fort enbracié.
                   Ele le trovad gisant envers,
           240  Entre ses bras si l'ad aers.
                   Pur [la] poür ses oilz ovrid,^L241 [L241] le9
                   Une flamme vit ki issid^L242 [L242] ki sen i. DL9
                   Fors de la buche sun marid
           244  Que encore ert tut endormid.^L244 [L244] Ki R9
                   Merveillad sei de l'avisiun
                   E de la buche sun barun
                   E de la flamme qu'ele vit.
           248  Ore entendez qu'ele ad dit.^L248 [L248] om  ad R9
                   'Sire', fait [ele], 'vus ardez.
                   Esveilliez vus, si vus volez.
                   De vostre buche une flamme ist,
           252  Jo ne sai unques qui l'i mist.'^L252 [L252] ki i m. R9
                   Tant l'enbraçad e traist vers sei
                   Qu'il s'esveillad e dist: 'Pur quei [f.96a]
                   M'avez esveillié, bele amie?^L255 [L255] Pur quei mav. R9
           256  Pur quei estes espoürie?'^L256 [L256] e. esponti R9
                   Tant la preiad, tant la blandid^L257 [L257] p. e tant R9
                   Qu'ele li cuntad tut e gehid^L258 [L258] e regehit R9
                   De la flambe e de l'avisiun
           260  Qu'ele ot veü de sun barun.
                   Cuaran l'en respundid^L261 [L261] om  len R9
                   De l'avisiun qu'il oïd;
                   Sulunc sun sen espelst le sunge –^L263 [L263] s. sens R9
           264  Quanqu'il [dist], tut i ert menconge.^L264 [L264] om  i R9^L264 [L264] dit DL9

Page 9

                   'Dame,' fait il, 'ço serrad bien^L265 [L265] dit il LR10
                   Ambure a vostre ues e al mien.
                   Ore m'est avis que ço puet estre,
           268  Que li reis tendrad demein feste.^L268 [L268] sa f. R10^L268 [L268] om  Que R10
                   Mult [i] avrad de ses baruns;
                   Cerfs e chevrols e veneisuns
                   E altres chars tant i avrad
           272  En la quisine en remaindrad;^L272 [L272] q. tant r. R10^L272 [L272] E en R10
                   Tant en prendrum a espandant,^L273 [L273] prendrun L prendrom R10^L273 [L273] prendrunt10
                   Les esquiers ferai manant
                   Des bons lardez e des braüns
           276  Des escuieles as baruns.^L276 [L276] E des DL10
                   Li escuier me sunt aclin
                   Ambure al seir e al matin.^L278 [L278] al vespre e al m. R10
                   Cil signifient li gupil
           280  Dunt vus [sunjastes: ço] sunt il.^L280 [L280] v. co sunjastes s. DL10
                   E l'urs est morz, er fud ocis,
                   En un bois fud salvage pris;
                   Dous tors i ad pur les leons
           284  E pur la mer pernum les pluns,
                   U l'ewe munted cume mer
                   Deci que freit la fait cesser;
                   La char des tors i serrad quite.
           288  Dame, l'avisiun est dite.'
                   Argentille quant [ot ço] dire:^L289 [L289] q. co oid d. DL10
                   'Encore avant me dites, sire,^L290 [L290] ll. 287-8 and ll. 289-90 interverted in DL10 [f.96b]
                   Que icel feu puet espeler^L291 [L291] Quei R10
           292  Que vi en vostre buche arder.'^L292 [L292] Ken v.b. vi a. R10
                   ['Dame,' fait il, 'ne sai ke dait]^L293 [L293] dist il R10
                   Mes en dormant si me deceit;^L293 [L293] not in DL10
                   Des que [jo] dorm, ma buche esprent,^L295 [L295] om  jo DL10
           296  De la flamme nient ne me sent.
                   Vers tei en ai hunte mult grant^L297 [L297] om  mult L10^L297 [L297] Veires jo en R10
                   Que ço m'avient en mun dormant.'^L298 [L298] om  mun DLR10

Page 10

                   Dist Argentille: 'Ami, entend.^L299 [L299] A. a moi e. R11
           300  Nus sumes ci huntusement;
                   Mielz nus vendreit estre issilliez
                   Entre paiens e enperrez^L302 [L302] e enterrez L11^L302 [L302] E. aliens R11
                   Que ci gisir en tel huntage.
           304  Amis, u est li tuen lignage?'
                   'Dame,' fait il, 'a Grimesbi;
                   D'iloc turnai, quant jo vinc ci.
                   Si la ne truis mun parenté,^L307 [L307] ne trofs m. L11
           308  Suz ciel ne sai dunt jo sui né.'
                   'Amis,' fait ele, 'kar i alum
                   Saveir si ja i troverum^L310 [L310] om  i R11
                   Nul hum ki mei ne tei amast
           312  U meillor cunseil nus dunast.'^L312 [L312] U mieldre c. R11
                   Dist Cuaran: 'La meie amie,
                   U seit saveir u seit folie,
                   Jo f[e]rai ço que vus volez,
           316  La vus merrai, si vus loez.'^L316 [L316] si si v. l. L si v. me l. R11
                   La nuit jurent desqu'al cler jor.
                   L'endemein vunt a lur seignur,
                   Al rei vindrent querre cungié.^L319 [L319] v. querent c. R11
           320  Quant il ço ot, sin est haitié,^L320 [L320] si en fu h. R11
                   Tut en riant le lur dunad,
                   A tuz ses humes s'en gabad
                   E dit: 'S'il unt un poi de faim,
           324  U al tierz jor u al demein,
                   Tut se mettrunt el repairer,^L325 [L325] remettrunt L11
                   Quant ne purrunt mielz espleiter.'
                   Ore s'en vunt cil a Grimesbi.
           328  La troverent un bon ami, [f.96c]
                   Pescheür ert, iloc maneit,
                   La fille Grim celui aveit.
                   Quant recunut les treis meschins,^L331 [L331] meschines L11^L331 [L331] meschiens11
           332  Cuaran e les dous fiz Grims,

Page 11

                   E il sot de la fille al rei^L321 [L321] torn out in R12
                   […] [en la lei
                   Mult fu pensifs en son corage;
           336  Dist a sa femme que mult ert sage:
                   'Dame,' fait il, 'que ferom?^L337 [L337] dist il R12
                   Si vus loez, descoverom
                   A Haveloc le fiz le rei]^L334 [L334] not in DL12
           340  Nostre cunseil e le secrei.^L340 [L340] e nostre s. L12
                   Dime[s] [li] tut overtement,^L341 [L341] Dium L12^L341 [L341] om  li DL12
                   Dunt il est nez e de quel gent.'
                   Dist la dame: 'S'il le saveit,
           344  Jo qui que il le descuvereit
                   En itel lieu par sun folage,^L345 [L345] tel DLR12
                   U tost li vendreit grant damage.^L346 [L346] t. len avendreit R12
                   Il nen est mie si savant^L347 [L347] Il ne mie si s. R12
           348  Qu'il saced cuvrir sun talent.^L348 [L348] saceit L12
                   S'il saveit qu'il de reis fust nez,^L349 [L349] fud LR12^L349 [L349] s. ke des r. R12
                   Curtes ures [serreit] celez^L350 [L350] fust DL12
                   E nepuroc ore l'apelum,
           352  Dunt il est nez ore demandum^L352 [L352] n. li d. R12
                   E si sa femme vient od lui,
                   Bien li poüm dire, ço qui,
                   Dunt il est nez e de quel terre,
           356  Cum il eisillad par la guerre.'^L356 [L356] om  la L12^L356 [L356] E cum DL12
                   A tant apelent Aveloc –
                   E Argentele vint avoc –^L358 [L358] argentille R12
                   E li pruedhueme e sa muillier
           360  L'unt pris mult bel araisuner.^L360 [L360] unt pris . . . araisuner. There is no assured example in Gaimar of prendre (= begin) followed by the pure infinitive and, in view of Brendan, l. 872, I now favour the explanation put forward by E. Burghardt, Einfluss des Englischen auf das Anglo-normannische, (Studien zur eng. Philologie XXIV, Halle, 1906, pp. 29, 32) and adopted by E. G. R. Waters, Brendan, l. 48 n, that the successive a's have coalesced. The construction still has inchoative value in the Estoire and has not yet become a mere periphrasis.12
                   'Amis,' funt il, 'dunt estes nez?^L361 [L361] d. est n. L d. es tu n. R12
                   En quel lieu est tis parentez?'
                   'Dame,' fait il, 'ici laissai^L363 [L363] cil L12^L363 [L363] ci12
           364  Mun parenté, quant m'en turnai.
                   Tu es ma suer, jo sui tis frere

Page 12

                   Ambure de pere e de mere;
                   Grim fud mis pere un [pescheür],^L367 [L367] peschur13^L363 [L363] torn out in R13
           368  Ma mere ot nun Sebruc sa uxor.
                   Quant furent mort, d'ici turnai,^L369 [L369] de ci t. LR13
                   Mes dous freres od mei menai. [f.96d]
                   Ore eimes granz, revenuz sumes
           372  Mes noz [parenz] ne coneümes^L372 [L372] conussumes R13^L372 [L372] cunumes DL13^L372 [L372] parentez DL13^L368 [L368] partly torn in R13
                   Ne mes sul tei e tun seignur;
                   Bien sai, tu ies nostre sorur.'
                   Respunt Kelloc: 'Tut i ad el.
           376  Unc tis peres ne vendi sel^L376 [L376] ton pere R13
                   Ne ta mere ne fud salniere.
                   Grim vendi sel, si fud peschiere.
                   De mes freres grant gré te sai;
           380  Ço que[s] nurris, t'en mercierai.^L380 [L380] De co kes as n. te m. R13^L380 [L380] que13
                   Yer arivad laÿs al port^L381 [L381] a leus al p. R13
                   Un bon kenard e grant e fort,^L382 [L382] k. grant L13^L382 [L382] grant and bon interverted in R13
                   Pain e char meine e vin e ble –
           384  De tel unt il mult grant plenté.^L384 [L384] Dicel R13
                   Ultre la mer vuelent passer.
                   Si vus vulez od els aler,
                   [Jo quid k'il irrunt el païs,
           388  U sunt vos parenz e amis.^L388 [L388] e vos a. R13
                   Si vus volez od els aler,
                   Nus les vus purrum alüer]^L390 [L390] p. bien a. R13^L387 [L387] not in DL13
                   Dras vus durrum a remuiers,
           392  Sin porterez de noz deniers
                   E pain e char e bon cler vin
                   Pur prendre al vespre e al matin;
                   Cunrei avrez, tant cum voldres,
           396  Voz dous vadlez od vus merrez.^L396 [L396] Noz L13
                   Mes celez bien vostre secrei:
                   Vus fustes fiz a un bon rei;
                   [Danemarche out par heritage,

Page 13

           400  Si out son pere e son linage.^L399 [L399] not in DL14
                   Li vostre pere ot nun Guntier,
                   Si prist la fille al rei Gaifier.
                   [Alvive] ot nun, ele me nurrid,^L403 [L403] Allene L14^L403 [L403] Alleve14^L403 [L403] Alvive R, Alleve D, Allene L. I have adopted the first form in the text, because a scribal corruption of Alvive to Alleve is rather more likely than one in the reverse direction; later in the Estoire Gaimar uses Elvive to render O.E. Ælfgifu (l. 4524).14
           404  Maint bien me fist, tant cum [vesqui];^L404 [L404] c. fud vif DL14
                   Ele me levad, ço dist ma mere.
                   Fille sui Grim un sun cumpere.
                   Mes ço avint en vostre terre:
           408  Li reis Arthur la vint cunquerre.^L408 [L408] A. lalot cumquere L14^L408 [L408] cunqueere14
                   Pur sun treü que li detint^L405 [L405] torn out in R14
                   Od mult grant gent el païs vint;
                   Al rei Guntier semblad [contraille],^L411 [L411] cuntraire14
           412  Juste la mer li tint bataille;^L412 [L412] E juste DL14^L411 [L411] repeated by new scribe at f. 97a14 [f.97a]
                   Ocis i fud li rei Guntier^L413 [L413] le r L li reis R14
                   E d'ambes parz maint chevalier.^L410 [L410] partly torn in R14
                   Qui Artur plot dunat la terre.^L415 [L415] A. volt d. R14
           416  Mais la reïne pur la guerre
                   Ne pot [el] païs remaneir,^L417 [L417] p. en la terre r. R14^L417 [L417] al14
                   Si s'en fuït od le dreit eir,
                   Ço este[s] vus, si cum jo crei,
           420  Danz Avelocs le fiz le rei.
                   Mis pere aveit mult bone nef,
                   La reïne amenot süef,
                   Vers cest païs l'en amenot,^L423 [L423] lamenout R14
           424  Quant si avint cum [a] Deu plot:^L424 [L424] om  a DR14
                   De uthlages fumes encuntrez.
                   En mer furent trestuz rüez
                   Noz chevaliers e nostre gent
           428  E la reïne ensement.
                   Unc n'i guarid hom fors mun pere
                   Ne nule femme fors ma mere.
                   Mis pere esteit lur conuissant;
           432  Pur ço garirent li emfant,^L432 [L432] si e. L14
                   E jo e vus e mi dui frere,

Page 14

                   Par la preiere de mun pere.
                   En cest païs quant arivames,
           436  Nostre grant nef parmi trenchames
                   Kar tute ert frainte e malmise,^L437 [L437] fu freite e malveise R15
                   Quant la reïne ert ocise.^L438 [L438] fu R15
                   De nostre nef maisun feïmes;
           440  Par un batel bien garesimes,^L440 [L440] om  bien L15
                   Dunt nostre pere alad peschier.
                   Peissuns eümes a mangier,
                   Turbuz, salmuns e mulüels,
           444  Graspeis, porpeis e makerels;
                   A grant plenté e a fuisun
                   Oümes pain e bon peissun. [f.97b]
                   Del peissun cangïum le pain
           448  [Que] hom nus aportout a plain
                   E, cum nus eümes deniers,
                   Mis peres dunc devint salniers.
                   Tant cum vesqui il e ma mere,
           452  Bien [vus] nurrit mielz que mi frere^L452 [L452] nus15
                   E jo remis, si pris seignur.
                   Cil m'ad tenud a grant onur.
                   Marchëant ert, mer sot passer^L455 [L455] marchant DL15
           456  E set bien vendre e achater.^L455 [L455] The change of tense of saveir here could be justified on the assumption that the first reference is to the time of marriage, and the second to the time of interview, but it is not certain that any such justification is necessary. For a similar change of tense, cf. Thomas, Tristan (ed. Wind, Sn¹ 609).15
                   En Danemarche fud le [autrer]^L457 [L457] aut'er15^L447 [L447] torn out in R15
                   E a plusurs oïd preier,
                   Si hom vus trovot, que venissiez^L459 [L459] Sil vus trovast R15^L458 [L458] partly torn in R15
           460  E le païs chalengissiez.
                   Bien [vus] loüm que la [turnez],^L461 [L461] om  la R15^L461 [L461] turnissiez15
                   Voz dous vadlez od vus menez,^L461 [L461] not in L15
                   Pur vus servir seient od vos.^L463 [L463] serreient L15^L463 [L463] I pur L15
           464  Si bien vus prent, mandez le nus;
                   Nus vus siuvrum, si vus volez,
                   Si Deu vus rent voz heretez.'^L466 [L466] Si deus L15
                   Dist Aveloc e sa muillier:
           468  'Nus vus rendrum mult bon luier,^L468 [L468] m. ben l. L15

Page 15

                   [Plus] vus [ferum] que ne [querez],^L469 [L469] E plus L16^L469 [L469] quidez DL16^L469 [L469] rendrum DL16^L469 [L469] E pus16
                   Se Deus nus rent noz heritez,
                   E les vadlez od nus merrum.
           472  Pur Deu pensez que nus passum.'^L472 [L472] D. bien en penserom R16
                   Respunt la dame: 'Veirement
                   Ci remaindrez tant que aiez vent^L474 [L474] om  tant L16
                   [E] si jo puis, ainz que passez,^L475 [L475] om  E DL16
           476  De meillurs dras vestuz serrez.'
                   Cil remistrent dunc a sujur,
                   Vestuz furent a grant enur.^L478 [L478] f. par honur R16
                   Tant sujurnerent que vint l'ored^L479 [L479] T. sujurnent R16
           480  E puis si sunt en nef entred;
                   E danz Algiers li marchëant^L481 [L481] marchanz LR16^L481 [L481] algers R16^L481 [L481] algies DL16
                   Ad fait pur els le cuvenant.^L482 [L482] les cuvenanz L li covenanz R16
                   [Lur froc dona il e Kelloc
           484  Pur la meisnee Haveloc^L484 [L484] meisne R16^L483 [L483] not in DL16 [f.97c]
                   E] asez lur mist enz vitaille,^L485 [L485] lur i m.v. R16^L485 [L485] om  E DL16
                   Tresqu'a un meis ne ferad faille;^L486 [L486] T. treis m. ne volt ke f. R16^L486 [L486] frad DL16
                   Pain e vin e char e [peissun^L487 [L487] e bon p. R16^L487 [L487] peisuns16
           488  Lur ] mist es nefs a grant [fuisun]^L488 [L488] fuisuns16^L488 [L488] om  Lur DL16
                   E tresque unches la nef flotat,^L489 [L489] om  unches R16
                   Li esterman bien se drescat.
                   Dous nefs i ot tuit veirement,^L491 [L491] om  tuit L16
           492  Lur veilz drescent cuntre [le] vent.^L492 [L492] L. sigles d. al v. R16
                   Tant unt nagied e governez^L493 [L493] e sujurne L16
                   Qu'en Danemarche sunt arivez.
                   En la cuntree, u ariverent,
           496  A une vile s'en alerent,
                   La quistrent sumiers e [carrei],^L497 [L497] charrei L16^L497 [L497] careie16
                   Mener i firent lur [cunrei],^L498 [L498] cunreie16
                   Les marchëanz sunt tuz [remés]^L499 [L499] remeis16^L499 [L499] marchanz DLR16
           500  Od lur herneis enz es dous nefs^L500 [L500] om  enz R16^L500 [L500] half-lines interverted16

Page 16

                   E Aveloc e sa muillier
                   Vont a la vile herbergier.
                   Iloc maneit un[s] riches hom,
           504  Sigar [Estalre] aveit a nun,^L504 [L504] om  a LR17^L504 [L504] lestarle DL17
                   Seneschal iert al rei Guntier^L505 [L505] le r. G. L17^L505 [L505] S. fu R17
                   E de sa terre justisier.
                   Mais ore est tels qu'en pais teneit^L507 [L507] ore ert R17
           508  E icel rei forment haeit^L508 [L508] E i. riche r. R17^L508 [L508] E il cel r. L17
                   Ki dunc ert rei e poëstis^L509 [L509] om  e R17
                   Sur l'autre gent d'icel païs
                   [Pur] sun seignur qu'il aveit mort^L511 [L511] om  Pur L17^L511 [L511] Sur17
           512  Par [la vertu Artur le fort]^L512 [L512] de A. R17^L512 [L512] artur le rei qui mult fud fort DL17
                   Qu'il ot par traïsun mandet
                   E cel païs li ot dunet.
                   Pur ço qu'il ert traïtre e fel,
           516  Plusurs unt tenud le cunseil^L516 [L516] om  le LR17^L516 [L516] Plus en u. R17
                   Que ja od lui ne se tendrunt
                   Ne de li terre ne prendrunt,
                   Deci qu'il sachent del dreit eir
           520  De sa vie u sa mort le veir.^L520 [L520] u de sa m. DL17 [f.97d]
                   Cist rei[s] ki dunc ert el païs
                   Il [esteit] frere al rei Aschis^L522 [L522] ert DL17
                   Qui pur Arthur suffrid la mort
           524  La u Modret li fist tel tort;
                   Il ot a nun Odulf le reis,
                   Mult fud haïz de ses Daneis.
                   Si cum Deu plut e aventure,
           528  Deus mist en Aveloc sa cure^L516 [L516] partly torn in R17
                   Pur sa muillier qui tant ert bele,^L529 [L529] q. trop ert R17
                   Fille le rei dam' Argentele.^L530 [L530] La f. al r. R17^L530 [L530] After 530 six lines blank in R17
                   Sis bacheliers dunc l'asaillirent,^L531 [L531] It is probable that some reference was here made to the arrival of Haveloc and his company at their quarters, though only R actually shows a gap.17
           532  Pristrent s'amie, lui ferirent^L532 [L532] assaillirent L (interlined above is another verb - ? ferent)17^L532 [L532] P. la dame l. R17
                   E ses vadlez mult ledengerent,

Page 17

                   En plusurs lius lur chiefs briserent.^L534 [L534] bruserent R18
                   Si cum [il] s'en vont od s'amie,^L535 [L535] il vint od L il sen vnt od R18
           536  Danz Avelocs en ot envie,
                   Prent une hache mult trenchant,
                   Qu'en la maisun trovad [pendant];^L538 [L538] Ken une m. R18^L538 [L538] gisant18^L538 [L538] Quil trovad en la m. DL18^L538 [L538] None of the MSS. give a metrically correct line and there are also divergences in the readings, which seem, in part, to be connected with the gap assumed in the previous note. R uses the indefinite article, as though the house had not been mentioned before; DL, which have no outward sign of a gap, use the definite article, as though the house were already familiar to their readers; as the change in article renders R's line metrically correct, I have followed that reading; the agreement of LR shows that gisant is not original.18
                   Cels ad ateint a la rüele
           540  Qi menoent dam' Argentele,
                   Treis en ocist, dous en tuad
                   E al sist[e] le poin trenchad;^L542 [L542] sist DL18
                   Prent sa femme, vint a l'ostel.
           544  Es vus le cri mult criminel!
                   Prist ses vadlez e sa muillier,
                   Si s'en entrat en un mustier,
                   Fermat les us pur la poür,
           548  Puis munterent sus en la tur.
                   Iloc aveit tel defensail,
                   Ja n'i fust pris senz grant travail^L548 [L548] partly torn out in R18
                   Kar cil tres bien se defendirent,
           552  [Blescerent] cels kis asailirent.^L552 [L552] Blescied ierent18
                   Quant dan Sigar i vint puignant,^L553 [L553] om  i DL18
                   Veit cum les pieres vait ruant^L554 [L554] p. vunt r. L18
                   Danz Avelocs qui mult ert fort;
           556  Les cinc bricuns aveit il mort.^L556 [L556] b. esteient m. L18 [f.98a]
                   Sigar le vit, si l'avisat,
                   Del rei Guntier dunc li membrat.^L558 [L558] om  dunc L18
                   Tresqu'il unques l'ot choisid,
           560  Unc pur ses humes nel haïd.
                   A sun seignur si resemblot^L561 [L561] om  si DL18
                   Que quant le vit, tel pitied ot^L562 [L562] p. avoit L18^L562 [L562] en ot18
                   Qu'a mult grant paine pot parler.
           564  Tut l'asalt ad fait cesser,^L551 [L551] torn out in R18
                   Pais e triwes lui afiad
                   E en sa sale l'en amenad,^L566 [L566] om  E LR18
                   Lui e sa femme e ses cumpainz,

Page 18

           568  [Les dous] vadlez dunt dis des ainz,^L568 [L568] om  des R19^L568 [L568] E les v. DL19^L568 [L568] The context shows that the reading of R is original, for Haveloc has received no accretion of strength.19
                   E quant furent aseürez,
                   Li riches hom ad demandez
                   Qui il esteit e cum ad num
           572  [E] dunt erent si cumpaignun,^L572 [L572] U DL19
                   E de la dame lui demandat^L573 [L573] om  lui R19
                   Dunt ele vint, qui lui donat.^L574 [L574] e ki li d. R19
                   'Sire,' fait il, 'ne sai qui sui,
           576  En cest païs quid que nez fui.
                   Uns mariniers qui Grim ot nun
                   M'amenat petit vadletun.
                   En Lindesie en volt aler;^L579 [L579] second en not in R19
           580  Cum venimes en halte mer,
                   D'uthlages fumes asailliz^L581 [L581] sumes R19
                   Par qui jo sui si malbailliz:^L582 [L582] om  jo R19
                   Ma mere i ert, si fud ocise;
           584  Jo guari, ne sai en quel guise,^L584 [L584] mes ne sai L19
                   E li prodom en eschapad
                   Qui me nurid e mult m'amad.
                   Il e sa femme me nurirent,
           588  Mult m'amerent e encherirent.^L588 [L588] E mult me nurirent e cherirent R19
                   Quant furent mort, si m'en turnai,
                   Un rei servi, u jo alai,
                   E dous vadlez furent od mei,^L590 [L590] partly torn in R19
           592  Tant cum jo fui od [i]cel rei. [f.98b]
                   Tant fui od lui en ma juvente –
                   E ceste dame iert sa parente –
                   Si cum lui plut, la me donad
           596  E ensemble nus espusad.
                   Ci sui venud en cest païs,
                   Ne cunuis nul de mes amis
                   Ne jo ne sai a escient,
           600  Si jo ai ci un sul parent.^L600 [L600] om  ci DL19
                   Mais par le los de un marchëant,^L601 [L601] marchant DL19
                   A Grimesbi est remanant,

Page 19

                   Mult est prodom, nun ad Algier,
           604  Il me load e sa muillier
                   Ci a venir mes amis querre
                   E mes parenz en ceste terre.^L592 [L592] torn out in R20
                   Mes jo ne sai un sul numer
           608  [Ne] ne sai cum jos puis trover.'^L608 [L608] c. jo les p. L com les puisse t. R20^L608 [L608] Ne sai DL20
                   Dist li prodom: 'Cum as tu nun?'
                   '[Sire], ne sai,' [cil li] respunt,^L610 [L610] om  li L20^L610 [L610] sil R20^L610 [L610] Ne s. respunt li vadletun D20^L610 [L610] The agreement of LR shows that D is at fault. For the imperfect rime, cf. nun : idunc (ll. 937-8).20
                   'Mais cum jo fui en la curt grant,^L611 [L611] jo sui en R20^L611 [L611] tant cum DL20
           612  Si me apeloent Cuarant^L612 [L612] mapelerent LR20
                   [E] tant cum jo fui vadletun,^L613 [L613] jo sui v. R20^L613 [L613] A t. L20^L613 [L613] En20
                   Sai bien que Aveloc oi a nun;^L614 [L614] oi n. L eut n. R20
                   A Grimesbi [quant] fui l'autrier,^L615 [L615] om  quant fui R20
           616  Haveloc m'apelad Algier.
                   Or sui ici, quel que voldrez
                   De ces dous nuns m'apel[er]ez.'^L618 [L618] mapelez DL20
                   Sigar s'estut, si escutad,
           620  Del fiz lu rei si li membrad^L620 [L620] r. bien li R20
                   A icel nun dun[t] il [diseit],^L621 [L621] esteit DL20^L621 [L621] diseit R, esteit DL. The mention of the name Haveloc has set Sigar's memory working and this leads me to follow R rather than DL.20
                   Le fiz Guntier cel nun aveit,
                   Si li membrat d'un altre vice
           624  Qu'il sot jadis par la nurrice,^L624 [L624] Kil vit j. R20
                   De la flambe qui ert issant
                   De sa buche, quant ert dormant.^L626 [L626] sa buchuche en d. L20
                   La nuit le fist tres bien gaitier
           628  La u il jut od sa muillier. [f.98c]
                   Pur ço qu'il ert forment lassed
                   De la bataille e del pensed
                   Que aveit eüd le jur devant,
           632  Si s'endormit, nul nel demant.^L632 [L632] Sil sen R20
                   Eneslepas cume dormid,^L633 [L633] ngnelpas cum d. L Ignelpas com il d. R20
                   De sa buche la flambe issid
                   E li sergant qui l'unt gaited^L635 [L635] vant ki R20
           636  A lur seignur l'unt tost [nuncié]^L636 [L636] cunted20

Page 20

                   E li prodom levat del lit.
                   Quant il i vint, la flambe vit.^L638 [L638] Q. a li v. L21
                   Dunc sot il bien que veirs esteit^L635 [L635] partly torn in R21
           640  Ço que de lui pensez aveit;
                   Mais tant li ert cel pensé chier,
                   Unc nel voit dire a sa muillier^L642 [L642] nel not d. L21
                   Tresqu'al demain qu'il levad.
           644  Dun[c] pur ses humes enveiad,
                   Si mandat pur ses chevaliers,
                   Pur geldons e pur peoniers;^L646 [L646] Pur geldes e p. puigneres L21
                   De tutes parz vienent asez.^L647 [L647] p. i v. DL21
           648  Quant il en ot mult asemblez,^L640 [L640] torn out in R except for cher and moiller21
                   Dunc vait a Haveloc parler;
                   Bainer le fait e cunreier,
                   De novels dras le fait vestir,^L651 [L651] d. lad feit v. R21
           652  En la sale le fait venir.
                   Cum en la sale est entrez,
                   [U] vit tanz homes asemblez,^L654 [L654] v. de h. L21
                   Poür ot grant que cele gent
           656  Ne li facent mal jugement.
                   Pur les cinc homes que ot tuez
                   Quidat qu'il fussent asemblez.^L658 [L658] Q. ke f. R21
                   Pur une hache en volt aler^L659 [L659] h. i v. L om  en R21
           660  Que iloc teneit un bacheler;
                   Saisir la volt pur sei defendre.
                   Sigar [le vait, si l'ad fet prendre.^L662 [L662] Ne trove nul quil voille attendre L21^L662 [L662] S. la prist de sa main tendre21
                   Com il le tindrent de tuz lez,^L663 [L663] leez R21^L663 [L663] not in L21
           664  Sigar li dist: 'Ne vus dotez],^L664 [L664] After 664 in L: Mes la hache de vus metez21^L661 [L661] Both in D and L we have obvious attempts to improve a passage already corrupt; the omission of ll. 663-4 in D is due to the repetition of Sigar in its source and the presence of l. 664 in L as well as in R confirms the authenticity of the couplet.21
                   N'aiez garde le mien ami.
                   Bien le vus jur, [sil vus] afi^L666 [L666] j. e a. DL21 [f.98d]
                   Qu'ore vus aim plus que ne fis ier,
           668  Quant vus asis a mun mangier.'
                   Puis si l'asiet delez sei,^L669 [L669] asist R21
                   Aporter fait le corn le rei;

Page 21

                   Ço fud le corn le rei Guntier;^L671 [L671] c. al r. G. LR22
           672  Suz ciel n'i aveit chevalier,^L672 [L672] c. nen ad c. L c. naveit nul c. R22
                   [Que] ja cel cor peüst soner^L673 [L673] Se22
                   Ne venëor ne bacheler,^L674 [L674] ne chivaler L22
                   Si que ja [nuls] corner l'oïst,^L675 [L675] nuls ja R22^L675 [L675] nus22
           676  Si rei [u] dreit eir nel feïst.^L676 [L676] eir le f. R22^L676 [L676] Si d. eir le rei nel f. L22
                   De Danemarche le dreit eir
                   Le poeit [bien] corner par veir^L678 [L678] pur v. LR22^L678 [L678] b. soner p. R22^L678 [L678] Le poit L Le pot R22^L678 [L678] om  bien DL ben R22
                   Mais autre hom ja nel cornast,
           680  Nuls hom pur nïent s'en penast.^L680 [L680] n. sen traveillast R22
                   Cel cor aveit Sigar guardé,
                   Li rei[s] Guntier lui ot livré.^L682 [L682] G. laveit l. L22
                   Quant il le tint, nel pot suner;
           684  Un chevalier le fait livrer,^L684 [L684] A un c. DR22
                   Si lui ad dit tut en riant:^L685 [L685] After 685 in R: Si ke jo en saie oiant22^L685 [L685] not in R22
                   'Quil [sunerad], qu'il seit cornant,^L686 [L686] sune si22
                   Jo lui dorrai un bon anel
           688  Qui a bosuin valt un chastel.
                   [Celui] qui en sun dei l'avrad,^L689 [L689] Cil22
                   Si chiet en mer, ne neierad^L690 [L690] Sil R22^L688 [L688] partly torn in R22
                   Ne fu [nel] pot rien damagier^L691 [L691] r. dampner L22^L691 [L691] p. de rien LR22^L691 [L691] ne li22
           692  Ne nul arme nel pot navrer.'
                   [Tels com vus di est li anel.^L693 [L693] om  vus R22
                   Ore vont corner le meienel]^L694 [L694] mainel R22^L694 [L694] ll. 693-4 not in DL22
                   Li chevalier e li serjant;
           696  [Ne volt] soner ne tant ne quant,^L696 [L696] Ne le poent s. tant L22^L696 [L696] Nel porent22^L693 [L693] The first couplet is not in DL, and there seems to be some connexion between this fact and the presence of the word meienel. In l. 697 we have, I think, a stylistic device to emphasize the complete lack of success among those who attempt the feat and the device loses its effectiveness without the repetition of ne volt soner, but if this expression is in l. 696, then li chevalier e li serjant have no predicate unless we accept the preceding couplet. Further, in DL l. 696 has a syllable too many and reads like a rewriting in order to supply a predicate to l. 695 left in the air by the omission of ll. 693-4. On balance I accept the authenticity of the couplet. Cf. ll. 6373-4, 6379-80 n.22
                   Unc pur nul d'els ne volt suner.^L697 [L697] pur nuls LR22
                   Dunc l'unt bailliez al bachelier
                   Qu'il apeloent le prisun
           700  Qui Aveloc aveit a nun.^L700 [L700] A. out n. R22
                   Quant cil le tint, si l'esgardat

Page 22

                   E dist qu'il unches [ne cornad].^L702 [L702] u. cor ne sonat23
                   Al seignur dist: 'Larrai ester.
           704  Quant autre [home] nel pot corner,^L704 [L704] om  home DL23 [f.99a]
                   Tut vus claim quite vostre anel,
                   [Ne rois pener le meienel].'^L706 [L706] le mencebuel L23^L706 [L706] meinel R23^L706 [L706] Quant lunt asaiez tant damisel23^L706 [L706] There seems to have been something not quite clear in the last word of the line, for D has rewritten the line completely; L has the meaningless men cebuel, which suggests the possibility of a hole in its copy at this point through which cebu was mistakenly read from the underlying folio.23
                   Respunt Sigar: 'Vus si ferez,^L707 [L707] S. nun f. R23
           708  A vostre buche le metez.'^L708 [L708] le mettrez L23
                   'Sire,' fait il, 'cel [ne] vus vied,^L709 [L709] f. cil co ne R23^L709 [L709] nert correction23
                   Ja serrad de mei asaied.'^L710 [L710] De mai s. ja R23
                   [Donc prist le corn, si l'ad seigné,
           712  A sa buche l'ad asaié].^L712 [L712] ll. 711-12 not in DL23
                   Tresque [sa] buche l'atuchad,^L713 [L713] le tuchad LR23^L713 [L713] Tost a sa b. L23^L713 [L713] la23
                   Le corn [tant] gentement sunad^L714 [L714] om  tant DL23
                   Que unc ne fud ainz oïd [son per];^L715 [L715] suner DL23^L715 [L715] son per R, suner DL. As the line is referring to the quality of the sound, the reading of R is to be preferred.23
           716  Nuls hom ne sot si bien corner.
                   Sigar l'entent, salid en piez,
                   Entre ses braz l'ad enbraciez.
                   Puis [s'escriad]: 'Deu seit loed!^L719 [L719] sescrie23
           720  Or ai mun dreit seignur trovez,
                   Ore ai celui que desirai
                   Pur qui la guerre maintendrai.
                   Ço est [li dreiz eirs] e la persone^L723 [L723] le dreit eir23
           724  Qui deit porter d'or la corune.'^L724 [L724] or. This is the noun, not the adverb. Cf. l. 3915: Li reis corone d'or portad.23
                   Tuz ses [homes] ad dunc mandez,^L725 [L725] baruns DL23^L725 [L725] homes R, baruns DL. There are two recognitions of Haveloc's position: (a) by Sigar and his personal retinue (ll. 725-8) and (b) by the disaffected barons (ll. 729-32); but this has been lost sight of by DL, so their reading is to be rejected.23
                   Lores li firent fedeiltez,
                   Il [meïsmes] s'agenuillad,^L727 [L727] E il mesme DL23
           728  De fei tenir [l'aseürad].^L728 [L728] lui seurad23
                   Puis [enveia] pur ses baruns^L729 [L729] les b. R23^L729 [L729] enveit DL23
                   A qui cel rei aveit tençuns,
                   Si sunt ses humes devenuz^L731 [L731] Tuz sunt R23
           732  E a seignur l'unt [receüz].^L732 [L732] E a lur s. unt tenuz L23^L732 [L732] reconeuz23^L732 [L732] receuz R, reconeuz D, tenuz L. As DL diverge in their readings and as hiatus -e is generally maintained by Gaimar, I have followed R. The parallel passage in the Harley fragments (R. Imelmann, Lazamon, Versuch . . ., Berlin, 1906):
                   Li Bretun qui i ierent venu
                   Si hume sunt tu[it devenu],
                   A seinur l'unt tuit receu should be noted. For some reason DL take exception to this use of receveir on another occasion, viz. l. 2345: A Dorewit fud receüd, where DL read reconeud.23
                   Quant ço unt fait, asemblent gent,

Page 23

                   [En] quatre jurz [en] unt maint cent^L734 [L734] jurz unt DL24^L734 [L734] An24
                   E el quint jur des chevaliers
           736  Orent il bien trente milliers.
                   Le rei Odulf dunc defïerent^L737 [L737] Li reis O. R24
                   E en plain camp [s'entrecontrerent].^L738 [L738] om  camp R24^L738 [L738] En un plein c. R24^L738 [L738] sencuntrerent DL24
                   Asez i ot [granz] cops feruz,^L739 [L739] grant24
           740  Li reis Odul[f] fud dunc vencuz
                   Car Aveloc si se cuntint, [f.99b]
                   Il sul en ocist plus de vint.
                   Dous princes [i ot] del païs^L743 [L743] p. aveit el p. R24^L743 [L743] ocist24
           744  Qui ainz erent ses enemis
                   E od Odulf s'erent tenud;
                   Ore sunt a sa merci venud.
                   Del païs la menue gent
           748  Vindrent a merci ensement
                   E Aveloc lur fist parduns
                   Par le cunseil de ses baruns.
                   Tuit lui jurerent fedeilted^L751 [L751] Tuz j. sa f. R24
           752  Li chevalier de cel regné
                   E li prodom e li burgeis
                   De lui firent seignur e reis.
                   Grant feste fist e grant baldoire,^L755 [L755] f. tint R24
           756  Si cum nus dit la veire estoire.^L756 [L756] la verai e. R24
                   Aprés sumunst tut son navire,^L757 [L757] tut sa n. L tute sa n. R24^L757 [L757] sumond R24
                   De sun rëalme tuit l'empire,^L758 [L758] tute lemp. R24
                   Od sa grant ost la mer passad,^L759 [L759] Od grant od ost L24
           760  Rei Edelsi dunc defiad;^L760 [L760] Li reis E. R24
                   Celui [mandad] qu'il le defie,^L761 [L761] Co li m. R24^L761 [L761] mandet24
                   Si lui ne rent le dreit s'amie,^L762 [L762] Si ne li r. L Sil ne li r. R24
                   E Edelsi [li remandad]^L763 [L763] E. le r. L24^L763 [L763] om  E L Li reis E. R24^L763 [L763] tost lui mandad24
           764  Qu'encuntre lui se cumbatrad.
                   Cumbatirent [sei] en un plain^L765 [L765] enz en L24^L765 [L765] Se c. en24

Page 24

                   [Des le matin tresk'al serain].^L766 [L766] Del m. R25^L766 [L766] Des le seir tresqual matin DL25^L766 [L766] ll. 765 and 766 interverted25
                   Mult i ot humes [afolez]^L767 [L767] asemblez DL25
           768  D'ambes[dous] parz [e mort ruez]^L768 [L768] a m. dampnez L25^L768 [L768] e m. rueiz R25^L768 [L768] a m. navrez D25^L768 [L768] om  dous DL25^L765 [L765] In D the first couplet is interverted, as shown by the agreement in order of L and R. Further, in DL we have a faulty rime due to the interversion of matin and seir in l. 766, for the context requires an all-day battle with cessation of hostilities at nightfall and this is supplied by R. In l. 767 both D and L give a metrically faulty line and their readings diverge in the second half of the line, so it is advisable to follow R; moreover the construction calls for an expression at the end of l. 767 parallel in sense to that which terminates the couplet, and this is adequately supplied by R.25
                   Quant neire nuit les desevrad
                   Tresqu'al demain qu'il ajurnad.
                   Mais par cunseil de la reïne^L771 [L771] om  de L25^L771 [L771] le c. DL25
           772  Qui enseignat une mescine
                   Remist le mal e la bataille,^L773 [L773] Par ki r. R25
                   Sun regné ot senz grant cuntraille.^L774 [L774] g. ?ca uaile L25^L774 [L774] s. grei R25^L773 [L773] line-ends torn in R25
                   Tute nuit fist enfichier pels^L775 [L775] f. en terre ficher p. R25
           776  Plus gros e greinurs de tinels,^L776 [L776] que toneuls L ke tonels R25^L776 [L776] e granz R25
                   Les morz humes i enficherent^L777 [L777] h. en sus ficherent R25 [f.99c]
                   E tute nuit sus les drescerent;^L778 [L778] om  sus L25
                   Dous eschieles en firent granz,
           780  [Que] veirement furent semblanz,^L780 [L780] v. estait s. R25
                   Cum fussent cumbatanz e vifs.^L781 [L781] Que L Kil R25
                   Le jur devant furent ocis.^L782 [L782] d. erent o. R25
                   Hom ki de luin[z] les [es]gardout^L783 [L783] agardout25
           784  Tute la char l'en heriçot
                   Ambure de luinz e de pres
                   Hysdus semblent morz descunfés.
                   L'endemain s'en raparaillerent,
           788  De cumbatre mult s'aficherent
                   [E les vëors vindrent devant^L789 [L789] om  E R25^L789 [L789] ll. 789-90 not in DL25
                   Vëeir la gent dan Cuarant].^L790 [L790] Cuherant R25^L790 [L790] Veher R25
                   Quant unt veüd quei il i ad,^L791 [L791] v. que tant en i a R25
           792  Tute la char lur heriçad^L792 [L792] c. len h. R25
                   Car encuntre un [hom] qu'il aveient,^L793 [L793] home DL25
                   De l'autre part set en vëeient.^L794 [L794] vaient R25^L794 [L794] aveient DL25
                   [Arere en vont al rei] nuncier^L795 [L795] Al rei le vont tost DL25
           796  Del cumbatre n'i ad mestier,^L796 [L796] Le c. L Li c. R25

Page 25

                   [Rende] a la dame sun dreit^L797 [L797] om  a R26^L797 [L797] Rendez L26^L797 [L797] Rent26
                   E facet [pais], ainz que pis seit.^L798 [L798] facez L26^L798 [L798] plait26^L797 [L797] The subjunctive is required in both lines, though D substitutes the indicative, giving a metrically faulty line. The reading of L is perhaps an indication that Gaimar used the same termination for the two verbs, so I have made the first conform to the second. Cf. the corresponding couplet in the Lai d' Haveloc:
                   A la dame rende sun dreit
                   E face pes ainz ke pis seit (ll. 1083-4).26
                   Li reis ne pot par el passer.^L799 [L799] el aler R26
           800  Dunc li estuet [ço] graanter^L800 [L800] granter DLR26^L800 [L800] ico26
                   Kar si barun lui unt loed.^L801 [L801] om  si R26
                   Re[ndu] li fu tuit le regned
                   Des Hoiland tresqu'en Colecestre.
           804  Reis Havelocs la tint sa feste,^L804 [L804] H. i tint L26^L804 [L804] Rei R26
                   Les homages de ses baruns
                   Reçut par[tut] ses regïuns.
                   Pois aprés desque quinze dis^L807 [L807] a. co ke q. R26
           808  Ne vesquid li reis Edelsis.
                   Il ne ot nul eir si dreiturier^L809 [L809] dreiturel R26
                   Cume Haveloc e sa muillier.
                   Il ot enfanz mais morz esteient.
           812  Les barnages tres bien otreient
                   Que Haveloc e sa amie^L813 [L813] sa amie. As we are without the reading of R, owing to a tear in the MS., we do not know whether this hiatus is due to Gaimar. As he nowhere uses the masculine form of the possessive to avoid hiatus before a feminine noun, I keep the reading of the MSS. A similar non-elision–sa anme–occurs in the Bestiaire, where the editor emends to sue anme (cf. l. 12 n), Tobler (Versbau³, p. 55, n. 1) adduces sa ante from Angier (S. Greg., l. 77) and in Ste. Marie l'Egyptienne (ed. A. T. Baker, R.d.l.r. LIX (1916-17), 145-400) we find sa ure (l. 835).26
                   Ait la terre rei Edelsie.
                   Ja si ot il, vint anz fud reis
           816  E mult cunquist par les Daneis.^L816 [L816] om  E DL26 [f.99d]
                   Dunc ot des la Nativited
                   Bien pres de cinc cenz anz passed,
                   N'en ot que sul cinc anz a dire.^L819 [L819] Niert ke c.a. R26^L819 [L819] passed in text a dire noted in margin26
           820  L'autre Certiz od sun navire^L820 [L820] La outre C. H26^L820 [L820] l'autre Certiz. The use of the same expression elsewhere, viz. l. 1779 to distinguish Wilfrid, successor of St. John of Beverley, from St. Wilfrid, l. 4207, to distinguish Edmund Ironside from a shadowy uncle of the same name, l. 5225 to distinguish Harold of England from his namesake of Norway, shows that Gaimar is distinguishing Cerdic of Wessex, of whom he is reading in A.S.C., from another Cerdic, to whom Modred gave land (ll. 7-10). This Cerdic somehow represents the Cheldric of Geoffrey of Monmouth, though we do not know, because of the loss of the Estoire des Bretuns, whether or no Gaimar had observed that there were really two Saxon leaders of that name in the Historia. At a later stage, at the meeting between Cnut and Edmund Ironside, he had forgotten this distinction, for he clearly makes Cerdic of Wessex the recipient of Modred's donation.26
                   [Ariva a Certicesore –^L821 [L821] certesore R26
                   Ço est un moncel ki pert uncore –^L822 [L822] om  Co est R26
                   La] arivad il e sun fiz,^L823 [L823] om  La DLH26
           824  Engleis l'apelerent Kenriz.^L824 [L824] En lap. H26
                   Hors e Henges fud lur ancestre,^L825 [L825] furent l. a. H26^L825 [L825] Hors e (et) added later26^L825 [L825] This line, which is undoubtedly authentic, reaffirms the kinship of Cerdic and Hengist to which Gaimar has earlier given expression (ll. 14-17 and l. 25) and which later reappears, though indirectly, following the genealogy of Cerdic (ll. 839-40, 845-6).26
                   Si cum cunte la veire geste.^L826 [L826] la vereie g. R26
                   Il fud fiz [Elessinc] le reis,^L827 [L827] li r. RH26^L827 [L827] f. a selinc L f. alsinc H26^L827 [L827] om  fud L26^L827 [L827] alesinc26
           828  Icest Certiz, si fud Engleis.^L828 [L828] si ert E. R26^L828 [L828] om  si H26

Page 26

                   [E Elessinc fu fiz Elese]
                   [E Elese fu fiz Esling
           832  Esling fiz Eslage fiz Wising
                   Fiz Gewis fiz Wigening
                   Fiz Wilte frere a Winsing
                   Fiz Fretewine fiz Freodagaring
           836  Fiz Freodegar fiz Brending
                   Fiz Brand fiz Beldeging
                   Fiz Beldeg nez Winhing
                   Beldeg fu del linage Wodnez
           840  De ki linage Hors e Henges furent nez.
                   De lur linage furent nez
                   Cels ki furent apelez
                   Lé Westsexiens e lé Suthsexiens
           844  E les Estsexiens e lé Midelsexiens.
                   Mes pur ço ke Henges e Hors
                   E Certiz ki aprés lur morz –
                   Ki vindrent en la terre
           848  E tant sovent i firent guere
                   Furent de cest real linage
                   Cels e lur barnage
                   E nez del païs ki Ange ad nun
           852  Engleis tuz les apela hom.
                   Vint e quatre] anz durad la guerre^L853 [L853] Quatorze DLH27^L853 [L853] vint e quatre R, quatorze DLH. As Cerdic arrived in 495 and acceded in 519, which gives a period of 24 years, and as quatorze spoils the metre, we must accept the reading of R.27
                   Ainz que Certiz peüst cunquere^L854 [L854] poust R la pout H27
                   Sur les Bretuns guerres de chose.
           856  Idunc iert Cirecestre enclose;^L856 [L856] C. close R27
                   Par la mesgarde des Bretuns^L857 [L857] Mes par la m. as B. R27
                   Fud alumee par muissuns
                   Qui fu e sulfre dedenz porterent^L859 [L859] d. getterent H27^L859 [L859] e suffre LR et foudre H27^L859 [L859] Quar f. L27^L859 [L859] essulfre27
           860  E des maisuns mulz alumerent,^L860 [L860] Et les m. a. H27
                   E li sieges qui defors fud
                   Firent l'asalt par grant vertud.
                   Dunc fud cele cited cunquise
           864  E Glouecestre refud prise;^L864 [L864] G. fud p. L27^L864 [L864] gloucestre DLRH27

Page 27

                   Tresqu'a Saverne tuit cunquistrent,
                   Tuz les meillurs Bretuns ocistrent^L866 [L866] Et les H28
                   E des la mer, u ariverent,
           868  Tresqu'a Saverne [a els turnerent]^L868 [L868] tur cunquistrent28
                   Tuit le païs e le regned
                   E les Bretuns en unt cacied.^L856 [L856] This siege, and capture, of Cirencester is distinct from that recorded A.S.C. 577 and duly described by Gaimar in ll. 991-2. It is important, because it introduces the stratagem of the fire-bearing sparrows, which is later found attached to the Gormund story. Gaimar did not find it in Geoffrey of Monmouth nor in connexion with Gormund. The stratagem is an old folk-tale, it would seem, told of varying people, including Cerdic, and of varying places, including Silchester. It would appear that Gaimar found it attached to Cerdic and to Cirencester, hence its introduction here. Metre shows that the form of Gloucester used by Gaimar had four syllables, so I have emended here and elsewhere. Cf. l. 1030 n.28
                   Quinze anz regnad li reis Certiz.^L871 [L871] om  li reis L28
           872  Aprés sa mort regnad Kenriz,
                   [Fiz fud Certiz, mult gueread
                   E grant païs a sei turnad];
                   E les Bretuns mult le haeient,^L875 [L875] le leidoient H28
           876  Suvent rancone li faseient.^L876 [L876] E s. R28
                   Les autres Engleis s'espandirent,
                   En plusurs lius regnes saisirent.
                   Si cum Bretun furent enceis,^L879 [L879] B. erent R B. firent LH28^L879 [L879] li B.28
           880  Chescun se fist apeler reis.^L880 [L880] se fesait R28 [f.100a]
                   D'ultre la mer Saines veneient,^L881 [L881] om  la LRH28
                   Cum arivoent, tut perneient
                   E les Bretons pur la lur guerre^L883 [L883] Et aus B. H28
           884  Estuet guerpir la bone terre
                   E vers Guales, [vers] occident,^L885 [L885] en loc. R28^L885 [L885] Envers LR Vers H28^L885 [L885] envers o. DH28
                   U erent lur autre parent,
                   S'en alouent e la fueient
           888  E cel païs bien defendeient^L888 [L888] defendirent R28^L888 [L888] En cel p. se d. H28^L888 [L888] Icel p. R28
                   E mult suvent ost asembloent,^L889 [L889] om  mult H28
                   Ultre Saverne le menoent,^L890 [L890] les m. RH28^L890 [L890] Et vers S. H28
                   Si guerreoent les Engleis,^L891 [L891] Et guerreroient H28
           892  Kenriz li e les autres [reis],^L892 [L892] a. maneis L28^L892 [L892] om  li L28^L892 [L892] engleis28
                   E mult sovent se cumbatirent^L893 [L893] om  E H28
                   E lur païs bien chier vendirent.^L894 [L894] om  bien H28
                   En Norfolke erent les Daneis
           896  Del tens que Avelocs fud reis,^L896 [L896] El t. L Des le t. H28
                   Si defendirent lur païs^L897 [L897] de. cel p. RH28^L897 [L897] Si defendeient R28

Page 28

                   E cel qui fud rei Edelsis.^L898 [L898] reis LR29^L898 [L898] f. al r. RH29
                   Mais Wasing ert de lur [linage]^L899 [L899] langage DL29
           900  Qui mult suvent lur fist ultrage;
                   Unc pur home ne volt pleier,
                   Tuz jurz fist tort senz adrescier;
                   [Unques] de rien ne s'adresçad,^L903 [L903] U. de tort ne R29^L903 [L903] Unc29
           904  Cuntre dous reis mult guerreiad.
                   Li uns ot nun [li] reis Burgard,^L905 [L905] om  li DLH29
                   Li autre ot nun [Geine], cuard^L906 [L906] gemecuard L geine le choard R29^L906 [L906] Et li a. H29^L906 [L906] gemetuard DH29
                   Qui pur poür guerpid sa terre.
           908  Poi tens durad entr'els la guerre.^L908 [L908] om  tens H29^L908 [L908] P. de t. R29
                   Dunc vint Kenriz od ses Engleis,^L909 [L909] K. li E. R29
                   Si guerreiad Wasing le reis,^L910 [L910] li r. RH29^L910 [L910] Qui H29
                   [Il e] sun fiz, Cheulinz ot nuns,^L911 [L911] De s. L29^L911 [L911] Un29
           912  Mult ot entr'els lunges tençuns^L912 [L912] longe tencon R grant tencon H29
                   Tant que Wasing en fud ocis;^L913 [L913] om  en R29
                   Kenriz l'ocist sis enemis.
                   Li reis [Burgard] lur aïdat^L915 [L915] lur adjuvat R29^L915 [L915] hurgard29
           916  E des Seisnes dous reis menad,^L916 [L916] E de ses nies R29 [f.100b]
                   Il e Lowine de Glouecestre.^L917 [L917] gloecestre L29^L917 [L917] Ireloune de leycestre R29^L917 [L917] Il e li home de L Il e loune de H29^L917 [L917] gloucestre DH29
                   Mort fud Wasing, ne pot el estre.^L895 [L895] This passage, of which the source is unknown, is not without difficulties and obscurities, which are fully discussed in my article Gaimar's Early Danish Kings (PMLA LXV (1950), 601-40), where I give grounds for thinking that Gaimar actually called his Danish king Walsing, this is, however, not sufficiently certain to warrant its adoption into the text. The original wording of l. 917 cannot be satisfactorily established.29
                   Dous reis de Sesuine [itant] furent,^L919 [L919] od els DH od li L29
           920  Trente anz regnerent, [puis] mururent.^L920 [L920] dunc DL29
                   A Salesbiri par dous feiz
                   Se cumbatid Kenriz li reis,
                   Il e Cheulins, od les Bretuns
           924  Kar tuz jurz ot entr'els tençuns.
                   [E] en lur tens, quant il regnerent,^L925 [L925] om  E DL29
                   Dous jurz tuz clers noit [anuiterent]^L926 [L926] om  noit H29^L926 [L926] auorterent DL (eu- L)29
                   E aprés les noiz anoitand^L927 [L927] om  E L29
           928  [Ida] reçout Norhumberland.^L928 [L928] resceu N. L rescut N. R receut N. H29^L928 [L928] Iad DL29
                   Sachiez, ço fud li premier reis

Page 29

                   Qui la tenist del lin [d'Engleis].^L930 [L930] om  del lin H30^L930 [L930] des E. DLH30
                   Icest [Ida] duze anz regnad^L931 [L931] Icestui d. anz i r. L30^L931 [L931] .iad. last two letters capitals in form, d somewhat compressed30
           932  E Baenbur[c] bien restorad,^L932 [L932] baenbure30
                   Dechaette ert e mult defraite
                   De si cum Eubrac l'ot ainz faite.^L934 [L934] c. embrauc lot H30^L934 [L934] des ainz30
                   Ida fud fiz Cubbe, un tirant^L935 [L935] f. umba H30^L935 [L935] Icest I. DL30^L935 [L935] Cubbe. The name represents O.E. Eoppa, but apparently it was not in the version of A.S.C. used by Gaimar. There has been confusion of initial c and e, such as is found elsewhere in the Estoire, but the form of the consonant suggests borrowing from Nennius, where the name appears as Eobba.30
           936  Qui unc a Deu ne fud servant^L936 [L936] ne fut a dieu s. H30
                   [E el] tens Ide encore idunc^L937 [L937] e encore mun L30^L937 [L937] om  E LR30^L937 [L937] Cel30
                   Norhumberland [aveit] sun nun.^L938 [L938] ot DH30
                   [Deiron ert de l'est del Fossé,
           940  Berniche ert l'altre part nomé].^L940 [L940] Herniche R30
                   Cist reis dunc Ide se cumbatid^L941 [L941] E cist r. Ida se L Cist r. idonc se R Cist r. Ide donc se H30
                   Cuntre Bretuns k'il mult haïd
                   E tant forment le[s] guerreiad,
           944  Cel païs sur els cunquestad.^L944 [L944] Le p. L30
                   Mult fud doté partut Bretaine^L945 [L945] par B. RH30^L945 [L945] par tute DL30
                   Kar tuz jurz cresseit sa cumpaigne.
                   Elle e Ide furent regnanz
           948  Le un puis l'altre trente anz.^L948 [L948] chescun .xxx. a. H30^L948 [L948] Lun e p. R30^L947 [L947] Here there is a double misunderstanding by Gaimar of his source, A.S.C. 560. Firstly, the phrase Idan forðgefarenum seems to have led him to think of Ælla as Ida's successor; secondly, and consequently, he has taken the phrase hyra ægðer to apply to the Northumbrian monarchs, not, as in the annal, to Ceawlin of Wessex and Ælla of Deira. Curiously enough he seems to have construed the annal correctly a little earlier, if the Rolls edition is correct in its assumption that ll. 919-20 contain a confused reference to Ceawlin and Ælla. As l. 948 is metrically incorrect in DLR, can it be that H, which reads chescun before trente, here preserves the true reading?30
                   Puis la neisance al Salveür,
                   [Danz] Jesu Crist nostre Seignur,^L950 [L950] om  Danz DLH30
                   [Cinq] cenz e [seisante] cinc anz,^L951 [L951] quarante c. H30^L951 [L951] quatre c. DL30^L951 [L951] Cinz30
           952  Si cum croniches est garanz,^L952 [L952] sunt g. R30^L952 [L952] c. cronikes L c. cronicles RH30^L952 [L952] creniches30
                   Edelbrit fud fait rei de Kent^L953 [L953] E Ed. L30
                   E de Surrie ensement.^L954 [L954] de sudeine R30 [f.100c]
                   [Cinquante treis] anz tint le regne,^L955 [L955] regnie L30^L955 [L955] om  tint L30^L955 [L955] Quarante cinc DLH30
           956  [Cristienté] e dreit [baptesme]^L956 [L956] Cristiene fud L Crestienete R30^L956 [L956] e d. baptize DL30^L956 [L956] De crestiens30
                   [Li] enveiad li apostoire;^L957 [L957] Il env. a L Lenv. H30^L957 [L957] I30
                   Il le requist de saint Gregoire.^L958 [L958] Il la r. L30
                   Danz Columbans le baptized,

Page 30

           960  Un sainz prestre que Deus amad,^L960 [L960] un p. fu q. R31
                   Puis alad norht, la cunversad,
                   Od les [Pecteis] dunc abitad,^L962 [L962] picteis R31^L962 [L962] pecleis DL31
                   L'ille de Nun li fud doned^L963 [L963] de luni li H31^L963 [L963] om  de R31^L963 [L963] Nun. All MSS. agree in this name, which Gross explains as due to a misreading of hii (= Iona). As this mistake may have been made by Gaimar, I have made no correction in the text.31
           964  E puis fud iloc abed.
                   Ninan aveit einz baptized^L965 [L965] Dinan R31
                   Les autres Pecteis del regned –^L966 [L966] pictes R pectes H31^L966 [L966] pecleis DL31
                   Ço sunt les Westmaringïens,^L967 [L967] Westmaringiens. As the source of this information is not known, the identity of the people concerned remains a problem, but the name is, perhaps, to be connected with the westmering which figures in the story of Rodric, king of the Picts.31
           968  Idunc esteient [Pectïens.^L968 [L968] pictiens R31^L968 [L968] Ki donc R31^L968 [L968] pecliens DL31
                   A Wyternen gist saint Ninan,^L969 [L969] dinan R31
                   Long tens vint devant Columban].^L969 [L969] not in DLH31
                   Cinc cenz anz e [sessante] uit^L971 [L971] e uit31^L971 [L971] e quatre DL31^L971 [L971] The agreement of RH shows that the correct number is 68; DL have the same type of meaningless numeral (quatre e uit) as at l. 951.31
           972  Furent alez en cele nuit,
                   Quant Cheulinz e Cuda li reis
                   Mistrent en fuie les Kenteis.
                   Reis Edelbrith fud desconfiz,
           976  Ses dous baruns furent osciz.^L976 [L976] i furent DL31
                   Mort i furent si [dui barun],^L977 [L977] f. andui li b. L31^L977 [L977] om  i LH31^L977 [L977] barun dui31
                   Oslaf e [Cnebbe orent cil nun].^L978 [L978] cubbe L cheuebe H31^L978 [L978] C. tut pur ennui31^L978 [L978] cuebe31
                   Cil Cude fud frere [Ceulin],^L979 [L979] Cil cubbe f. L31^L979 [L979] ceulinz DL31
           980  Bretuns venquid un jur [matin];^L980 [L980] matinz DL31
                   A Bedefort la les venquid,^L981 [L981] Bedefort. All MSS. concur in this reading, and Gaimar most probably understood by it Bedford, though place-name scholars no longer accept this identification of the Biedcanford of A.S.C.(E) 571.31
                   Treis bons recez dunc lur tolid,^L982 [L982] la lur t. L31^L982 [L982] om  dunc LH31
                   Ailesbiri e Besentune
           984  E la cited de Luietune.^L984 [L984] luitune R luintune H31^L984 [L984] E donc la c. R31^L984 [L984] luntune DL31
                   Entre Cheulinz e cel sun frere^L985 [L985] om  cel H31^L985 [L985] e cude s. f. R31
                   Firent as Bretuns male here.
                   A Sorham treis reis ocistrent,^L987 [L987] forham L31
           988  Si cum li livre ancien distrent,^L988 [L988] om  livre H31
                   [Coimagil e Candidant,
                   Farinmagil un rei poant].

Page 31

                   Dunc si cunquistrent Glouecestre,^L991 [L991] gloecestre L32^L991 [L991] gloucestre DRH32^L991 [L991] a G.32
           992  Si pristrent Bade e Cirecestre.^L992 [L992] cycestre R32^L992 [L992] p. bae en C. L32
                   Cheulinz e Cude avant alerent,
                   Bretuns quistrent tant ques troverent,^L994 [L994] quels t. L ke t. R quil les t. H32 [f.100d]
                   A els vindrent en la cuntree
           996  Qui ot a nun Feadecanlee.^L996 [L996] Whence did Gaimar derive his form of the place-name–Feadecanlee? It has every appearance of being the transcription of a genuine O.E. form. If so, the first component seems to be a personal-name of the same type as that in Bedcanford A.S.C.(A) 571 and in Badecanwielle A.S.C.(A) 924.32
                   Cudan ocistrent li Bretun^L997 [L997] C. i o. R32
                   Puis vont a grant perdicïun,^L998 [L998] a destruccion H32^L998 [L998] Vont puis R32
                   Destruiz furent e descunfiz.
         1000  Le reis Cheulinz ad tut saisiz
                   E lur herneis e lur aveirs^L1001 [L1001] Lur h. H32^L1001 [L1001] aveirs and maneirs interverted32
                   E lur tresors e lur maneirs.
                   Dunc fud mort li reis d'Everwic,
         1004  Si firent rei de Edelric.^L1004 [L1004] edelfriz R32^L1004 [L1004] cedefric DLH32
                   Edelfrid fud reis e vaillanz,
                   [Edelriz] ne fud fors cinc anz,^L1006 [L1006] E E. ne fu reis f. R32^L1006 [L1006] Cedefriz DLH32
                   [Edelfrid fu del linage Ida.
         1008  Mes danz Ceulin, Quintelm e Cridan^L1008 [L1008] ll. 1007-8 not in DLH32
                   Furent alé] de ceste vie.^L1009 [L1009] Quant cez sunt alez DLH32
                   Uns reis d'Escoce fist estultie;
                   Egtan ot nun, od Edelfrid^L1011 [L1011] om  od H32
         1012  Od tute s'ost se cumbatid.^L1012 [L1012] Od tut sun ost LR32
                   A [Dexestane] se asemblerent,^L1013 [L1013] A soreham H32^L1013 [L1013] heroldesham DL32^L1013 [L1013] Dexestane R. This represents the Dægsanstane of A.S.C. 603, but was early misunderstood in the tradition of DLH. The latest MS. reads Sorham, but DL give Heroldesham, by which they appear to mean Hexham. I suggest that a misdivision ad exestane combined with a misreading of -stane as -ham gave rise to this mistake. Cf. l. 3248 where Fuleham becomes Fulchestan in L.32
                   Mult des Escoz i meserrerent^L1014 [L1014] M. les E. m. R32
                   E li freres rei [Edelfriz],^L1015 [L1015] f. reis E. RH32^L1015 [L1015] edelfrid32
         1016  Tiedbald ot nun, cil fud ocis;^L1016 [L1016] Teedbald L Thebaud H32^L1016 [L1016] Tielbald DR32
                   [Herins] ot nun cil quis menad,^L1017 [L1017] Kenriz H32^L1017 [L1017] Henris DL32
                   La gent d'Escoce caelad.
                   Dunc ot le siecle bien duret^L1019 [L1019] li secles RH32
         1020  De la Jesu Nativited
                   Sis cenz e cinc anz, ço lisum.^L1021 [L1021] The arrival of the mission is given by A.S.C. in 596, but it is possible to surmise why Gaimar gives the later date. He had followed Northumbrian affairs through a number of annals as far as the battle of Dægsanstane and in so doing had read of Augustine's mission and of the sending of the pallium. At 596 he read: Her Gregorius papa sende to Brytene Augustinum mid wel manegum munucum, and at 601: Her sende Gregorius papa Augustine arcebiscope pallium on Brytene $$ wel manega godcunde larewas. He seems to have felt the need to give some content to these phrases, hence the mention of Paulinus from 601 and of Mellitus and Justus from 604. Thus he would have arrived at 605 and, when he began to compose this section of his Estoire, set down this date instead of the real one.32
                   Dunc enveiad Gregorïum

Page 32

                   Saint Aüstin en Engleterre.^L1023 [L1023] en la terre R33^L1023 [L1023] S. augustin LH33
         1024  Il i fist paiz, destruist la guerre.^L1024 [L1024] om  i R33^L1024 [L1024] p. e d. DL33
                   Paulin i vint sun cumpainiun,
                   E dan Justin e [Meliton].^L1026 [L1026] melicun DL33
                   Crestïented mult eshalcerent,^L1027 [L1027] om  mult H33
         1028  En plusurs lius genz bapticerent.
                   Dunc fud Chealwlf reis de Gincestre,
                   De Westsexe e de Glouecestre.^L1030 [L1030] gloecestre L33^L1030 [L1030] gloucestre DRH33^L1030 [L1030] E de DLRH33^L1030 [L1030] Glouecestre. Though the MSS., with the exception of L, usually have no -e before -cestre in this name, the metre shows that it is required and Gloecestre, the uniform spelling in L, seems to confirm this. The adoption of the form with -e- makes the line hypermetric, unless, as I have done, we omit the copula at the beginning of the line; the construction is then parallel to that in l. 3163.33
                   Cist reis levad tençuns, estrifs,^L1031 [L1031] t. e est. LRH33^L1031 [L1031] r. ama t. R r. meut t. H33
         1032  Pur guerreier penad tut dis^L1032 [L1032] g. se p. LRH33^L1032 [L1032] P. guerrer L33 [f.101a]
                   U as Engleis u as Seisuns^L1033 [L1033] a […] a LR33
                   U [as] Escoz u [as] Bretuns.^L1034 [L1034] a […] as L33^L1034 [L1034] a […] a DR33
                   [Li reis Edwine esteit donc reis,^L1035 [L1035] E. fut d. H33
         1036  Si prist les crestïenes leis],^L1036 [L1036] cristienes H33^L1036 [L1036] crestiene R33^L1036 [L1036] ll. 1035-6 not in DL33
                   De Everwic ert; [i]ço savom:^L1037 [L1037] co DLH33
                   Qu'il estorad religïum
                   E un mustier i estorad^L1039 [L1039] m. restorat R33
         1040  E a saint Piere l'adonad.^L1040 [L1040] le dunad LH33
                   Icist fud reis del lignage Elle^L1041 [L1041] I. reis fu RH33
                   Qui a saint Piere fist sacelle.
                   Un evesque le baptizad,^L1043 [L1043] Uns evesques R33
         1044  Paulins ot nun, Deu [mult] l'amad.^L1044 [L1044] om  mult DLH33
                   Cist aportad le pallïun^L1045 [L1045] Cil L Icist H33
                   De Rome Augustin le barun.^L1046 [L1046] a A. LR33
                   A l'arcevesque Aüstins^L1047 [L1047] augustins LH33
         1048  Fud enveied [i]cist [Paulins],^L1048 [L1048] pallins DLH33^L1048 [L1048] cist DR33
                   Od lui vindrent [mulz] cumpaignuns^L1049 [L1049] m. de c. H33^L1049 [L1049] mult DL33
                   Pur faire predicatïuns.
                   En plusurs lius par le regned
         1052  Pristrent bien tost crestïented^L1052 [L1052] om  bien H33
                   Mais mult demurad lungement,

Page 33

                   Ainz qu'il fust [fait] comunalment,^L1054 [L1054] Einz qen fut fet comandement H34^L1054 [L1054] fud f. LR34^L1054 [L1054] A. ke f. R34
                   E li alquant qui l'otreierent
         1056  Sovent [la] pristrent e relaisserent.^L1056 [L1056] Le p. sovent DLH34^L1056 [L1056] Whichever reading is adopted, we have an additional syllable, but as the final of sovent is tonic and the pronoun in R is more correct, I have accepted R, the line now conforming to a type quite familiar to Gaimar.34
                   Saint Aüstins le bon barun^L1057 [L1057] augustin LH34
                   Ad faite sa beneïçun.^L1058 [L1058] f. par sa b. H34
                   Dous evesques ad ordenez
         1060  E els tres bien de Deu sacrez.^L1060 [L1060] E cels de D. tres ben s. L E ces dous trebien s. R Et ambesdeus a D. s. H34
                   Melites ot li uns a nun,^L1061 [L1061] li uns out n. R34
                   Li autre Justin sun cumpaignun;
                   A Melite donad sun sied,
         1064  A Lundres oüst s'evesquied,^L1064 [L1064] L. out sa e. L L. out son e. H34
                   E [a Justin], a Rouecestre^L1065 [L1065] E augustins H34^L1065 [L1065] first a not in L34^L1065 [L1065] E austin34
                   De la crestïented fust mestre.^L1066 [L1066] seit m. R34^L1066 [L1066] fud DLH34^L1066 [L1066] fud DLH, seit R. The line is a continuation of Augustine's dispositions and parallel to l. 1064, so I have introduced the imp. subjunctive.34
                   Melites dunc tut [al] premier^L1067 [L1067] om  tut R34^L1067 [L1067] om  al DLH34
         1068  En Estsexe alad prëeschier;
                   Le rei Seibert tant prëeschad^L1069 [L1069] Li reis R34
                   Qu'il baptisterie demandad. [f.101b]
                   Cil ert nevod rei [Edelbert],^L1071 [L1071] n. le rei E. L n. reis E. R34^L1071 [L1071] edelbrit34
         1072  Fiz sa serur; a descovert
                   [Amad il] Deu e bien servid.^L1073 [L1073] D. ama et servit H34^L1073 [L1073] Il amad D. DL34
                   Ricolan ot nun quil nurid,
                   Serur le rei qui Chent teneit.
         1076  De Deu seium nus benëeit!^L1076 [L1076] beneit DLRH34^L1076 [L1076] nus tuz DL34
                   E par cest rei ki Kent dunc tint^L1077 [L1077] ke dunc K. t. L34
                   Saint Aüstin el païs vint.^L1078 [L1078] S. augustin H34
                   Edelfrit ert [nobles] poant^L1079 [L1079] n. e p. R34^L1079 [L1079] reis DLH34
         1080  [Si ert reis] de Norhumberland.^L1080 [L1080] De trestut DLH34
                   A Leïrcestre ost amenad^L1081 [L1081] L. sost mena H34^L1081 [L1081] L. grant ost mena R34^L1081 [L1081] leicestre RH34^L1081 [L1081] Leïrcestre. This appears to be the name used by Gaimar, but he seems not to have realized that Chester, not Leicester, is meant. He may have been misled by his copy of A.S.C., for it is not without interest that A.S.C.(E) 605 reads: Æðelfrið lædde his ferde to Legaceastre . . . Scrocmail wæs gehaten hyra ealdor; but the addition to A.S.C.(A) 607 has: Æðelfrið lædde his færde to Legercyestre . . . Scrocmail was gehaten heora ealdormann.34
                   E maint Bretun iloec trovad;^L1082 [L1082] i. tua H34^L1082 [L1082] om  E DLRH34
                   Od els [i]dunc se cumbatid,^L1083 [L1083] dunc DLH34
         1084  Mult en ocist, tuz les venquid.^L1084 [L1084] om  les H34

Page 34

                   Dous cenz prestres vindrent orer,
                   Les morz [voleient] enterrer.^L1086 [L1086] s. neschapa v. H35^L1086 [L1086] un tut s. R35^L1086 [L1086] vindrent DLH35
                   [Cil] refurent el champ ocis,^L1087 [L1087] E il DL35
         1088  Neïs un sul n'en alad vifs.
                   Brocmaïl [i]cist reis ot nun,^L1089 [L1089] Broemail L Broemal H35^L1089 [L1089] cist DLH35^L1089 [L1089] Brocinail DR35^L1089 [L1089] Brocmaïl. This is clearly the name used by Gaimar and shows that the copy of A.S.C. used by him was not identical with the extant E-version. He does not seem to have realized Brocmail's position, viz. defensor of the monks, otherwise he would scarcely have contradicted himself in almost the same breath by saying neïs un sul n'en alad vifs (l. 1088) and then passing immediately to the flight of Brocmail and his companions.35
                   Sei cinquantime cumpaignun
                   [Fuït] cum hom desbareted,^L1091 [L1091] Fud35
         1092  S'il [remansist], si fust tued.^L1092 [L1092] remeist DL35
                   [Saint] Aüstins par prophecie,^L1093 [L1093] Sant35^L1093 [L1093] space for name in H35
                   Si cum escrit est en sa vie,
                   Aveit ço [dit e] bien pramis:^L1095 [L1095] en35^L1095 [L1095] dist DR35
         1096  'Tuz les Bretuns d'icel païs^L1096 [L1096] A tuz L35
                   Qui la triwe freindre voldrunt^L1097 [L1097] enfreindre H35
                   Es mains [as] Sednes perirunt'.^L1098 [L1098] m. de S. R35^L1098 [L1098] es35
                   Ici fud bien la prophecie^L1099 [L1099] sa p. R35^L1099 [L1099] Isci RH35^L1099 [L1099] la p. and aemplie interverted in DLH35
         1100  E asumee [e] aemplie.^L1100 [L1100] om  e DLH35
                   Idunc fud morz li reis de Kent;
                   Ço fud damage a mainte gent.^L1102 [L1102] mute R multe H35
                   Sis fiz regnad danz Edelbald,^L1103 [L1103] om  danz R35^L1103 [L1103] Son f. R35^L1103 [L1103] Edelbald. All MSS. concur in this form, but it is wrong; the real name is Eadbald, but the Edel- may have been induced by confusion with the name of the father, though it is impossible to say whether the mistake was made by Gaimar or was already in his source. The name is correctly rendered later (ll. 1247, 1271).35
         1104  Crestïenté [tut] s'en defalt.^L1104 [L1104] C. tint sanz faut H35^L1104 [L1104] En c. t. se d. R35^L1104 [L1104] tute DL35
                   [Cinquante] treis anz ot regned^L1105 [L1105] Quarante DLH35^L1105 [L1105] The number in R agrees with A.S.C. and also with l. 955, so I regard it as due to Gaimar.35
                   Cil Edelbrit li reis preised.^L1106 [L1106] C. ethelbald H35^L1106 [L1106] om  Cil R35 [f.101c]
                   Une feme [ot], sun fiz [la] prist^L1107 [L1107] le35^L1107 [L1107] aod35
         1108  E l'arcevesque le cuntredist,
                   Laurent ot nun, guerpir voleit.
                   L'arcevesque cure n'aveit^L1110 [L1110] c. nen a. LH35^L1110 [L1110] car c. R35^L1110 [L1110] Lercevesquie L35
                   De cunsentir si a errer,^L1111 [L1111] c. le rei si R35
         1112  Tel advoltire a demener.^L1112 [L1112] om  a L35^L1112 [L1112] Ne tel R35
                   Seint Piere vint, a lui parlad:
                   'Alez al rei', ço cumandat,^L1114 [L1114] om  co R35^L1114 [L1114] Asez R35
                   Que laist ester ceste heresie,

Page 35

         1116  Si [maint] bunté, ament sa vie!!^L1116 [L1116] en b. et arme sa v. H36^L1116 [L1116] Si merrad en b. sa v. L36^L1116 [L1116] aimt36
                   Cil s'en turnad liez e joiant.
                   Tant ad parlé en sermonant
                   Que li reis prist crestïented^L1119 [L1119] r. fut cristiene H36
         1120  E [amad sens] e honested^L1120 [L1120] a. seinte e L a. sen et H36^L1120 [L1120] ame ad sainte h.36
                   [E] quant li reis fud adrescet,^L1121 [L1121] Mais36
                   Li arcevesque se fist mult liet.^L1122 [L1122] a. sen feit l. R a. en fut m.l. H36
                   Ne demurad giens lungement^L1123 [L1123] gueres R36^L1123 [L1123] mie DLH36^L1123 [L1123] giens. Neither the mie of DLH nor the gueres of R gives a metrically correct line; however, l. 2486 shows giens in DL, but divergence in reading between guers R and pas H. The particle was obsolescent by the end of the twelfth century, so is not likely to have been introduced by the scribes and the reading of R at both places suggests the presence of the same word each time in its copy.36
         1124  Que ne transid li bon Laurent.^L1124 [L1124] om  ne LH36
                   Pres del sarcu l'unt dunc posed,^L1125 [L1125] lont puis p. H36
                   Saint Aüstin l'[out] cumanded;^L1126 [L1126] S. augustin LH36^L1126 [L1126] unt DL36^L1126 [L1126] A s.36
                   Si cum il ainz l'amad en vie,
         1128  Ore li refaced cumpaignie.
                   Dunc fud Melites amened,^L1129 [L1129] om  il H36
                   A arcevesque l'unt sacred.
                   Quant cil de Lundres le perdirent,
         1132  Crestïented tut deguerpirent.^L1132 [L1132] om  en R36
                   Aprés l'arcevesque Mellit
                   Idunc si fud Justin eslit;^L1134 [L1134] om  si LH36^L1133 [L1133] not in R36
                   Li [evesque] de Rouecestre^L1135 [L1135] Li eveskes R36^L1135 [L1135] arcevesque DH36
         1136  A Cantuorbire en firent mestre^L1136 [L1136] a londres R36
                   E a Rumain donent le sied^L1137 [L1137] a ruinien H36
                   De Rouecestre e l'evesquied.
                   Reis Edelfrid en icel tens
         1140  Fud dunc ocis, si cum jo pens.
                   [Readwald] l'ocist li reis d'Estengle,^L1141 [L1141] om  li H36^L1141 [L1141] Redwald L36^L1141 [L1141] Rei edwald36
                   Norfolke, Sudfolke, Estsexe ensemble:^L1142 [L1142] e E. out e. R36 [f.101d]
                   Ço ert le regne qu'il teneit.
         1144  Icist [Readwald] saisit l'aveit^L1144 [L1144] Occist R. L36^L1144 [L1144] rei edwalt36
                   [E] quant fud mort reis Edelfrid,^L1145 [L1145] om  E DLH36
                   Edwine Elling ad tut saisid.^L1146 [L1146] see note36^L1146 [L1146] om  ad H36^L1146 [L1146] Edwinelin L Edwine alline R Edwine adeling H36^L1146 [L1146] E E. ad36^L1146 [L1146] E Edwine D, Edwin elin L, Edwine elline R, Edwine adeling H. It is clear that Gaimar used the double name corresponding to the Eadwine Ælling of A.S.C.(E) 617, hence my correction. The reading of H is interesting; it has arisen from a displacement of the verb ad from before tut and suggests that the meaning of O.E. æðeling was still known to the copyist, for he did not meet it in his text until l. 1726.36

Page 36

                   Tute Bretaine [i]dunc cunquist,
         1148  Asquanz chaçad, asquanz ocist
                   Des gentilz homes de la terre^L1149 [L1149] not in H37
                   Cum home qui la volt cunquerre.^L1150 [L1150] l. voleit c. LRH37^L1150 [L1150] om  la R37
                   Mais cil de Kent tindrent lur dreit
         1152  E funt la guerre a grant espleit.
                   Edelfrit fud del lignage Ide;
                   Se si enfant unt bon' aïde,
                   Nus hom n'ad tel dreit en la terre;
         1156  [Perdue] l'unt, sin [firent] guerre.^L1156 [L1156] ferent L37^L1156 [L1156] ferunt37^L1156 [L1156] Perdu DL37
                   Ore vus dirai cum [ourent] nun^L1157 [L1157] c. il unt n. L37^L1157 [L1157] Mes o. L37^L1157 [L1157] c. unt a n.37
                   Les fiz Edelfrit lu barun;
                   [Heanfrid] ot nun [tut] li ainznez,^L1159 [L1159] Heunfred L Henfrei H37^L1159 [L1159] om  tut DLH37^L1159 [L1159] Elured37
         1160  Li autre Oswald [uns] hom amez,^L1160 [L1160] h. ainez L37^L1160 [L1160] O. lautre H37^L1160 [L1160] om  uns DL37
                   [Le] tierz apelerent Oswi,^L1161 [L1161] Li DR37
                   Le quart Os[wude], issi vus di,^L1162 [L1162] issi le vus R37^L1162 [L1162] q. oswide H37^L1162 [L1162] Li q. R37^L1162 [L1162] oswise DL37
                   Le quint Oslaf apelad hom,^L1163 [L1163] Li q. R37^L1163 [L1163] Oslaf. According to A.S.C.(E) 617 Æthelfrith had seven sons, not six as in the Estoire; between Oswy and Oswudu should appear Oslac and consequently the ordinal before each of the last three names is one out. Similarity of Oslac and Oslaf in a sequence of names in Os- could account for the mistake, but there is no means of knowing whether Gaimar made it.37
         1164  Le sist Offa: ço fud sun nun.^L1164 [L1164] Li siste R37^L1163 [L1163] not in L37
                   Cist od les autres s'aliowent,^L1165 [L1165] salient R37
                   Le rei Edwine guerrioent.^L1166 [L1166] guerreient R37^L1166 [L1166] Li reis R37
                   Quintelm li reis le guerriot,^L1167 [L1167] om  le L37^L1167 [L1167] quincelin LH quintelin R37^L1167 [L1167] quinzelin37^L1167 [L1167] Quintelm. The metre shows that Gaimar is using a two-syllable name and the variations in the MSS. lead back to the form adopted, but whether Gaimar is responsible for the deformation cannot be determined. Rathmann (Die lautliche Gestaltung englischer Personnamen . . ., Kiel diss., 1906) is probably correct (o.c., p. 17) in assuming confusion with a Latin name, e.g. Quintilianus.37
         1168  De lui traïr mult se penot;^L1168 [L1168] om  mult L37
                   Un traïtur i enveiad
                   Pur lui ocire: [ço pensad].^L1170 [L1170] P. lui trahir L37^L1170 [L1170] se penad DLH37^L1170 [L1170] The reading of R makes better sense and is in closer agreement with the þohte of A.S.C. 626; also the reading of DLH is partially explicable as a dittography.37
                   Emor ot nun cel traïtur,
         1172  Oez cum fist grant desonur;
                   Tant fist cist hom de pute orine,^L1173 [L1173] T. fud LH37
                   Par nuit vint en la chambre Edwine,^L1174 [L1174] De n. H37^L1174 [L1174] The MSS. diverge completely in their renderings of the name, so I have adopted the one in the source, which is clearly the one Gaimar intended. Cf. l. 1537, where in DL Ine appears as Ille.37
                   A [un] cutel cist mal feluns^L1175 [L1175] om  un DL37
         1176  [I] ocist dous gentilz baruns^L1176 [L1176] om  I DLH37
                   E rei Edwine mult navrad;^L1177 [L1177] le r. E. n. H37^L1177 [L1177] reis E. R37

Page 37

                   D'iloc tres bien [puis] eschapad.^L1178 [L1178] De iloeques puis sen e. H38^L1178 [L1178] b. en e. L38^L1178 [L1178] om  puis DL38
                   Fordhere e Lillan sunt oscis,^L1179 [L1179] elinant L linnan H liban R38^L1179 [L1179] e elliman38 [f.102a]
         1180  Tres bien furent enseveliz.^L1180 [L1180] b. sont e. H38
                   La fille Edwine la nuit fu nee.
                   Li reis pramet qu'ele ert levee;
                   Par tel covent Deu l'ad pramis^L1183 [L1183] t. covenant R38^L1183 [L1183] a Deu DRH38
         1184  Qu'il venjance ait [des] enemis^L1184 [L1184] de ses e. DLH38
                   Qui cest felun lui enveierent^L1185 [L1185] Q. cel enemi l. H38
                   E ses amis Deu [en] preierent.^L1186 [L1186] om  en DLH38
                   E puis quant [ot] ço pramis,^L1187 [L1187] q. out cest p. R q. out ceo p. H38^L1187 [L1187] co ot L38^L1187 [L1187] co aveit38^L1187 [L1187] As LRH agree in using the preterite, I have rejected aveit given by D. The line is thus a syllable short, but I have not ventured to introduce iço, which suggests itself, into the text.38
         1188  Ost menat sur ses enemis^L1188 [L1188] Sost H38
                   E en Westsexe les encuntrad,^L1189 [L1189] as W. R38^L1189 [L1189] om  E LH38
                   Fiere betaille lur livrad;
                   Cinc reis iloec reçurent mort
         1192  De cels qui fait lui orent tort.^L1192 [L1192] qui li eurent fet t. H38
                   Sa fille [ad dunc] a Deu donee,^L1193 [L1193] f. ad puis R38^L1193 [L1193] dunc ad38
                   [Heanfled] l'unt li parent nomee;^L1194 [L1194] si p. H38^L1194 [L1194] Ealfled38
                   Unze autre enfant i ot leved,^L1195 [L1195] enfanz […] levez LRH38^L1195 [L1195] U. altres e. RH38
         1196  Si cum li reis l'ot comanded:^L1196 [L1196] cumandez LRH38
                   Ço fud en Pentecuste fait.
                   Paulin fud mestre d'icel pleit.^L1198 [L1198] m. de cest p. R m. del fet H38
                   E aprés ço en Pascherez
         1200  Li funz furent bien benëeiz.^L1200 [L1200] Les f. RH38^L1200 [L1200] beneiz DLRH38
                   Li reis idunc fud baptizied^L1201 [L1201] r. i fut donc b. H38
                   E [prim]sinez e cunfermed^L1202 [L1202] pisnsinez38^L1202 [L1202] participles interverted in R38
                   E od lui tuz cels del païs:
         1204  Ço fud fait a Everwis,^L1204 [L1204] Et ceo f. H38
                   La u il ainz aveit doned^L1205 [L1205] ainz out d. R38
                   Le liu saint Piere en poësted.^L1206 [L1206] liu a s. P. RH38
                   Saint Paulin tint cel evesquied,^L1207 [L1207] P. out cel e. H38^L1207 [L1207] A seinz P. fu cel e. R38

Page 38

         1208  Cum ercevesque tint le sied.
                   Li rei[s] Pentan dunc reçut regne,
                   Tut le rëalme de Marcenne.^L1210 [L1210] de maresne H39
                   Il guerreiad cuntre dous reis^L1211 [L1211] Cil LRH39^L1211 [L1211] encuntre DLR39
         1212  E anz [e] dis e plusurs meis:^L1212 [L1212] p. meins L39
                   Ço fud Quintelm e Kenegilz,^L1213 [L1213] quinzheline R39^L1213 [L1213] quincelin DLH39
                   Maint hom[e] mistrent en essilz. [f.102b]
                   Puis avint si qu'a Cirecestre^L1215 [L1215] om  si RH39
         1216  Une bataille entr'els dut estre^L1216 [L1216] e. doit e. H39
                   Mais dunc avint mult gentement
                   [Kar fait en] fud acordement.^L1218 [L1218] om  en R f. i f. H39^L1218 [L1218] Quar L39^L1218 [L1218] lac.39^L1218 [L1218] Par faite39
                   Aprés iço ne demurerent
         1220  Que tuz lur homes asemblerent^L1220 [L1220] h. sassamb. H39^L1220 [L1220] h. nasemb.39
                   E lur humes e lur amis
                   E quanqu'il porent el païs.^L1222 [L1222] del p. LH39^L1222 [L1222] Tant qe p. H39^L1219 [L1219] As Gross pointed out, the reference is still to Cwichelm and Cynegils; this seems to be an oversight on Gaimar's part, possibly due to springing from A.S.C. 628 to A.S.C. 633 in order to attach some content to the agreement in the earlier annal; the result is that the position of the real leaders of the attack on Northumbria, Cadwalla and Penda, is obscured.39
                   Encuntre Edwine en sunt alez,^L1223 [L1223] Contre E. H39
         1224  En Hetfelde l'unt encuntrez,^L1224 [L1224] En edelfelde H39
                   Mult [par] i ot maint home ocis^L1225 [L1225] Meint h. i out o. H39^L1225 [L1225] E m. L39^L1225 [L1225] om  par DLH39
                   E detrenchied e fait chaitis;
                   Mal me serreit tut a redire^L1227 [L1227] me seit L me ferreit R39
         1228  Cum li uns vait l'autre ocire^L1228 [L1228] uns lautre volt o. R39
                   Mais le ferir entr'els ne fine^L1229 [L1229] li ferirs R39
                   Tresque mort fud li reis Edwine.^L1230 [L1230] om  li RH39^L1230 [L1230] fud mort LH39^L1230 [L1230] Desqua ne L39
                   [Ceadwale] ot nun [cil] qui l'ocist,^L1231 [L1231] C. cil loccist H39^L1231 [L1231] om  cil DL39^L1231 [L1231] Edwald DL39
         1232  Li reis Pentan le chief en prist,
                   Osfrid sun fiz i refud mort.^L1233 [L1233] i fut m. H39
                   Fuiant s'en vont la gent de nort,^L1234 [L1234] g. del n. RH39
                   Cil vont aprés od lur gent grant,
         1236  Tuit destruistrent Norhumberlant.^L1236 [L1236] Et destruient H39
                   Paulin qui arcevesque esteit
                   Ot que le tort venquit le dreit,^L1238 [L1238] li touz v. R39

Page 39

                   Mult l'em pesad que li paiens^L1239 [L1239] li paen R40^L1239 [L1239] li pes. LR40
         1240  Orent destruit les crestïens.^L1240 [L1240] li crestien R40
                   Dunc li avint tuit a guerpir,^L1241 [L1241] a deguerpir R40^L1241 [L1241] D. covint t. H40
                   En mer entrad pur se[i] garir,^L1242 [L1242] m. entrer p. H40^L1242 [L1242] E en DL40
                   La reïne menad od sei
         1244  Que fud femme Edwine lu [rei],^L1244 [L1244] reine40
                   Edelburc ot nun veirement,
                   Par mer alerent tresqu'en Kent;
                   [Ead]bald li reis bien les recuillid,^L1247 [L1247] om  bien H40^L1247 [L1247] Abald DLH40
         1248  Mult honureement goïd;^L1248 [L1248] h. paulin oid LH honura paulins e joi R40^L1247 [L1247] Although the first line has nine syllables, I have not ventured to omit bien with H. In the second line honureement renders arwurðlice of A.S.C.(E) 633 and so must stand. As between goïd and oïd, the agreement of DR tips the scale in favour of the former. The introduction of the name Paulin, probably an interlinear gloss originally, spoils the metre and has led to rewriting of the line in R.40
                   Quant arcevesque ne pot estre,
                   Evesque [en] fist a Rouecestre,^L1250 [L1250] E. fut a H40^L1250 [L1250] om  en DLH40 [f.102c]
                   Tuit sun vivant i cunversad
         1252  E la reïne Deu amad.
                   Pois aprés ço cil de Ber[ni]che^L1253 [L1253] beriche L berewike H40^L1253 [L1253] berïche40
                   Qui trop [esteient d'aveir] riche^L1254 [L1254] daveir erent DLH40
                   Firent lur rei d'un gentil hom,^L1255 [L1255] om  lur H40
         1256  Fiz Edel[frid], [Heanfrid] ot num,^L1256 [L1256] alfred L haufrid H40^L1256 [L1256] haufred40^L1256 [L1256] edelfred40
                   E en [celé cil] de Everwiz^L1257 [L1257] ci de H40^L1257 [L1257] en celee R40^L1257 [L1257] en cel tens ceus DL40^L1257 [L1257] The real relation between the accessions of Eanfrith and Osric on the one hand and of Oswald on the other is obscure in A.S.C.(E) 634, which Gaimar is translating, and can only be understood by reference to its source, Bede, Historia, III, 1. Obviously Gaimar could form no clear picture of the events, but I wonder whether by any chance his phrase en celé, shown to be his by the agreement of RH, was occasioned by a confusion of dearne of the Deirans and dærne secretly.40
                   Refirent rei de Oseriz
                   E les baruns de Norhumbreis
         1260  Del bon Oswald refirent reis.^L1260 [L1260] firent lur r. R40^L1259 [L1259] not in H40
                   En icel tens, qui veir volt dire,^L1261 [L1261] t. a voir d. H40^L1261 [L1261] E en cel t. L40
                   Reçut Kinegilz baptistire,
                   Li reis qui Westsexe teneit.
         1264  Un autre reis dunc i aveit,^L1264 [L1264] idunc a. R40^L1264 [L1264] a. rei RH40
                   A Dorkecestre fud levez,
                   Un evesque l'ad cunfermez,^L1266 [L1266] Uns evesques R40
                   Berin ot nun quil baptizad,^L1267 [L1267] qui le conferma H40
         1268  Li reis Oswald dunc le levad^L1268 [L1268] O. idunc leva H40
                   E ainz que li anz fust passez,^L1269 [L1269] fud p. LH40^L1269 [L1269] om  E H40

Page 40

                   Refud Quintelm ici levez.^L1270 [L1270] quincelin l. LH quinzeleine l. R41^L1270 [L1270] Fud L41^L1270 [L1270] quidelmicin l.41^L1261 [L1261] This passage is best taken as a single section into which Gaimar has thrown pell-mell baptismal notices from three consecutive annals; possibly the scene of the baptisms was the unifying factor in Gaimar's mind and led him to think of these events taking place in the same year. According to A.S.C. the sequence of events is:
635 Cynegils baptized at Dorchester; Oswald stood sponsor.
636 Cwichelm baptized at Dorchester.
639 Cuthred baptized at Dorchester; Birinus stood sponsor; at the first and third dates Birinus performed the ceremony.41
                   [Ead]bald murut li reis de Kent,^L1271 [L1271] Et abald H41^L1271 [L1271] E abald DL41
         1272  Vint [e quatre anz tint] chasement.^L1272 [L1272] V. anz ad tenud DLH41
                   Ercenbrit ot nun [un] sun fiz;^L1273 [L1273] Herrebrich L Ercherbricht R Herkenbrit H41^L1273 [L1273] om  un DLH41^L1273 [L1273] Hercebrit41
                   Celui unt dunc a rei choisiz.^L1274 [L1274] De lui ont lur r. c. H41
                   Celui [juna] primes Quaresme,^L1275 [L1275] E c. R41^L1275 [L1275] jeunad41
         1276  Nuls reis Engleis nel tint ensemble;^L1276 [L1276] t. ainz e. R t. par esme L41^L1276 [L1276] Nul rei LRH41^L1276 [L1276] ensemble. This word does duty on two other occasions in assonance (ll. 1142, 1968), but on neither occasion is it so totally devoid of meaning as it appears to be here. L gives a satisfactory rime, but this may be an individual variation, as it does not seem feasible to derive the ensemble of the other MSS. from an esme in the original. If it were, and if we could be reasonably sure that Gaimar intended to use pure rime and not assonance, then it might be suggested that he wrote . . . nel tint ainz, esme; this would be a parenthetic use of esme (< esmer) parallel to that of espeir (< esperer) in l. 2228: Unc puis, espeir, n'i ot si grant.41
                   Cestui tint Pasches tut premier,
                   Engleis nel volt ainz cumencier;^L1278 [L1278] E. e nel volent a. L41
                   Il prist muillier, Sexburc ot nun,
         1280  Fille al rei Ane un nobles hum.^L1280 [L1280] F. a un r. mult n. H41^L1280 [L1280] uns n. R41
                   Ercenbert [en] ot une fille,^L1281 [L1281] Enchelbert R Erkenbright H41^L1281 [L1281] Herchenberz DL41
                   Cele fud belle a mirabille,
                   Eccengode l'apelot l'um,
         1284  Mult maintint bien religïun.^L1283 [L1283] not in H41
                   En icel tens, quant cist esteient^L1285 [L1285] En icest t. ke c. R41
                   E seinte lei bien mainteneient,^L1286 [L1286] om  E and bien H41 [f.102d]
                   Dunc fud ossis [un] rei vaillant,^L1287 [L1287] o. un reis R o. le r. H41^L1287 [L1287] um41
         1288  Oswald qui tint Norhumberlant;
                   A Maserfeld l'ocist Pentan.^L1289 [L1289] meserfeld R masrefeld H41^L1289 [L1289] malrefeld DL41
                   Puis qu'il fud morz al novime an,^L1290 [L1290] au .ix. an H41^L1290 [L1290] f. reis en n. R41
                   A Bardeneie fud ported;^L1291 [L1291] en f. R41
         1292  La fud une nuit herberged.^L1292 [L1292] Son cors i fu bien enterre R41
                   Sur saint [Cuth]bert la gist sun chief,^L1293 [L1293] cudbert R41^L1293 [L1293] cubert41
                   A Durelme est; ço dit le brief;^L1294 [L1294] li b. R41
                   Le braz est a Bur[c tut] entier,^L1295 [L1295] Sa main a B. tut e. R41^L1295 [L1295] om  tut DLH41^L1295 [L1295] bure41
         1296  Cil quil gardent mult l'unt chier.^L1296 [L1296] lont mult c. H41^L1296 [L1296] q. guarde lad mult c. R41^L1287 [L1287] Gaimar has not been content with the information supplied by his main source, but has added an allusion (l. 1291-2) to the translation of the king's body to Bardney some years after his death and, very obscurely, to the body being left outside overnight. He also gives the whereabouts of the saint's head and arm; le brief (l. 1294) possibly refers to some more or less official list similar to the Resting Places of Saints (Liebermann, Die Heiligen Englands, Hanover, 1889). Cf. p. lvi.41
                   En [i]cel tens dunt ci vus di^L1297 [L1297] E cel R41^L1297 [L1297] cel DLR41
                   [Kenwald fud] dunc [a] rei choisi,^L1298 [L1298] a reis R41^L1298 [L1298] Chenewold R41^L1298 [L1298] om  a DLH41^L1298 [L1298] Kenewald41

Page 41

                   Cil de Westsexe en firent reis^L1299 [L1299] W. len f. H42
         1300  [Trente] e un an sur les Engleis;^L1300 [L1300] om  e and les R42^L1300 [L1300] Vint DLH42
                   Cil cumençad prodom a estre,^L1301 [L1301] Il R42
                   Le mustier fist faire a Gincestre,
                   Kenegilsing fud sun surnun,
         1304  Il fud del lignage [a] barun.^L1304 [L1304] al DL42
                   Aprés Oswald Oswi fud reis,
                   Il regnad sur les Norhumbreis;^L1306 [L1306] l. 1306 and 1310 interverted in H42
                   [Vint e oit anz regnad, ne meis,^L1307 [L1307] r. nient mains R42
         1308  Les leis assist, si ama pais.^L1308 [L1308] a. e les pais L42
                   Cestui fud frere Oswald le reis,^L1309 [L1309] Cesti L42
                   Bien le maintindrent Norhumbreis];^L1310 [L1310] b. maintint les N. H42^L1310 [L1310] les N. L42^L1310 [L1310] Ben les L42^L1310 [L1310] ll. 1307-10 not in D42
                   Par lui fud mort li reis Oswine,^L1311 [L1311] f. occis le r. H42
         1312  Le fiz a l'uncle le rei Edwine;^L1312 [L1312] u. al rei E. R42
                   Ço fud frere rei Oseriz,^L1313 [L1313] f. reis O. R42^L1313 [L1313] f. li f. H42
                   Lur [pere] ot nun reis Edelriz.^L1314 [L1314] n. rei E. LH42^L1314 [L1314] pere42^L1311 [L1311] Gaimar has here completely misunderstood the relationship. The phraseology of his source, A.S.C.(E) 643, is involved and the apparent repetition of a word, suna sunu, may have had some share in the confusion, but other unknown causes also seem to have been at work. Gross suggests a copyist took suna sunu as a meaningless repetition, and substituted broðor for sunu, but I doubt whether this is likely. In any case it does not account for the introduction of Edelriz as progenitor.42
                   Oswine ne fud reis que set anz,
         1316  Idunc murut e Aïdanz,
                   Uns evesques pruz e vaillanz^L1317 [L1317] e. mult v. R42
                   Crestïented bien maintenanz;^L1318 [L1318] Fust apres lui translatanz R42
                   Entr'els [nen] ot que duze jurz,^L1319 [L1319] not DHL42
         1320  Par cel saint cors oent les surz.^L1320 [L1320] d. il ad lescrit R42
                   Saint Aïdan, il nus aït
                   E saint Oswald dunt ai escrit!
                   Oswi li reis [aprés un an]^L1323 [L1323] xpistien LH42^L1323 [L1323] cristian42^L1323 [L1323] The reading of R does not correspond to reality, but is metrical and from it, by way of the abbreviation xp, could be reached the reading of the other MSS. LH actually have xpian.42
         1324  A Winguitfeld ocist Pentan;^L1324 [L1324] wingingfeld L winwitfel R wingefeld H42
                   Od lui [ot occis] trente [treis]^L1325 [L1325] reis DL42^L1325 [L1325] ocist42
                   Gentilz humes, [tuz] fiz a reis,^L1326 [L1326] om  tuz DLH42 [f.103a]
                   E reis i ot asquanz ocis –^L1327 [L1327] E li r. H42
         1328  Un en i ot de mult grant pris,^L1328 [L1328] om  en R42
                   D'Estengle esteit frere al ma[r]chis –^L1329 [L1329] as manis H42

Page 42

                   Qui dunc teneient cel païs.^L1330 [L1330] t. le p. R43^L1330 [L1330] d. teneit c. LH43^L1327 [L1327] The construction is very awkward, involving a parenthesis coming between a main and a relative clause; both L and H seem to have found the passage obscure and there is no doubt it would gain in clarity if ll. 1328-9 were put after l. 1330. Were those two lines a marginal afterthought which has been inserted in the wrong place?43
                   En icel tens fud anumbrez
         1332  Cumbien del siecle esteit alez:
                   Cinc mil anz oit cenz [cinquante].^L1333 [L1333] .viii. et quarante H43^L1333 [L1333] anz e huit R43^L1333 [L1333] e quatre DL43^L1333 [L1333] cinquante R, quarante H, quatre DL. The number in R agrees with that in A.S.C.(A) 655; DL are clearly wrong because of the change in the rime in D and the makeshift assonance (?) in L; this passage is one of those which suggest the frequent use of numerals in the original.43
                   Dunc reçut Peade honur [vaillante];^L1334 [L1334] om  vaillante L43^L1334 [L1334] honur P. L43^L1334 [L1334] en latre43
                   Cil de Merke le firent reis
         1336  Kar il esteit des Westingeis.^L1336 [L1336] wentingeis R43^L1336 [L1336] Westingeis DLH, Wentingeis R. How did Gaimar end this line? The translator in the Rolls edition naturally follows the reading of R on which his text is based and, relying on the authority of his predecessors, Wright and Stevenson, treats it as an error, the P being mistaken for an A.S. W, but ventures no opinion as to where the mistake was made. Gross accepts this explanation and thinks the mistake more probably occurred in the transmission of A.S.C.(E). There are, however, difficulties in the way of accepting the explanation, quite apart from any claims which may be urged on behalf of the alternative reading. The confusion of p and w does occur in O.E. texts; it is found, for instance, sporadically in A.S.C.(D), but only in names, and once in A.S.C.(E), at 892, but here it is p which is misread as w. Now this is a mistake rather easily made when copying O.E. script in O.E. script, because there the two letters are much alike, but less likely to occur in transposing the O.E. script into Roman, because neither of the two O.E. letters looks like a Roman w. Yet we have no unambiguous example of p being taken for w by Gaimar. True, at l. 3430, we have a name, rather distorted by the copyists of the Estoire, which we must read as Awuldre; this stands for Appledore (K), but Gaimar may not be responsible for the mistake, because it was probably already in his source. A similarly dubious instance of the reverse confusion is found at l. 1374; there Gaimar gives the burial-place of Tuda as Paggle, whereas in A.S.C.(E) 664, the annal he is translating, the name appears as Wægle. Now this particular item of information is absent from the other versions of A.S.C. and derives from Bede, Historia, III, 27, where the burial-place appears as Pægnalæch; hence Gaimar may quite well have found a p-form in the actual MS. of the Chronicle used by him. The late 14th century A.N. Resting Places of Saints, printed from the Breviate of Domesday in the Rolls edition (I, xxxix-xlii) has the entry Saint Tude en Pagle; unfortunately it is not quite certain that this text is entirely independent of Gaimar. There remains one undoubted instance of confusion of p and w; at l. 1546 we read the name Bruthpat, only in R, corresponding to the Brihtwald of A.S.C.(E) 692, 693. Further, though Gaimar on occasion modifies the ending -ing of patronymics to secure a rime, there is no other instance in the Estoire of such a treatment as we must accept, if we read Wentingeis in this line. But can anything be urged in support of the alternative? Very little, I am afraid, and that very speculative. At l. 1347, in a passage where Gaimar is following his source very closely, we read in DLH: Ço fud puis qu'il d'Estengle vint, which agrees well with syððan he of East-Engla com in his source, but R gives a different place-name, Wastenge. This is a mistake, but if R, at some stage in its transmission, has Westingeis in l. 1336, then there would appear to be a contradiction in the later line, which was corrected, and at a later stage Westingeis would be altered to harmonize with the mistaken Wenting of l. 1341. In view of the impossibility of determining what Gaimar did write I have adhered to the text of the MS base.43
                   Cinquante e sis anz, ço cuntum,^L1337 [L1337] C. cinc a. LH43
                   E sis cenz anz avoec metum
                   Des l'Encarnacïun Jesu
         1340  Tres [qu'al jur] que Peade oscis fu.^L1340 [L1340] Tresque P. DLH43
                   Vulfere Penting firent reis^L1341 [L1341] wenting R43
                   E il regnad sur les Merkeis.
                   Idunc si fud la grant bataille
         1344  A Peonum par grant cuntraille;
                   Wlfere dunc Bretuns maneçad,^L1345 [L1345] B. chasca R43^L1345 [L1345] om  dunc H43^L1345 [L1345] bretuns dunc43^L1345 [L1345] All MSS. concur in ascribing the victory at Peonum to Wulfhere instead of Cenwalh. This passage otherwise follows A.S.C. 658 so closely that it is difficult to account for the mistake; if it were in his source, then Gaimar would hardly have assumed two battles by the same king; if it were due to dittography from l. 1341, then the substitution of the correct name would clear up the later confusion (ll. 1353-6), but this is not so. Thus we are bound to follow our MSS. and to ascribe the mistake to Gaimar himself.43
                   Tresque Pedredan les encaçad.^L1346 [L1346] P. contrels chevalcha R43
                   Ço fud puis qu'il d'Estengle vint^L1347 [L1347] de wastenge v. R43^L1347 [L1347] p. que d. RH43
         1348  E par eissil treis anz se tint;^L1348 [L1348] a. le t. H43
                   Li reis Pendan l'ot decacied,^L1349 [L1349] Le r. L43
                   Desherited, toleit sun fied;^L1350 [L1350] son siee H43^L1350 [L1350] e tol. R43
                   Pur ço qu'il sa serur guerpid,
         1352  Ses heritez treis anz perdid.^L1347 [L1347] This passage renders quite accurately A.S.C. 658 except that, as a result of the earlier mistake in the name of the victor at Peonum, it is now made to apply to Wulfhere and so makes him marry his own aunt!43
                   Puis refist cist autre bataille
                   Prof de Cestre [al reis Cenwaille].^L1354 [L1354] r. de cornewaille LH43^L1354 [L1354] r. de cornuaille43^L1354 [L1354] C. reis DLH43
                   Ço fud [a Bosentesbiri],^L1355 [L1355] a bosentesbirid L a bosentebiri R43^L1355 [L1355] al bois entesberid43
         1356  [U] a Vulfere mult toli;^L1356 [L1356] E a DLH43
                   [Tut Esendune ad donc purpris,
                   A Wlfhere tolt cel païs].^L1358 [L1358] tost c. R43
                   Li reis Gudred ert del lignage
         1360  Al rei Quintelm qui fud sage.^L1360 [L1360] Q. si fu s. R43^L1360 [L1360] quinzeline RH43^L1360 [L1360] quincelin DL43
                   Entre lui e le rei [Ken]brit^L1361 [L1361] hebrit L43^L1361 [L1361] e le reis R43^L1361 [L1361] kenebrit43

Page 43

                   Tut preierent l'isle [de] Wit.^L1362 [L1362] de with R de wight H44^L1362 [L1362] T. purpernent R44^L1362 [L1362] del wic DL44
                   Puis que l'idle fud si preied,
         1364  Li reis Wlfere l'ad doned [f.103b]
                   A Edelwold un sun fillol –^L1365 [L1365] om  un H44^L1365 [L1365] E. u a son f. R44
                   Cil ert reis de Sudsexeiol –^L1366 [L1366] suthsexol RH44
                   E les Wités fist baptizer^L1367 [L1367] les witteis RH44
         1368  Par lui en cumençail premier.^L1368 [L1368] Par lui comence p. H44^L1359 [L1359] According to A.S.C. 661 Cuthred and Coenberht both died in the same year that Wulfhere harried the Isle of Wight and gave it to his godson, and Eoppa first brought baptism to its inhabitants. Gaimar's account is completely at variance with this and has actually become absurd, though whether, as Gross suggests, as a result of textual corruption in his source or as a result of his own careless reading cannot be decided. It is not clear why Gaimar should have substituted Guth- in the first syllable of Cuthred here and elsewhere.44
                   Idunc avint a nuit le jur,^L1369 [L1369] I. revint a n. R I. devint la n. a j. H44^L1369 [L1369] Dunc DLRH44
                   Si fud mortalited majur,
                   [Tel] ne fud ainz ne puis cel tens.^L1371 [L1371] Tele DL44
         1372  [Tuda] l'evesque al mien purpens,^L1372 [L1372] Cuda H44^L1372 [L1372] Tuit DL44
                   Il fud dunc mort, ço sai de fid,^L1373 [L1373] om  Il H44
                   E a [Paggle] fud enfuïd^L1374 [L1374] pangle DLH44
                   E Ercembert le rei de Kent^L1375 [L1375] li reis LR44^L1375 [L1375] erchenbert R erkenbright H44^L1375 [L1375] recembert DL44
         1376  Refud dunc mort tuit ensement.^L1376 [L1376] om  tuit RH44
                   Ecbrit [son fiz saisit le regne].^L1377 [L1377] om  son fiz R44^L1377 [L1377] Heebrict L Hecburth R Hedbright H44^L1377 [L1377] E ebrit44^L1377 [L1377] rest of l. 1377 not in DL44
                   Donc tint l'arcevesque son sene^L1378 [L1378] lar. ensemble H44^L1378 [L1378] senee R44
                   [E Colman] e ses cumpaignuns^L1379 [L1379] coleman R44^L1379 [L1379] first two words not in DL44
         1380  En vont a lur [possessions]^L1380 [L1380] processiuns DL44
                   E [Ceadda] fud dunc benëeiz^L1381 [L1381] E C. fu donc leveiz a levesque Il e wlfriz larcevesque R44^L1381 [L1381] beneit DLH44^L1381 [L1381] Cade DLH44
                   A evesque, il e Wilfreiz.^L1382 [L1382] wilfrit L44^L1382 [L1382] E a ev. L44^L1382 [L1382] wlfrit DH44
                   L'arcevesque cel an transit,^L1383 [L1383] Cel an un a. t. R44^L1383 [L1383] quen cel L qui cel H44^L1383 [L1383] que cel44
         1384  Cil ot a nun Deusdedit.^L1384 [L1384] Cil out dieus dedie H44^L1383 [L1383] follow 1385 in H44
                   Vitalianus l'apostoire^L1385 [L1385] Vitali ad non li apostoli H44^L1385 [L1385] E V. R44
                   Fist arcevesque de Theodoire.^L1386 [L1386] E fut a. H44
                   Li reis Ecbrit a [Bas] le prestre^L1387 [L1387] E. al us le p. H44^L1387 [L1387] heebrict L ecbricth R em' it H44^L1387 [L1387] bos DL44^L1387 [L1387] eebrit44
         1388  Donat Raculve u il volt estre.^L1388 [L1388] D. la cure mes il nel v. R44

Page 44

                   Dunc [murrut] Oswi li bon reis,^L1389 [L1389] om  Oswi and bon H45^L1389 [L1389] murit45
                   Grant dol en firent Norhumbreis;^L1390 [L1390] d. firent li N. H45
                   Ecfert sun fiz [rendent] l'onur,^L1391 [L1391] remaint DL45
         1392  Rei en firent e dreit seignur^L1392 [L1392] Reis R45
                   E Theodor fist dunc evesque
                   Del clerc [Lohier partut] Westsexe.^L1394 [L1394] De la clergie de W. H45^L1394 [L1394] De un c. rorer de W. L45^L1394 [L1394] lorer de45
                   [Sis cenz] anz e seisante [e] un^L1395 [L1395] .vii. c. a. .lxiii. et un H45^L1395 [L1395] e s. un R45^L1395 [L1395] Seisante a. DL45
         1396  Ot dunc des l'Encarnatïun.^L1396 [L1396] Donc out H45^L1396 [L1396] ll. 1395-6 interverted in H45
                   Dunc cumbatirent les oisels^L1397 [L1397] les oiselleuls R45
                   Par valees e par muncels,^L1398 [L1398] p. muscels L45
                   Tant en i ot mort e ocis^L1399 [L1399] morz e o. R45^L1399 [L1399] om  i H45
         1400  Que ço fud dit que nul [n'est] vis.^L1400 [L1400] que nuls R45^L1400 [L1400] ne fud DLH45
                   Li reis [Cenwalh] un [an] aprés^L1401 [L1401] r. cheolwlf L r. kenwald H45^L1401 [L1401] chewalhun en a.45
                   Fud mort, sun tens ne fud mes; [f.103c]
                   E puis de rechief en l'autre an
         1404  Sexburc transid la fille Anan;
                   E el tierz an [Ecbrith] mort fud;^L1405 [L1405] heebrict L etright H45^L1405 [L1405] om  E R45^L1405 [L1405] heebrit45
                   E dunc [sue ante] saint' Edeldrud^L1406 [L1406] edeltrud L adeldru R etheltrut H45^L1406 [L1406] E une s. a. R45^L1406 [L1406] edeldredud45^L1406 [L1406] om  sue ante DLH45
                   Esteit [nonain], si amot Deu;^L1407 [L1407] si ama H45^L1407 [L1407] Nonaine esteit R Estre nunait H45^L1407 [L1407] nenan45
         1408  En Eli pert, la est lur [leu].^L1408 [L1408] eleperz R heliper H45^L1408 [L1408] deu45^L1408 [L1408] lingpert DL45^L1401 [L1401] A difficult passage, for uncertainties of text are added to confusions of matter. Gaimar first describes the celebrated fugla wæl, the murrain of birds, under the date 671, though like others he turns it into a regular battle. Then, agreeing with A.S.C., he gives the death of Cenwalh as occurring one year later, but, reading of Seaxburh's one year reign as widow, deduces that she died at the end of that period, hence his en l'altre an, but as Egbert's death is not recorded until the next year, this must now be el tierz an from Gaimar's reckoning-point. Moreover, he has confused the West-Saxon Seaxburh with her Kentish namesake, the daughter of the East-Anglian king, Anna, whom he had previously mentioned (l. 1279) and who was connected with Ely. In the next line (l. 1406) we have a divergence of reading; where DLH have merely e dunc in the first hemistich, thus giving a six-syllable line, R reads e une sue ante, making the line too long. Gross accepts without discussion this reading and assumes an addition in Gaimar's source (A.S.C. 673), but, as we have already seen, Gaimar is thinking of the Ely associations of the family and could quite well have known of the relationship from some other source. Linked with this divergence of reading is that in the following line; R reads nonaine estait, whereas DLH give esteit nonain. This divergence seems to correspond to a difference of construction and thus of interpretation: in R the line is rather a parenthesis and l. 1406 a continuation of the preceding line; in DLH it supplies the predicate to the preceding line. As in A.S.C. 673 the mention of St. Æthelthryth's foundation of Ely is separated from that of the king's death, I think the interpretation of DLH is more likely to correspond to Gaimar's intention, though he cannot be exonerated from confusion of thought, but the reading of R nearer to what Gaimar wrote in l. 1406; hence the readings adopted into my text. In l. 1408 the reference is undoubtedly to Ely, where both Æthelthryth and Seaxburh were buried; the reading of DL–Lingpert–is shown to be wrong by the partial agreement of R and H; the element -pert, which is treated as part of the name in the MSS., does not correspond to any known form of the name and the context seems to require a verb, so I have taken it as ind. pr. 3 of pareir and understand: In Ely it is to be seen, there is their place.45
                   En icel tens [lurent] Westsexien^L1409 [L1409] un W. H45^L1409 [L1409] om  lurent DLH45
                   [Esewine], ot nun Kenfusien;^L1410 [L1410] chenfusien R45^L1410 [L1410] Ewine H45^L1410 [L1410] kent fud suen DLH45^L1410 [L1410] Lefwine DL45
                   Cil esteit eirs, sin firent [reis].^L1411 [L1411] eirs45^L1409 [L1409] Unless we accept with R a verb in l. 1409, we are faced with an almost meaningless passage, but if we do accept it, we get a metrically faulty line. The rime-word in l. 1410 is a distortion of the patronymic Cenfusing which Gaimar found in his source; this probably agreed with A.S.C.(E) 674, 675, for he appears to have run the two annals together and, in doing so, to have omitted all reference to Wulfhere's opponent in the battle he describes; this would be less likely if his source were similar to A.S.C.(A), where the phrase se wes Cenfusing and a genealogy conclude the bare notice of Æscwine's accession. At an early stage in the transmission of DLH someone apparently did not recognize any kind of personal-name in Kenfusien, but took it as an obscure phrase to which he imparted a meaning by writing Kent fud suen; did he by any chance object to sien as a possessive? It is also probable that the second e in Esewine is a scribal error for c, as Rathmann (o.c., p. 45) suggests.45
         1412  Wlfere od [tut] ses Merkeneis^L1412 [L1412] W. out les M. H45^L1412 [L1412] om  tut DLH45
                   Se cumbatid, il e sa gent,^L1413 [L1413] Si c. LH45
                   Al Chief de Bede veirement;^L1414 [L1414] de radhe R45
                   Asez i ot [homes] ocis,^L1415 [L1415] gent45
         1416  Al rei Wlfere estut le pis;^L1416 [L1416] W. en estut p. R W. esteit le p. LH45

Page 45

                   Plus i perdeit qu'il n'i cunquist,^L1417 [L1417] i perdi q. LRH46^L1417 [L1417] om  i H46
                   Fol cunseil ot, quant ço enprist;^L1418 [L1418] q. il lenp. R46
                   Puis ne vesquid que un [sul] an^L1419 [L1419] v. fors un H46^L1419 [L1419] om  sul DLH46
         1420  Ne nul[s] ne sot rien de sun ban.^L1420 [L1420] s. nient de sun LH46^L1420 [L1420] ne siwit r. R46^L1420 [L1420] l. 1419 and l 1420 interverted46
                   Dunc firent Edelred seignur^L1421 [L1421] lur s. L46
                   Li Mercïen par grant enur.
                   Cil fud prodom, se lui leüst^L1423 [L1423] om  lui R46^L1423 [L1423] si hom li l. L46^L1423 [L1423] Et cil H46
         1424  E s'encumbrier si grant [n]'eüst,^L1424 [L1424] Si e. g. H46^L1424 [L1424] g. ne fust R46^L1424 [L1424] U senc. L E si encombres R46^L1424 [L1424] nen DH46
                   Mais en cel an qu'il rei fud fait,^L1425 [L1425] M. a cel tens qe li rois f. H46^L1425 [L1425] en icel an R46
                   Od sun grant ost en Kent s'en vait,^L1426 [L1426] om  s'en R46^L1426 [L1426] om  sun H sa g. LR46
                   Par le païs homes ocist,
         1428  Arst, destruist, granz preies prist;^L1428 [L1428] A. e d. L A. e guasta R46
                   E en cel an mort fud Eswine,^L1429 [L1429] fu mort RH46^L1429 [L1429] egwine LH oswine R46^L1429 [L1429] om  E LH46^L1429 [L1429] edwine46
                   Tute Westsexe saisit Kentwine.
                   Dunc s'aparut une comete,
         1432  Un' esteille que [li] prophete^L1432 [L1432] la46
                   E li clerc astronomïen,
                   Quant se [demustre], seivent bien^L1434 [L1434] demustrent46
                   Que Deus cel signe fait [vëeir]^L1435 [L1435] f. veir R46^L1435 [L1435] venir DL46
         1436  Pur ço que pueple deit saveir^L1436 [L1436] Que p. se deive repentir L Que le p. en d. H46^L1436 [L1436] li p. R46
                   Que li asquanz ne funt nïent
                   De tut [le] sun cumandement^L1438 [L1438] om  le DL46 [f.103d]
                   Ne ses fedeilz [n']unt entr'els pais,^L1439 [L1439] Ne si ses L Et ses H46^L1439 [L1439] nen DR46
         1440  Encuntre dreit se sunt irais,^L1440 [L1440] se funt il reis R46
                   [Par irasce ses serfs travailent,
                   De tut dreit fere se defaillent];^L1442 [L1442] ll. 1441-2 not in DLH46
                   Pur ço se [demustra] cel signe,^L1443 [L1443] om  se LH46^L1443 [L1443] demustre DL46
         1444  Treis meis la virent cler[e] e digne;^L1444 [L1444] Un m. R46^L1444 [L1444] cler46
                   Par tute Bretaine fud [veüe],^L1445 [L1445] veud DL46
                   Cum rai de soleil fud [estendue];^L1446 [L1446] om  fud L46^L1446 [L1446] estendud DL46

Page 46

                   Le plus del rai, quant s'estendeit,
         1448  Sur saint Wilfrei veneit tut dreit,^L1448 [L1448] Sus H47
                   [Quel] part que l'arcevesque alad,^L1449 [L1449] la. alast LR47^L1449 [L1449] Quele47
                   Od lui la comete turnad.^L1450 [L1450] c. turnast LR47^L1450 [L1450] sen t.47
                   Ecfert li reis l'ad dechacied,
         1452  Dous evesques mist en sun sied;
                   Bosa sistrent sur Deïron^L1453 [L1453] desur D. H47^L1453 [L1453] Bois assistrent L47^L1453 [L1453] B. sist R47^L1453 [L1453] Deiron and Bernicon interverted in DL47
                   E [Ethan] desur Bernicon;^L1454 [L1454] sur B. H47^L1454 [L1454] beuerlicun R beruicon H47^L1454 [L1454] E heorti de R47^L1454 [L1454] bericon DL47^L1454 [L1454] echan DL47^L1453 [L1453] The agreement of R and H shows that the names in the rime have been interverted in DL; none of the MSS. give an acceptable form for Bernicia, but those in DLH point back to the one adopted, whereas that in R seems to show confusion with Beverley. The name Eata elsewhere figures in the Estoire with Eat-, so the name in DLH, followed in the text, is probably corrupt, as that in R certainly is.47
                   E saint Wilfreit alad a Rome,
         1456  Si se cuntint cume [seint home].^L1456 [L1456] cun uns sainz h. R47^L1456 [L1456] prodome DL47
                   Le tierz evesque unt ordenez
                   E Linde[s]ware li unt donez;^L1458 [L1458] lindesie H47^L1458 [L1458] om  E RH47
                   Hecces ot nun, unques enceis^L1459 [L1459] All MSS. agree in the form with germinated c, which can hardly represent O.E. Heca, as Rathmann (o.c., p. 49) assumes, for this name does not appear in the annal under translation; there the name is Eadhed, but in the previous annal occurs Hedde and this may have influenced Gaimar.47
         1460  N'orent evesque iloec Engleis.^L1460 [L1460] Nor. eves i. L47
                   Dunc fud ocis un gentilz hom
                   Sur Trente – Elfwine ot [a] nom –^L1462 [L1462] E. aveit a n. R47^L1462 [L1462] om  a DH47
                   A la bataille de dous reis;
         1464  L'un fud Ecfert li Norhumbreis,^L1464 [L1464] E. de N. LH47^L1464 [L1464] Li uns R47
                   Li autre Edelred ot a nun,^L1465 [L1465] Elred H47
                   Merceneland ert sun regïun.^L1466 [L1466] sa r. LH47
                   Saint' Edeltrud idunc transit,
         1468  Coledesburc idunc bruïd,^L1468 [L1468] i. bruillit H47^L1468 [L1468] Colesburc L47
                   [Li feus] celestre le alumad,^L1469 [L1469] celestres RH47^L1469 [L1469] Le feu47
                   Si cum Deu plot, issi alad.
                   Dous anz aprés Hilde murud,^L1471 [L1471] seint H. R47
         1472  De Streneshale abaësse fud;^L1472 [L1472] S. abedesse f. L S. abbesse RH47
                   E en cel an fud la bataille^L1473 [L1473] om  E LH47
                   Del barnage de [Cornewaille]^L1474 [L1474] Del lignage H47^L1474 [L1474] cornuaille47
                   E des Bretuns a qui Ken[t]wine^L1475 [L1475] kenwine DLH47
         1476  Fist fuïr tresqu'a la marine. [f.104a]
                   Dous anz aprés Ecfert li reis

Page 47

                   [Enveiat ost] sur Escoteis;^L1478 [L1478] E. sost H48^L1478 [L1478] Ost env.48
                   Cil destruistrent par crüelted,^L1479 [L1479] par ruiste H48^L1479 [L1479] tut par c. R48
         1480  Devant els n'ot mustier tensed,^L1480 [L1480] nert m. R48
                   Arstrent mustiers e chapeles,
                   [Muilliers] hunirent e puceles.^L1482 [L1482] Femmes DL48
                   Cinc anz aprés li reis Ecfert^L1483 [L1483] cinc anz. Actually it was only one year later, but all the MSS. concur. Gross suggests that an abbreviation ū may have been misread; if, as in D, the first letter in the line were separated by a space, such a mistake could the more easily occur, but Gaimar may just have followed the last letter of the date, so I have made no correction.48
         1484  Fist evesque de saint [Cuth]bert;^L1484 [L1484] cubert48
                   L'arcevesque Theodur
                   Benesquid icel seignur;^L1486 [L1486] Reuesti L48
                   En Everwic la le sacrad,
         1488  A Hectoldesham [la] l'enveiad^L1488 [L1488] A hectilham R48^L1488 [L1488] om  la DL48
                   Kar iloc ert le mestre sied^L1489 [L1489] li m. R48
                   Idunc de tut l'arcevesquied
                   E Trumbert en fud deposed^L1491 [L1491] ert d. R48^L1491 [L1491] om  en RH48^L1491 [L1491] teumbert L chembert H wilfri R48^L1491 [L1491] teunibert48
         1492  Qui arcevesque i ot ested.^L1492 [L1492] om  i R48
                   Ecfert li reis en icel an^L1493 [L1493] le roi H48
                   Ocistrent li Archeman^L1494 [L1494] li orkenan R48
                   [E mult grant gent la furent mort
         1496  Ultre la mer devers le nort].^L1496 [L1496] ll. 1495-6 not in DLH48
                   Ecfert [regna quinze] anz de fid,^L1497 [L1497] de ad R48^L1497 [L1497] regna after anz in H48^L1497 [L1497] cinc DLH48^L1497 [L1497] om  regna DL48
                   Aprés fud rei sun frere [Eald]frid.^L1498 [L1498] f. reis R f. mort s. L48^L1498 [L1498] first word not clear in R48^L1498 [L1498] elfrid DLH48^L1493 [L1493] The whole passage is due to Gaimar who is translating A.S.C. 685; the phrase be norðan sæ of that annal refers to the Forth, but when Plummer says in his note Gaimar is quite correct, this can only refer to the translation of the phrase, for it is open to doubt whether Gaimar understood the allusion. Whence he derived the name of the slayers is unknown nor is the actual name certain; I have therefore not adopted the form in R which may represent a late attempt to make the name intelligible.48
                   En icel tens Heate transit,^L1499 [L1499] i. an Eade t. H48
         1500  A Hectoldesham dunc unt choisit;^L1500 [L1500] A hecfildesham R48
                   Johans tint dunc l'arcevesquied,
                   Tant que W[i]lfrit fud repeirié;
                   Il fud receü cume mestre^L1503 [L1503] f. refud r.48
         1504  E seint Johan alad a Cestre.
                   Bos li evesque esteit transid,^L1505 [L1505] e. que e. R48^L1505 [L1505] Boefs H48
                   Saint Johan unt quis e cuillid,^L1506 [L1506] om  quis e H48^L1506 [L1506] unt pris L48^L1506 [L1506] recuillid DLH48
                   Grant piece i fud, puis s'en [turnat],^L1507 [L1507] transit DL48

Page 48

         1508  Wilfrei sun prestre iloc [lessat];^L1508 [L1508] p. le sie saisid L p. i l. H49^L1508 [L1508] Wilfri RH49^L1508 [L1508] laissit49
                   Cil fud a evesque sacrez^L1509 [L1509] f. ercevesque s. LH49
                   E saint Johan s'en est alez
                   A Beverle[i] a sun mustier;
         1512  Tant servid Deu que mult l'ad chier.^L1512 [L1512] out R49^L1499 [L1499] Certain contradictions and obscurities in this passage are taken over by Gaimar from his source, which possibly included a reference to the death of Eata, as Gross argues. There was a loose, but popular, usage by which St. Cuthbert, St. John and St. Wilfrid were on occasion referred to as archbishops, and Gaimar simply conforms to this. On the other hand it is possible that Gaimar, with his interest in Chester, did not recognize York in the Ceastre of his source, hence Cestre (l. 1504).49
                   [E] en sun tens [si] fist Ceadwale^L1513 [L1513] cadwal L cedwale R chaelwale H49^L1513 [L1513] E el s. R49^L1513 [L1513] ceawale49^L1513 [L1513] om  si DLH49^L1513 [L1513] om  E DH49
                   [Par] sun regne guerre mult male^L1514 [L1514] g. e m. mal L49^L1514 [L1514] Pur DL49 [f.104b]
                   [E] en cel [an] qu'il [guerreiad],^L1515 [L1515] regnad DLH49^L1515 [L1515] tens DL49
         1516  Li reis [Lodhere] deviad;^L1516 [L1516] rodere DLH49
                   Cil fud prodom e noble[s] reis,
                   [Si] tint [tuz jorz sur les] Kenteis.^L1518 [L1518] t. tut sul les K. L tint soul les K. H49^L1518 [L1518] tut sul as49^L1518 [L1518] Se49
                   [Aprés sa mort Mol e Ceadwale^L1519 [L1519] The context requires a reference to the activities of Cædwalla and Mul; the similarity of rime (Ceadwale : male) at ll. 1513-14 and ll. 1519-20 and the lesser similarity of the beginning (Aprés) of l. 1519 and l. 1523 suggest the cause of the omission by DLH.49
         1520  Firent en Kent guere mult male,
                   Arstrent, tolirent e roberent,
                   L'isle de With trestut preierent].^L1522 [L1522] ll. 1519-22 not in DLH49
                   Aprés iço en icel an
         1524  Firent Kenteis a Mol [ahan];^L1524 [L1524] M. haan R49^L1524 [L1524] acan DL49
                   Sei duz[i]me cumpaignun^L1525 [L1525] compaignons R49^L1525 [L1525] duzeme L49^L1525 [L1525] The phrase in A.S.C. is: Mul . . . oðre .xii. men mid him; there is thus a slight discrepancy in Gaimar's statement.49
                   Arstrent en feu cume felun.^L1526 [L1526] cum felons R49
                   [Ceadwale] mult s'e[n] curesçad,^L1527 [L1527] Eadwale L49^L1527 [L1527] Edwine49
         1528  Cel an me[ï]sme Kent robad,^L1528 [L1528] mesme DR49
                   Puis aprés ço alad a Rome^L1529 [L1529] om  ço H49^L1529 [L1529] om  Puis R49
                   E l'apostoire le fist prodome,^L1530 [L1530] a. en f. H49^L1530 [L1530] prodome. It may be true, as Gross suggests, that the word provides a convenient rime for Rome, but he is wrong to describe it as dieser ungeschickte und sinnlose Ausdruck. The word occurs a number of times in the Estoire in its usual sense of man of worth and valour, but when Gaimar, speaking of Cenwalh says:
                   Cil cumençad prodom a estre,
                   Le mustier fist faire a Gincestre (ll. 1301-2), he is giving to it a slightly religious tinge. Further on in the Estoire, when, after describing the revolt of Robert of Mowbray, Gaimar says:
                   […] en prisun fud mis vint anz,
                   En la prisun finat muranz,
                   Prodom devint einz qu'il murust(ll. 6169-71)he adds to it an idea of moral regeneration, and this, I submit, is not absent here. Thus to some extent he approaches the thirteenth-century meaning of the word discussed by Mrs. Crossland in her article Prou, preux, preux hom, preud'ome (French Studies I (1947), 149-56) and the reading of DL in l. 1456, cume prodome instead of cume seint home, shows something of this same meaning. Cf. p. xl.49
                   Es funz tres bien le baptizad,^L1531 [L1531] om  tres H49
         1532  Petres idunc si l'apelad;^L1532 [L1532] Terres idonques lap. H49^L1532 [L1532] Petres. The form of the name is unexpected; we cannot suppose Gaimar unable to render Petrum, but perhaps his eye was caught by the following Petres in the name of the church, unnamed in the Estoire.49
                   Ne mes uit jurz [aprés] vesquid,^L1533 [L1533] j. ne v. DLH49
                   Al mustier fud ensevelid:
                   Ço fud unze jurz devant Mai.
         1536  D'un autre rei ore parlerai,^L1536 [L1536] om  ore R49
                   [Ine] out nun, ço oï dire,^L1537 [L1537] ceo ai oi H49^L1537 [L1537] Hinne R49^L1537 [L1537] Ille DL49
                   Westsexïen en firent sire;

Page 49

                   Trente set anz cel rei regnad^L1539 [L1539] cil rois H50^L1539 [L1539] Trente oit H50
         1540  E puis a Rome s'en alad;
                   Iloec fud lunc tens remanant^L1541 [L1541] f. tuz jors r. R50
                   Tresqu'al jur de sun muriant.
                   [L'arcevesque Theodorus
         1544  Transit cel an, ne vesqui plus,
                   E de Raculve li abbé
                   Bruthpat fu en cel liu posé].^L1546 [L1546] ll. 1543-46 not in DLH50
                   Dous reis en Kent idunc aveit;
         1548  Li uns [Wihtret] numed esteit,^L1548 [L1548] wilfrid H50^L1548 [L1548] wicfered DL50
                   Seuphart li autre ot [a] nun.^L1549 [L1549] om  li autre R50^L1549 [L1549] Seufart LH Sunheart R50^L1549 [L1549] om  a DRH50
                   Dunc transit [l'evesque] Gefmun^L1550 [L1550] gesinon H gefron R50^L1550 [L1550] livesque50
                   E [Tobian] reçut sun sied.^L1551 [L1551] thobinan DL50
         1552  Drithelm [morut], Deu gracïed,^L1552 [L1552] D. ot D. mercie L50^L1552 [L1552] morust R50^L1552 [L1552] Drithelem R50^L1552 [L1552] mout50^L1552 [L1552] Brithelin DLH50^L1552 [L1552] Drithelem R, Brithelin DLH. As Gross points out, it is curious that the only two MSS. of A.S.C. to contain this annal should also show the same confusion in the initial; he ascribes the mistake, as does Plummer, to the presence of Brihtwald in the same annal (A.S.C. 693). In the form Bruthpat this name also occurs in the Estoire (l. 1546), but only in R which has the correct initial for the name under discussion. The agreement of R and H shows that Gaimar wrote morut; this is a possible translation of wæs of lyfe gelæd, the phrase in A.S.C.(E) 693, and was in fact adopted by Plummer in his glossary, but in his note to the annal he pointed out that the reference was to Dryhthelm's vision of a journey to the other world, described in greater detail by Bede (Historia, V, 12). I take the second half of the line to be a parenthetic remark by the author, and translate God be thanked.50
                   E cil de Kent si unt doned^L1553 [L1553] om  si RH50
                   Trente mil unces d'or pesed;
                   Pur l'arsun que de Mol firent
         1556  Al rei Yne tuit ço rendirent;^L1556 [L1556] Et tut ceo au r. Y. r. H50^L1556 [L1556] hinne R50
                   E de Withred firent lur rei^L1557 [L1557] om  de R50
                   La gent de Kent sulunc lur lei.^L1558 [L1558] s. la. l. R50 [f.104c]
                   Trente anz regnad e tint la terre,^L1559 [L1559] om  la R50
         1560  Tres bien se [con]tint en sa guerre.^L1560 [L1560] b. abati sa g. R50^L1560 [L1560] tint DL50
                   Dunc ot de l'Encarnatïun
                   Set cenz e quatre anz, ço lisun.^L1562 [L1562] e quarante a. L50
                   Li reis de Merke Edelred
         1564  Prist dras de moine mais Kenred
                   Puis aprés lui regnad e tint.^L1565 [L1565] om  lui L50
                   Del rei [Eal]frid dunc mesavint;^L1566 [L1566] edfrid H50^L1566 [L1566] elfrid50
                   Il ert sire des Norhumbreis,
         1568  A Drifeld[e] fud mort li reis.^L1568 [L1568] drifeld DLH50
                   Osred sun fiz aprés regnad,
                   Si cum sun pere devisat.

Page 50

                   Un an aprés cil de Westsexe
         1572  Del [bon Ealdelm] unt fait evesque;^L1572 [L1572] aldeline LH51^L1572 [L1572] aldeling51^L1572 [L1572] om  bon DLH51
                   Dous evesquez [firent donc] d'une^L1573 [L1573] om  firent donc H51^L1573 [L1573] unt fait51
                   Tut par l'esgard de la cumune;^L1574 [L1574] om  Tut H51
                   L'un evesquet tint Danïel,
         1576  L'autre Ealdelm qui mult fud bel;^L1576 [L1576] q. fut mult H51^L1576 [L1576] ealdelf R aldelin H51^L1576 [L1576] Laltre out E. R51^L1576 [L1576] aldolf DL51
                   Aprés Ealdelm Fordhere vint,^L1577 [L1577] eadelf R51^L1577 [L1577] aldelin DLH51
                   Par grant honur l'evesqued tint;
                   [Fordhere tint en l'occident^L1579 [L1579] Forhere R51
         1580  E Danïel en l'orïent;
                   Bois out entr'els e forez granz
                   Mes ambedous furent mananz];^L1582 [L1582] ambdous R51^L1582 [L1582] ll. 1579-82 not in DLH51
                   L'un est l'evesqued de Wincestre,
         1584  A Salesbire deit l'autre estre.^L1573 [L1573] The division of the diocese took place in 705, after the death of Hedde, bishop of Winchester, and was effected in regular council (cf. Plummer's note to Bede, Historia, V, 18); though this fact is not recorded by Bede or by A.S.C., l. 1574 seems to indicate that it was known to Gaimar. The new see was at Sherborne, but was transferred to Salisbury in 1075, so that Gaimar in his amplification (ll. 1579-84) of the entry in A.S.C. is reflecting contemporary conditions.51
                   Devant iço ert avenud:^L1585 [L1585] D. co R51
                   Ultre Humbre devers le sud^L1586 [L1586] Del H. H51^L1586 [L1586] U. le H. R51
                   Vindrent icels ki la reïne^L1587 [L1587] v. cil ki H51
         1588  [Ostrut] ocistrent e sa cusine;^L1588 [L1588] Estrild H51^L1588 [L1588] Eltret DL51^L1585 [L1585] Gaimar has mistakenly divided Her Suðanhumbre of A.S.C. 697 as Her suðan Humbre; just as earlier he had rendered be norðan sæ by devers le nort (l. 1496), so here he renders suðan by devers le sud; hence probably his ignorance of the perpetrators of the outrage. The cusine seems to be a relation by rime only!51
                   Reis Edelred ert sun seignur,
                   Ecfert sun frere, ele sa serur.
                   Beard fud ocis par les Pecteis.^L1591 [L1591] Reard L Hebard H51
         1592  Kenred regnet sur [Suthumbreis]:^L1592 [L1592] Henred L51^L1592 [L1592] norhumbreis DL51^L1592 [L1592] Having with the division of the West-Saxon diocese reached A.S.C. 709, Gaimar expressly retraces his steps–Devant iço ert avenud (l. 1585)–to A.S.C.(E) 697 and proceeds to translate the following annals. This brings him to A.S.C.(E) 702: Her Kenred feng to Suðhumbra rice; he had already recorded the succession of Coenred (ll. 1564-5) from A.S.C. 704, but it is not quite certain that the event is duplicated. Plummer inclines to that view, assuming a double source in A.S.C.(D,E,F), but continues though it is possible that Ethelred may have associated Cenred with himself in the kingship prior to his resignation. Gaimar seems unaware of any repetition and launches out into his description of the kingdom of the Suthumbreis, which for him corresponds very much to the great medieval diocese of Lincoln.51
                   [ço est Lyndeseye e Holmedene,
                   Kestevene e Hoyland e Hestdene].
                   Des Humbre desqu'en Rotelant^L1595 [L1595] Des R. d. en humberland H51^L1595 [L1595] rocaland L51
         1596  Durot cel regne e plus avant;^L1596 [L1596] En cel liu i ot H51
                   Par plusurs feiz fud la devise,
                   Tels lius i ot dreit a Tamise;
                   Le chief del regne soleit estre^L1599 [L1599] r. i devoit e. H51^L1599 [L1599] Le clef R51
         1600  A la cité de Dorchecestre^L1600 [L1600] horkecestre H51 [f.104d]
                   E Huntedone e [le] cunted^L1601 [L1601] e la contree H51^L1601 [L1601] la51
                   Soleit estre de cel regned,^L1602 [L1602] de cest r. R51^L1602 [L1602] Soleient H51

Page 51

                   Neis la [meité] de Grantecestre^L1603 [L1603] cited DLH52^L1603 [L1603] meité R, cited DLH. I have preferred the reading of R, because it is the lectio difficilior and because Grantecestre is apparently Cambridgeshire. Cf. Zachrisson, A.N. Influence . . . (Lund, 1909), p. 79.52
         1604  I fud jadis e deveit estre;^L1604 [L1604] e soleit e. L e devereit e. R52
                   [Bel] s'en poeit un rei guarir,^L1605 [L1605] uns reis RH52^L1605 [L1605] B. se pout H52^L1605 [L1605] Bien DL52
                   Se il ço peüst en pais tenir.^L1606 [L1606] Sil le pout H52
                   En icel tens les Merkeneis
         1608  Firent Cheolred [seignur e] reis.^L1608 [L1608] f. de Chenred r. L52^L1608 [L1608] om  seignur e DL52
                   Li reis Kenred alad a Rume^L1609 [L1609] om  Li reis R52
                   E Offe od lui un gentil hume;
                   Chenred remist tresqu'a [sa] fin,^L1611 [L1611] C.i r. R52^L1611 [L1611] la DLR52
         1612  Iloc transid par Deu destin.^L1612 [L1612] t. a la D. H52
                   En icel an sai bien e vei,^L1613 [L1613] an saisit beuerley H52
                   A Undele fud mort saint Wilfrei,^L1614 [L1614] U. morut s. W. H52
                   Sun cors fud condut a Ripun,
         1616  La tint l'um bien religïun;^L1616 [L1616] om  l'um H52^L1616 [L1616] La teneit lom R52
                   Quarante cinc anz, [ço] est escrit,^L1617 [L1617] a. come est H52^L1617 [L1617] om  ço DL52
                   Evesque fud a Deu eslit^L1618 [L1618] f. jadis e. R52
                   Icil prohom icil Wilfrei^L1619 [L1619] p. seint W. H52
         1620  Que dechaçad Ecfert [le] rei^L1620 [L1620] om  Que R Qui LH52^L1620 [L1620] li52
                   E aprés lui [Acce] sun prestre^L1621 [L1621] ace L hacke R52^L1621 [L1621] acee52
                   Remist [el liu] pur evesque estre.^L1622 [L1622] od lui DL52
                   En icel an dan Berefrid
         1624  Od les Pecteis se cumbatid;^L1624 [L1624] pectiens H52
                   Entre dous ewes Hese e [Ciere]^L1625 [L1625] e. eie et eriere H52^L1625 [L1625] criere DL52^L1625 [L1625] As Hese instead of an expected hefe is supported by DLR, it may be due to Gaimar. I have retained it, but have preferred Ciere (R) to Criere (DL) as nearer to O.E. Cære.52
                   Fud la bataille [fort] e fiere^L1626 [L1626] En la b. R52^L1626 [L1626] forte DLH52^L1626 [L1626] e f.52
                   E Yne [e Nun] un sun cusin^L1627 [L1627] om  un R52^L1627 [L1627] Y. et un H52^L1627 [L1627] om  e Nun DLH52^L1627 [L1627] Yne un sun c. DL, Ine et un son c. H, Hine e Nun son c. R. As A.S.C. 710 has both names and as the line is metrically faulty unless it incorporates both the name and the article, I have emended accordingly; nun un could easily be taken as a repetition or mechanically overlooked.52
         1628  Tindrent bataille a Gerentin;
                   Un rei de Wales cil ert fort,
                   De [tut] sun dreit [li firent] tort;^L1630 [L1630] firent il DL52^L1630 [L1630] om  tut DLH52
                   E Sibald fud cel an ocis,
         1632  Un[s] riches hom fud del païs.^L1632 [L1632] de cel p. LH52^L1632 [L1632] om  fud H52^L1632 [L1632] ert R52
                   En icel [tens Guthlac] esteit,^L1633 [L1633] gudlac R52^L1633 [L1633] cutlac52^L1633 [L1633] an52

Page 52

                   Uns hom qui Dampnedeu serveit;^L1634 [L1634] Uns seinz home qui dieu s. H53
                   Qui la vie de lui vereit,^L1635 [L1635] Mainte m. H53
         1636  Maint miracle i trovereit;^L1636 [L1636] ll. 1635-6 interverted in L53 [f.105a]
                   Tucher m'estuet, ne puis [tut] dire.^L1637 [L1637] plus53
                   Yne, Cheolred firent martire^L1638 [L1638] Yne doret f. H53
                   A Wodnesberge en la bataille.
         1640  Un an aprés, ço [di] senz faille,^L1640 [L1640] a. ke di R53^L1640 [L1640] dit DH53
                   Dunc fud ocis Osred li reis
                   Qui regnot sur les Norhumbreis^L1642 [L1642] Ceo fut damage as englois H53^L1642 [L1642] regnat R53
                   En la marce devers midi;
         1644  Reis fud set anz, si cum jo [qui].^L1644 [L1644] Qui regna. vii. anz H53^L1644 [L1644] di DL53
                   Dunc firent cil de Kenred reis,
                   Dous anz tint regne e [demi] meis.^L1646 [L1646] d. meins L53^L1646 [L1646] un DL53
                   Dunc la retint [Osric] unze anz.^L1647 [L1647] .ix. anz R53^L1647 [L1647] D. le receut H53^L1647 [L1647] oseric DL53
         1648  [Chelred] de [Merce] li reis vaillanz^L1648 [L1648] meroc DL53^L1648 [L1648] Chereld53
                   Transit cel an: ço est acuntez;^L1649 [L1649] a. si est H53
                   A Lichesfeld fud [enterrez]^L1650 [L1650] Et a L. H53^L1650 [L1650] posez DLH53
                   [E] Edelred Pending li reis^L1651 [L1651] om  E DLH53
         1652  En porterent [li] Merkeneis,^L1652 [L1652] les M. R53^L1652 [L1652] om  li DL53
                   A Bardeneie l'enterrerent.
                   A Edelbald Mercene dunerent.^L1654 [L1654] merce RH53
                   Cil regnat quarante e un an,^L1655 [L1655] om  e DLR .xli. H53
         1656  Asez ot guerre e grant ahan.^L1656 [L1656] om  grant H53^L1656 [L1656] A. i ot L53
                   [Uns riches hom, Ecbert out nun,
                   En icel tens par bel sarmon
                   Se prist a Deu e a seint Pere;
         1660  En oreisons e en praiere
                   Remist tuz jors tresk'a sa fin,
                   Enterrez fu a Mirmartin].
                   Un autre gentil frere [a rei],^L1663 [L1663] aveit DLH53
         1664  Ingild ot nun, [murut, ço crei];^L1664 [L1664] morust R53^L1664 [L1664] e mureit DLH53

Page 53

                   Cil esteit frere al bon rei Yne;^L1665 [L1665] f. la reyne H54
                   Cutburc lur suer esteit reïne,^L1666 [L1666] ert H54^L1666 [L1666] ll. 1665-6 interverted in H54
                   Winburne estorat en sa vie^L1667 [L1667] Winelire (?) L Winburgne R Wynburgh H54^L1667 [L1667] Winborc54
         1668  E mult i fist [bel'] abeïe.^L1668 [L1668] grant54
                   Ealfred li reis l'ot espusee,
                   En lur vivant fud [deseveree];^L1670 [L1670] donee DL54
                   Del rei qui tint Norhumberlant
         1672  Se departid en lur vivant;^L1672 [L1672] en son v. H54
                   Tant par amad sa [chasteté],^L1673 [L1673] chastetee L54^L1673 [L1673] chasteed54
                   Tuit en laissad sa [richeté].^L1674 [L1674] richetee L54^L1674 [L1674] la r. LH54^L1674 [L1674] richeteed54
                   Chenburc ot nun l'autre sorur,^L1675 [L1675] a nun DL54
         1676  Tant se penad de fere onur,
                   Unc en cel tens en la cuntree,^L1677 [L1677] Ke unc R54
                   Cum ele fud, n'ot si amee.^L1678 [L1678] tant a. R54^L1678 [L1678] U ele RH54 [f.105b]
                   Dunc ot set cenz e vint e un an,^L1679 [L1679] vint un R .xxxi. H54
         1680  Si cum dïent li ancïan,^L1680 [L1680] c. la content a. R54
                   De la Jesu Nativited;
                   Tant ert del siecle dunc aled,^L1682 [L1682] des le s. a H54^L1682 [L1682] idonc ert tant a. R54^L1682 [L1682] Del s54
                   Quant Danïel a Rume alad
         1684  [Li] evesque que Deu amad.^L1684 [L1684] ke deus a. RH54^L1684 [L1684] Lev. DL54
                   Kenewlf fud cel an ocis,
                   Un fiz de rei de mult grant pris.^L1686 [L1686] om  mult H54^L1686 [L1686] r. ki out g. R54
                   Li bon[s] Johan[s] idunc [transi],^L1687 [L1687] transist L54^L1687 [L1687] transit54
         1688  Celui qui [gist en Beverli]^L1688 [L1688] beverlei DL54^L1688 [L1688] qui en B. gist DL54
                   [E] Edelburc l'ovre abatid^L1689 [L1689] om  E DLH54
                   Que li reis [Inne] aveit bastid;^L1690 [L1690] a. abasti H54^L1690 [L1690] om  Inne DLH54
                   A Tantune aveit fait ovrer,
         1692  Ele fist l'ovre degeter.
                   En [i]cel an qui vint aprés^L1693 [L1693] E en cel a. DL54
                   Furent plusurs de guere engrés.
                   Li reis Withred qui Kent teneit^L1695 [L1695] wildret H54^L1695 [L1695] om  Li reis R54

Page 54

         1696  Fud mort, [si] cum Deu voleit;^L1696 [L1696] D. le v.55^L1696 [L1696] om  si DH55
                   Trente quatre anz cel rei regnat,^L1697 [L1697] .xxxiii. a. cil rois r. H55
                   Bien tint sun regne, [sa] gent amat;^L1698 [L1698] om  sa DL55
                   E Yne li reis de Westsexe
         1700  Guerreiad Surrie e Sudsexe,
                   [Ealbrit ocist, un] fiz de rei^L1701 [L1701] E habalt huni (hun [L]) DL55
                   Qu'il dechaçad ainz de sur sei,^L1702 [L1702] ainz chascat R55^L1702 [L1702] chacad DLRH55^L1702 [L1702] All the MSS. concur in reading chaçad, but the line is then a syllable short; it renders the phrase from A.S.C.(E) 725: þe he ær ut flymde; in view of Gaimar's frequent use of dechacier in similar contexts I have added the prefix to the verb.55
                   Ainz l'aveit tut desherited,^L1703 [L1703] t. desbarette H55
         1704  Or l'ad ocis e mort rüed;^L1704 [L1704] a mort H55
                   E de Sudsexïens mult prist,^L1705 [L1705] om  mult H55
                   Asquanz raïnst, asquanz ocist;^L1706 [L1706] A. rauist L raint R55
                   Puis aprés ço poi sujurnad,^L1707 [L1707] a. ke poi R55^L1707 [L1707] om  Puis H55
         1708  A Rume [li reis] Yne alad^L1708 [L1708] le rei55
                   E Edelbert un sun cusin^L1709 [L1709] om  E H55^L1709 [L1709] Edelbert. The true name of Ine's successor is Æthelheard. There is no knowing who is responsible for the confusion, but Gaimar gives the correct name when recording the death of this king (l. 1759).55
                   Reçut le regne Westsexin;^L1710 [L1710] Tint le H55
                   Quatorze anz tint mult sagement,^L1711 [L1711] a. le tint s. H55^L1711 [L1711] a. la tint R55^L1711 [L1711] Quarante R55
         1712  Amed esteit entre sa gent.^L1712 [L1712] e. mult e. L55^L1712 [L1712] ll. 1711-2 interverted in H55
                   Aprés dous anz dunc trespasserent,^L1713 [L1713] om  dunc H55
                   Dous cometes se demustrerent, [f.105c]
                   [L]es esteilles geterent rais;
         1716  Asquanz distrent encuntre pais,^L1716 [L1716] d. kencontre p R55
                   Asquanz distrent encuntre guerre:^L1717 [L1717] d. contre g. R55
                   Ço signefïed eissil de terre.
                   [M]ais ki k'en dïet tort u dreit,^L1719 [L1719] ou t. ou d. H55^L1719 [L1719] en deit L55
         1720  Pur quei ço ert, nuls ne saveit.
                   [Osric] li reis idunc fud morz,^L1721 [L1721] Oseric DL55
                   Unze anz regnad, asez fud forz
                   E saint [Ecbricht] dunc deviad^L1723 [L1723] edbright H55^L1723 [L1723] idunc DR55^L1723 [L1723] ebric DL55
         1724  Qui bone vie demenad.
                   Cheolwlf aprés [uit] anz retint,^L1725 [L1725] set DLH55
                   Dunc fud mort Oswald l'edeling.^L1726 [L1726] Idunc55

Page 55

                   Le jur a nuit dunc s'oscurad.^L1727 [L1727] j. apres d. H56
         1728  Edelbald Westsexe preiad,^L1728 [L1728] Edelwald H56
                   Sumertune prist e saisit,
                   Asez cunquist tant cum vesquid.^L1730 [L1730] om  tant H cum il v. R56
                   [Acce] l'evesque fud decacied^L1731 [L1731] f. donc chasce R fud chaced LH56^L1731 [L1731] Acke R56^L1731 [L1731] E cel e. DL56
         1732  De [Hextildesham], de s'evesqued.^L1732 [L1732] de son sie R56^L1732 [L1732] om  de H56^L1732 [L1732] En edenesham H56^L1732 [L1732] hecteuesham DL56
                   La lune dunc se [de]mustrad,^L1733 [L1733] mustrad DL56
                   En ruge sanc ert: ço semblad
                   A tuz icels qui la vëeient;^L1735 [L1735] A tuz cels LRH56
         1736  En sanc esteit, [tuz le] diseient.^L1736 [L1736] co DLH56
                   Li arcevesque idunc transit,
                   Tathwine Deu mult bien servid.^L1738 [L1738] T. qui dieu s. H56^L1738 [L1738] Cathwine R56^L1738 [L1738] Teinthwine DLH56^L1738 [L1738] Cathwine R, Teinthwine DLH. As the reading of R is closer to the O.E. name, Tatwine, I have adopted it, subject to the correction in the initial.56
                   Ecbrict eslistrent en sun sied,^L1739 [L1739] Edbright esleustrent H56^L1739 [L1739] E ebrict L Ecbruth R56^L1739 [L1739] E ebriet56
         1740  Cil tint mult bien l'arcevesquied.^L1740 [L1740] om  mult LH56
                   Bede le prestre dunc deviad,
                   A Weremue iloc [posa].^L1742 [L1742] i. lum le p. R56^L1742 [L1742] gernemue H56^L1742 [L1742] reposad DL56^L1742 [L1742] posad. The agreement of R and H in the verb supports its retention in the text. The verb in this sense occurs again at l. 2535 and DLH again seem to object. Here both DL on the one hand and R on the other seem to have objected to the use of poser as a neuter verb and to have altered the line to avoid it, but in so doing have made the line unmetrical.56
                   [Cheolwlf] li reis moine devint.^L1743 [L1743] Cheelwld56
         1744  Un sun cusin le regne tint,
                   Eadbrith [out nun], vint e un an^L1745 [L1745] Et cheosulf H56^L1745 [L1745] om  out nun DLH56
                   Tint le regne en grant ahan^L1746 [L1746] r. par g. R56^L1746 [L1746] Le r. tint a g. H56
                   Kar Edelbald le guerreiad,
         1748  Norhumberland cel an preiad.
                   [Eadbrict] Eating^L1749 [L1749] eatinc R56^L1749 [L1749] Ecbrith R Eadring H56^L1749 [L1749] eanting DLH56^L1749 [L1749] Eadhirng56
                   Eate Luedwalding,^L1750 [L1750] luedwadinc R leadwalding H56^L1750 [L1750] Eaze H56^L1750 [L1750] luedwanding DL56^L1749 [L1749] Gaimar has been misled by his source, A.S.C. 738, into taking the genealogy as the name of the king; he has copied the names and patronymics, but his copyists have found them difficult to cope with; I have therefore followed his source and corrected accordingly, and likewise in l. 1753.56
                   Eissi ot nun li riche reis^L1751 [L1751] li riches r. RH56 [f.105d]
         1752  Qui regnat sur les Norhumbreis.
                   Ecbrict Eating ot nun sun frere,^L1753 [L1753] Ecberith eatinc R56^L1753 [L1753] Eadbrit eanting DLH56
                   Arcevesque ert de gentil [ere].^L1754 [L1754] ert e g. R56^L1754 [L1754] here DL56
                   [Ambedous gisent pres a pres
         1756  A Everwic as porticés].^L1756 [L1756] a p. R es p. H56

Page 56

                   Dunc aprés ço un poi [de tens]^L1757 [L1757] om  co R57^L1757 [L1757] apres DL57
                   Murut li reis Westsexïe[n]s^L1758 [L1758] r. de W. H57^L1758 [L1758] M. un rei R57^L1758 [L1758] westsexies DL57
                   Reis Edelard. Un sun cusin^L1759 [L1759] un un s.57
         1760  Gudred regnat aprés sa fin;
                   [Sesze] anz dïent qu'il tint la terre.^L1761 [L1761] om  quil H57^L1761 [L1761] Trente L57^L1761 [L1761] Treze DH57
                   Reis Edelbald li fist grant guerre.
                   Edelbald ert de Merce reis,^L1763 [L1763] E E.57
         1764  Gudret [maintint] ses Westsexeis.^L1764 [L1764] westsexies L westsexiens R suthsexois H57^L1764 [L1764] G. meut noise as W. L57^L1764 [L1764] westsexis57^L1764 [L1764] maint moy57
                   Saint [Cuth]bert tint l'arcevesquied^L1765 [L1765] ert R57^L1765 [L1765] cubert57
                   [Kar l'arcevesque] fud eissillied.^L1766 [L1766] Ace levesque DLH57
                   Gudred e Edelbald li reis
         1768  Se cumbatirent as Waleis,
                   Triwes pristrent pur la bataille,^L1769 [L1769] sa b. H57
                   Bien descunfistrent l'assemblaile
                   Que li Gualeis aveient fait.
         1772  Qui pot anceis, [s'il pot], s'en vait.^L1772 [L1772] p. al ainz kil p. R57^L1772 [L1772] fuir57
                   Un an aprés cil de Wincestre,
                   Quant Danïel n'i pot plus estre,^L1774 [L1774] om  plus H57
                   Dunc [firent] Hunfert lur evesque.^L1775 [L1775] winfert H57^L1775 [L1775] ercevesque DL57^L1775 [L1775] funt DLH57^L1775 [L1775] After 1775 DLH add: De clergie fud mult bon mestre mult not in LH57
         1776  [Li esteiles del ciel se hautesce
                   E remüerent par semblant,
                   La gent dïent k'il vont dechaant].
                   Idunc transit l'autre Wilfre[i]z^L1779 [L1779] wilfriz H57^L1779 [L1779] li a. wlfriz R57
         1780  Tierz jur dedenz Avril [le] meis;^L1780 [L1780] om  le meis H57^L1780 [L1780] Le tierz jour d. averilz H57^L1780 [L1780] de57
                   Il fud evesque par trente anz,
                   Si cum nus [dit li ancïans].^L1782 [L1782] d. lestorie a. L d. li estoires a. H57^L1782 [L1782] om  Si and nus H57^L1782 [L1782] anciens LR57^L1782 [L1782] trovum en lisanz57^L1782 [L1782] The general agreement of LHR shows that we have an individual variation by D; the reading without estoire (as in R) is supported by l. 1680.57
                   Dunc fud li rei[s] Chelred ocis.^L1783 [L1783] elred H57
         1784  Li reis [Eadbrith donc fu transis]^L1784 [L1784] r. edbright est d.t. H57^L1784 [L1784] ecbrit idunc transid57
                   E de Westsexe dan Chenris^L1785 [L1785] dan Chenris and refud ocis interverted in DH57^L1784 [L1784] not in L57

Page 57

                   Un fiz de rei refud ocis.^L1786 [L1786] r. dan chenris L58
                   En icel tens une saisun^L1787 [L1787] t. e en cele s. R t. ont seisson H58^L1787 [L1787] E en58
         1788  [Entre] Gudred e [Edelhun]^L1788 [L1788] E. gueret H58^L1788 [L1788] Regna L58^L1788 [L1788] edeldun DLH58^L1788 [L1788] Estre58
                   [Tindrent bataille e firent guere;
                   Cil ert un baron de la tere,^L1790 [L1790] de sa t. H58^L1790 [L1790] Cil et un H58
                   Li uns ert reis, l'altre baron,^L1791 [L1791] li autres H58
         1792  Bien tint le son cist Edelhon].^L1792 [L1792] Mes b. t. cil de huir le son H58^L1792 [L1792] ll. 1789-92 not in DL58
                   Quant Gudred ot duze anz regned,^L1793 [L1793] om  ot R58
                   Cuntre Edelbald [se cumbatied]^L1794 [L1794] sest cumbated DRH58 [f.106a]
                   Le rei de Merke en fuie mist,^L1795 [L1795] en sui m. L58^L1795 [L1795] Li reis R58
         1796  De ses humes mult [en] ocist;^L1796 [L1796] om  en DL58
                   A Berceford fud la bataille,^L1797 [L1797] berford R hereforde H58
                   Li [Merceis] orent grant cuntraille.^L1798 [L1798] Les M. o. la c. R58^L1798 [L1798] merceneis DL58
                   [Dous anz aprés Gudred li reis]^L1799 [L1799] G. dous anz apres fud reis58
         1800  Se cumbatid cuntre Gualeis,
                   Descunfit fud mais bien guarid,
                   Ne gueres del suen [n'i] perdit.^L1802 [L1802] ne58
                   Dous anz aprés vait a sa fin.
         1804  Dunc firent rei de sun cusin^L1804 [L1804] de un s. RH58
                   Ki [Sïebrand] aveit a nun,^L1805 [L1805] siebart DL58
                   Ne tint que un an cel regïun.^L1806 [L1806] cele r. RH58
                   Set cenz [sessante] e cinc anz meins^L1807 [L1807] om  anz R58^L1807 [L1807] et .lx. H58^L1807 [L1807] om  e DLRH58^L1807 [L1807] e quarante DL58
         1808  Ot en cel jur e en cel tens^L1808 [L1808] En cel jur fut et H58^L1808 [L1808] ll. 1807-8 interverted in H58
                   Des la Jesu Nativited
                   Tresqu'a cel jur – ço fud cunted –^L1810 [L1810] j. qe fut nome H58
                   Que Kenewlf desheritad^L1811 [L1811] chewolf R58
         1812  Sibrit. Sun cusin decaçad^L1812 [L1812] Siebrant son c. en chascat R58
                   E les baruns [de la contree]^L1813 [L1813] del cunted DLH58
                   Par traïsun que orent menee,^L1814 [L1814] mened DLRH58
                   Si tint le cunté de Hamtune^L1815 [L1815] de huntedone R58

Page 58

         1816  E de Westsexe e de Wiltune.^L1816 [L1816] E tote W. e W. R Et W. et W. H59
                   Kenewlf tint lung tens la terre
                   Tresque un barun l'acoilt de guerre.^L1818 [L1818] b. la tuilt de g. R59
                   Mult guerreiad e bien se tint^L1819 [L1819] M. le guereiout e mult se t. R59
         1820  Desci que tut mal l'en avint.
                   Cuntre Kenewlf tint bataille,
                   Tute fud morte sa rascaille^L1822 [L1822] f. mort LR59^L1822 [L1822] Tut f. LRH59
                   E il nafred s'en eschapad,
         1824  En [Andredeswalt] se musçad^L1824 [L1824] adreswald DLH59
                   Tant que un porchier l'ad mort rüed
                   En un buissun, u fud [trové].^L1826 [L1826] musce L59^L1826 [L1826] muscred59
                   Kenewlf fud [i]dunc regnanz^L1827 [L1827] i. tenanz R59^L1827 [L1827] dunc DLH59
         1828  Tant que ot regné [plus de] vint anz.^L1828 [L1828] om  plus de DLH59 [f.106b]
                   Cel Sïebrit k'il ot cacied^L1829 [L1829] kout c. R59^L1829 [L1829] sibrict LH siebrant R59^L1829 [L1829] ciebrit59
                   Ert sun cusin mais par pechied^L1830 [L1830] par purchez R59
                   E par cunseil de ses baruns^L1831 [L1831] c. dun sun barun L59
         1832  Qui furent fols e mult feluns^L1832 [L1832] om  mult H59^L1832 [L1832] Q. fu f. L59
                   [Estait li reis vers li marriz.^L1833 [L1833] v. eus m. H59
                   Un frere aveit cil Sïebriz^L1834 [L1834] ll. 1833-4 not in DL59
                   Qui Kenehard aveit a nun.^L1835 [L1835] kenard L chenehart R cheard H59^L1835 [L1835] keneward59
         1836  Cil fist mult fol[e] vengeisun;^L1836 [L1836] avengison H59^L1836 [L1836] fol DL59
                   Par espies tant espiad
                   Que en la chambre le rei trovad,^L1838 [L1838] r. entrad R59
                   U ert venud priveement
         1840  A une dame senz sa gent.
                   A cele chambre l'asaillit
                   Tant que li reis fors s'en issid;^L1842 [L1842] om  sen H59
                   A une hache qu'il teneit
         1844  Sur lui curut tresqu'il le [veit].^L1844 [L1844] le vit L59^L1844 [L1844] veeit59
                   De la hache tel li donad
                   Ensun le chief, u l'asenad,^L1846 [L1846] u il la. DLH59

Page 59

                   Tresqu'as espalles le fendit.
         1848  Celui ocist qui l'asaillit^L1848 [L1848] o. si en saillit H60
                   Mais [cels altres] li curent sure,^L1849 [L1849] M. les a. R M. homes li H60^L1849 [L1849] ceus60
                   Oscis i fud en [mult] poi d'ure^L1850 [L1850] om  i R60^L1850 [L1850] om  mult DLH60
                   E Sïebrit, quant il l'oïd,^L1851 [L1851] Quant esebright lad oi H60^L1851 [L1851] siebrant R60
         1852  Il e sa gent vindrent al crid.^L1852 [L1852] Li et sa g. H60
                   Tuit ocistrent, quanqu'il troverent,^L1853 [L1853] o. kil t. R60
                   E pristrent robe, aver preierent;^L1854 [L1854] a. porterent H60^L1854 [L1854] p. e roberent e p. R60
                   Mais [ainz] qu'il [fust] d'iloc partid,^L1855 [L1855] fud DH60
         1856  La mesnee vindrent al crid^L1856 [L1856] criz RH60^L1856 [L1856] m. vint a grant c. H60^L1856 [L1856] ci60^L1853 [L1853] not in L60
                   Qui od le rei orent ested,
                   Qui l'aveit cherid e amed.
                   Quant cil virent mort lur se[ignur],
         1860  Al cuer orent grant dolur.^L1860 [L1860] o. ire et d. H60^L1860 [L1860] c. en o. R60
                   Dunc nel voldrent pur rien lai[sser]^L1861 [L1861] voudrent H60^L1861 [L1861] voldreient DLR60
                   Que lur seignur [n']algent vengier.
                   Sure [lur] curent, [sis] ferirent,^L1863 [L1863] sil f. R et f. H60^L1863 [L1863] si60
         1864  Cil vassalment les atendirent,^L1864 [L1864] Cist vassal ml't L60^L1856 [L1856] written round hole; some final letters trimmed60
                   Cil mult pramist e bel parlad^L1865 [L1865] Cil vassaument et b. p. H60^L1865 [L1865] b. preia R60
                   E les baruns araisunad. [f.106c]
                   '[S]eignurs,' fait il, 'ne m'asaillez
         1868  Kar jo m'en sui par dreit vengiez.^L1868 [L1868] jo me sui RH60
                   [Vus] savez bien, si cum jo crei,
                   Que sui fiz Sï[e]brant le rei,^L1870 [L1870] jo sui f. L jeo fui f. H60^L1870 [L1870] sibrant DLH60
                   Si deüsse par jugement^L1871 [L1871] p. dreit j. DLH60
         1872  Tenir le regne, aveir la gent.
                   [Q]uant cest mien uncle me fist guere,^L1873 [L1873] Q. mon u. H60
                   Ne poi remaneir en la terre.^L1874 [L1874] Ne poai R Ne poeie H60
                   [S]i jo me sui de lui vengiez,^L1875 [L1875] jo ne me R60
         1876  A tort vus en esmerveilliez.^L1876 [L1876] emerveillez R esmerveillerez H60^L1876 [L1876] om  en H60^L1876 [L1876] merveilliez DL60

Page 60

                   [B]aruns, kar faites grant baldur,^L1877 [L1877] om  grant H61
                   Si me faites rendre m'onur.
                   [Par] tel covent cum jo l'avrai,
         1880  Chascun [de vus] s'onur rendrai^L1880 [L1880] A ch. LH61^L1880 [L1880] om  de vus DL61
                   [E] creissement vus durai grant,^L1881 [L1881] d. tant H61^L1881 [L1881] Et acressement H61
                   Le plus povre f[e]rai manant.'
                   [Cil] respunent: '[Pas nel] ferum.^L1883 [L1883] Cil respondirent R61^L1883 [L1883] Et cil H61^L1883 [L1883] pais ne f.61^L1883 [L1883] E il (?) 61
         1884  Cum[e] felun vus defium.^L1884 [L1884] Cum DL61
                   Nostre seignur nus avez mort.
                   Alum ferir, nul nel deport.'^L1886 [L1886] nuls nes d. H61
                   A tant ferirent vassalment.
         1888  Cil les refierent ensement.^L1888 [L1888] referirent R61
                   Qu'e[n] direie? Grant fud l'estur,
                   Sïebrit fud ocis le jur,
                   Il e trestuz ses cumpaignuns
         1892  Fors sulement un vadletuns;
                   Icil esteit fillol le rei,^L1893 [L1893] Icist L Cist H61^L1891 [L1891] written round hole61
                   Pur ço guarid, si cum jo crei.^L1894 [L1894] g. co cr. R61
                   Eissi finad iceste guere.
         1896  Or [n'out] nul d'els [gueres] la terre,^L1896 [L1896] g. de t. H61^L1896 [L1896] nuls dels g. de la t. R61^L1896 [L1896] n'out and nul d'els interverted in L61^L1896 [L1896] nul and d'els interverted61^L1896 [L1896] nunt61
                   L'uncle ne les nevoz ne l'unt
                   Ne les baruns qui morz en sunt
                   Ne Cumbran qui se cumbatid^L1899 [L1899] cumbrant L combran R enconbrand H61^L1899 [L1899] cumbart61
         1900  Qui en Andredeswald fuïd^L1900 [L1900] andreswald sen f. LRH61 [f.106d]
                   Que li porchiers el bois ocist.
                   Mult mal eire home qui traïst.^L1902 [L1902] Malement e. cil q. H61
                   Li lignages [a ces] dous reis^L1903 [L1903] dicels d. D deces d. LH61^L1903 [L1903] a ces dous reis and dunt dis ainceis interverted in DLH61
         1904  E as nevoz dunt dis ainceis,
                   De lur peres lur parentez^L1905 [L1905] p. li p. R p. les p. H61
                   Furent a Certiz [acontez];^L1906 [L1906] acointiez L61^L1906 [L1906] F. acerteiz e a. L F. acertiz et a. H61^L1906 [L1906] acuintiez61
                   D'uncle a nevo, de pere a fiz,

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         1908  Del lignage furent Certiz.^L1908 [L1908] f. a C. R62
                   [Cheol]wlf regnat vint e un an,^L1909 [L1909] Edel62
                   Asez suffri peine e ahan;
                   A Wincestre la l'unt ported,^L1911 [L1911] W. len u. p. R W. lont p. H62
         1912  Par grant honur l'unt enterred,^L1912 [L1912] lunt iloc e. R62
                   E ses nevoz qui sunt ocis;
                   A [Axemustre] fud l'un mis,^L1914 [L1914] exsemustre H62^L1914 [L1914] axeministre DL62
                   L'autre enterrerent a [Defurel],^L1915 [L1915] definel DL62
         1916  [Kenehard] ot nun li dancel.^L1916 [L1916] Kenard DLH62^L1804 [L1804] This long passage is based on the celebrated annal, A.S.C. 755, though Gaimar has failed to find his way successfully through the varying references of the O.E. pronouns, with the result that he has changed the story very considerably. A detailed analysis of that annal, with translation, is given by F. P. Magoun, Jr., Cynewulf, Cyneheard, and Osric, Anglia XLV (1933), 361-76. In his dissertation Gross discussed Gaimar's mistakes and alterations; subsequently I proposed modifications of some of his interpretations in Cynewulf and Cyneheard in Gaimar, M.L.R. X (1915), 42-6. Discussion of the passage will, however, be facilitated by a short summary of the relevant annals. In A.S.C. we read that Cuthred died in 754, that Sigeberht, his mæg, succeeded and reigned one year, that Cynewulf in 755 took the kingdom from Sigeberht, his mæg, leaving him only Hampshire, that Sigeberht killed Cumbra, an ealdorman who had long supported him, and was eventually slain in the forest of Andred by a swain. Later his brother, Cyneheard, reacting against Cynewulf's attempt to expel him, found the king, with only a small retinue, at a lady's house, made a surprise attack on him, killed him and his retinue, but was in his turn attacked and slain by the main body of the king's supporters. In ll. 1804-6 Gaimar translates correctly the entry about Cuthred's death, but names his successor Siebrand; then, in ll. 1811-3, he deals with the expulsion of Sigeberht, whom he calls Siebrit. These two are quite distinct, for in l. 1870 the latter calls himself fiz Siebrant le rei; he is also, for Gaimar, nephew of Cynewulf and thought of as young. Two problems arise: whence did Gaimar derive the name Siebrand and why did he introduce him? To the former I have no solution to offer beyond possible faulty memories of the East Anglian royal genealogy, but with respect to the latter I would suggest that the phrasing of A.S.C. may have contributed to Gaimar's imagining the existence of two Sigeberht's. From the statement, in A.S.C. 754, that Sigeberht heold .1. gear, he drew the faulty conclusion that Sigeberht died at the end of that year and by the failure to make explicit the relationship between Cuthred and Cynewulf A.S.C. obscured the identity of Sigeberht in 754 with Sigeberht in 755. Now that Gaimar had two Sigeberht's in his mind, it was an easy step to regard them as father and son, and this he has done. On top of this comes a misunderstanding. A.S.C. tells us that Cynewulf and the Witan expelled Sigeberht for unrihtum dædum, but Gaimar has applied this phrase to Cynewulf and so arrives at the conception that Siebrit was treacherously deprived of the succession by Cynewulf and the Witan, a conception expressed somewhat ambiguously in ll. 1812-14, but quite clearly in ll. 1829-33. Now comes another misunderstanding by Gaimar and this has serious consequences. In his source he read: he hafde þa oð he ofsloh þone ealdorman þe him lengst wunode $$ hine þa Cynewulf on Andred adrefede $$ he þær wunode oþ þæt an swan hine ofstang. In the O.E. text the italicized pronouns all refer to Sigeberht, but for some unknown reason (perhaps merely hurried reading) Gaimar referred the first he to Cynewulf. Consequently the second he must also refer to him, but now hine, at its first occurrence, can no longer refer to Cynewulf nor, for Gaimar, to Sigeberht; the author therefore had no choice but to apply it to the ealdorman. Thus Gaimar arrived at the conception of a revolt against the king by the ealdorman who is defeated and takes refuge in the forest of Andred, though I am doubtful whether, as Gross suggests, Gaimar confused the O.E. verbs wunnian and winnan. That the murdered nobleman whose death was avenged by the swain should thus become a defeated rebel who is miserably slain by a porchier is of minor importance beside the fact that Siebrit has now survived and can still take part in the later proceedings. As a result of this survival Gaimar has to modify the struggle at Merantum. His Cyneheard is killed by the king, who is then slain by Cyneheard's men; Siebrit now turns up, kills some rather mysterious survivors and sacks the house, but is attacked, before he can get away, by some royal supporters–evidently the party led by Osric and Wigfrith in A.S.C.; Siebrit parleys with them, but in vain, and in the final struggle he and his followers are killed with the exception of the godson, not of the ealdorman, but of the king, though I am unable to say whether this is due to Gaimar misunderstanding his source or merely to him translating ealdorman by rei, as he does elsewhere. Thus, whether by accident or design, Gaimar has omitted the parallel in the fates of the two retinues so noticeable in A.S.C. What led him to bury Siebrit at Axminster and Cyneheard elsewhere is still a mystery, unless by chance there was the tomb of some Cyneheard at one of the Deverills.62
                   [E] en cel an [si] fud ocis^L1917 [L1917] om  si DLH62
                   Reis [Edelbalt] li [Mercenis],^L1918 [L1918] edelbard li merceneis L62^L1918 [L1918] Li r. R62^L1918 [L1918] marchis62^L1918 [L1918] edelwald62
                   A Rependune l'enfuïrent,
         1920  Pur lui le liu [maint an] cherirent;^L1920 [L1920] l. mult en c. H62^L1920 [L1920] l. en c. DL62
                   Quarante [e] un an fud [cil] reis.^L1921 [L1921] .xli. H62^L1921 [L1921] cel62^L1921 [L1921] om  e DL62
                   Aprés lui firent Merkeneis
                   Brithred rei par tel tenur;^L1923 [L1923] B. reis R62^L1923 [L1923] Budret H62^L1923 [L1923] All MSS. support Brithred as the name, but again Gaimar has made a mistake, for in A.S.C. 755 it is Beornred who succeeded. The second half of the line does not connect with what follows, as it leads us to expect a que-clause.62
         1924  Cel an fud chacied [de l]'onur.^L1924 [L1924] donur62
                   Offe li reis l'en dechaçad,
                   Trente nef anz [tint e] regnad^L1926 [L1926] t. la terre e r. R62^L1926 [L1926] a. puis r. DLH62^L1926 [L1926] The line is metrically faulty in DLH, but the omission of la terre from R as proposed by Gross, gives a correct line and this absolute use of tenir is well attested in the Estoire.62
                   E aprés lui les Merkeneis^L1927 [L1927] li M. H62
         1928  Ecfert firent del regne reis.
                   Il fud fiz Offe qui ainz tint,
                   Asez regnad, bien lui avint,
                   Cenz jurs quarante anz e un plus^L1931 [L1931] j. e q. a. R62^L1931 [L1931] All MSS. agree in anz, so this must be what Gaimar wrote; perhaps he thought the heold .xli. daga $$ .c. daga of his source involved a mistaken repetition.62
         1932  Tint cum hume [bien] vertuus.^L1932 [L1932] Le t. H62^L1932 [L1932] om  bien DLH62
                   Ecfert esteit en Merce sire,^L1933 [L1933] Et Offerd H62
                   Dunc prist un jur suvent a dire,
                   Aler voleit pur Deu servir,^L1935 [L1935] a D. R om  pur LH62^L1935 [L1935] Que a. LRH62
         1936  Moine u chanoine devenir. [f.107a]
                   Puis s'en turnad, trestut guerpit,^L1937 [L1937] t. tut g. H62
                   Osulf sun fiz dunc [ad] saisit;^L1938 [L1938] om  ad DH62

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                   Norhumberland, Merce e Dairon
         1940  E [Berniche li] rendit l'om.^L1940 [L1940] birinke L bernicke R63^L1940 [L1940] berewic len63^L1933 [L1933] There is here confusion between Eadberht of Northumbria and Ecgfrith of Mercia. The two names are elsewhere interchanged in the MSS. of the Estoire and the same confusion occurs in William of Malmesbury, but the agreement of our four MSS. at this point suggests that the mistake is most probably due to Gaimar himself. As a result Oswulf of Northumbria becomes for him son of the Mercian king and so lord of both Mercia and Northumbria! Gross calls attention to a discrepancy in the reading of l. 1933 between Monumenta Historica Britannica and the Rolls edition; the former attributes to our D the reading Edbert esteit en Northumbre sire, but it is not to be found in that MS. Whence this particular reading derives, I do not know, but it is curious that the translator in the Rolls edition deserts his text, which agrees with mine, and follows M.H.B., possibly because that agrees with A.S.C.(E) 757: Eadberht Norðhymbra cining.63
                   Un an vesquid, puis fud ocis;
                   [Ço] firent ses serganz chaitis^L1942 [L1942] Cum63
                   Qui puis [en] furent tuz destruiz,^L1943 [L1943] om  tuz R63^L1943 [L1943] om  en DLH63
         1944  Penduz, defaiz, malement duiz.^L1944 [L1944] m. tuz R63^L1944 [L1944] Maumenez et penduz H63
                   A [i]cel jur – [ço] dist l'estoire –^L1945 [L1945] ce63^L1945 [L1945] cel DL63
                   Set cenz cinquante e nef memoire^L1946 [L1946] c. e c. nof R c. et c. H63
                   Aveient fait li anceisur^L1947 [L1947] Des anz ourent f. H63
         1948  Des l'oent Deu tresqu'a cel jur.^L1948 [L1948] D. lavenue D. L Del advent D. R Des la nativite D. H63
                   [I]tant anz ot, quant deviad^L1949 [L1949] om  anz H63^L1949 [L1949] E t.63
                   Li [ber Cuthbert] que Deus amad^L1950 [L1950] que dampnedeus a. L63^L1950 [L1950] Le bon C. H63^L1950 [L1950] Li ber que L63^L1950 [L1950] Li bert que D. mult a.63
                   E Mol [Edelwald] fud fait reis;^L1951 [L1951] edewald R63^L1951 [L1951] edelwlf DL63
         1952  [Iço] firent les Norhumbreis.^L1952 [L1952] li N. LH63^L1952 [L1952] Ice DL63
                   Dous anz fud reis [e] bien tint terre,^L1953 [L1953] om  e DL63
                   Mult amad pais mielz que guere.^L1954 [L1954] Meis m. a. mains p. que g. R Il a. pees et hait g. H63
                   Al secund an qu'il [regnot],^L1955 [L1955] regnoit H63^L1955 [L1955] regnad63
         1956  Fud fort iver; pluveit, [negot]^L1956 [L1956] p. e n. R i. et mult plovoit H63^L1956 [L1956] negad63
                   E si gelot e feseit freit,^L1957 [L1957] Negoit geloit et f. fesoit H63
                   Avisunkes [rien] garisseit,^L1958 [L1958] om  rien DLH63
                   [Hume ne femme], aver ne beste,^L1959 [L1959] f. nautre b. H63^L1959 [L1959] H. ne gent a R63^L1959 [L1959] Humes ne femmes63
         1960  Del fort iver, de la tempeste.^L1960 [L1960] i. e de DLH63
                   Ço fud dit que signifiad
                   La mort re[i] Mol qui dunc regnad^L1962 [L1962] om  Mol H63^L1962 [L1962] m. le r. R m. du r. H63^L1962 [L1962] re DL63
                   Qui fud ocis aprés un munt,
         1964  Edwinesclive apelé l'unt,^L1964 [L1964] E. nome l. R63^L1964 [L1964] Eadwinesdine L63
                   Iloc l'ocist Anche e Oswine.^L1965 [L1965] ake et O. H63^L1965 [L1965] In A.S.C.(E) 761 it is the king who slays Oswine. Gaimar seems to have misinterpreted owing to confusing subject and object, and so to have reversed the situation and this may, as Gross suggests, account for the shortening of the reign from six to two years in l. 1953. 63
                   A Alchered fud la terre encline,
                   Nof ans vesquid e tint cel regne

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         1968  Mais les baruns trestuz ensemble^L1968 [L1968] b. touz e. H64
                   L'unt deguerpid pur lur dreit eir,^L1969 [L1969] p. le d. H64
                   Si li firent sun regne aveir;
                   A Everwic l'unt receüd,
         1972  Alchered li reis dechacied fud.^L1972 [L1972] om  li reis H64 [f.107b]
                   Edelred fud fiz Mol lu rei,^L1973 [L1973] f. fid e M. L64
                   Li Norhumbreis li tindrent fei.
                   Il [ne] regnad ne mais quatre anz.^L1975 [L1975] r. fors q. H64
         1976  Dunc fud un signes aparisanz;^L1976 [L1976] uns signes LH un signe R64
                   Del ciel a terre s'[estendeit],^L1977 [L1977] estendirent DLH64
                   En semblance de cruiz [esteit];^L1978 [L1978] le virent L les virent H64^L1978 [L1978] lavirent64^L1976 [L1976] DLH apparently took signes at its first occurrence as a plural, but landed in difficulties in l. 1978. R is consistent and agrees with l. 1980, so I have preferred its readings.64
                   Ço fud puis soleil rescunsant^L1979 [L1979] s. cuchant RH64^L1979 [L1979] le s. DLH64^L1979 [L1979] rescunsant DL, couchant RH. As it is possible that R and H have altered independently and as Gaimar elsewhere uses rescunser of the sun, but nowhere else employs culchier in this sense, I have kept the reading of the MS base.64
         1980  Que cel signes fud demustrant.^L1980 [L1980] Q. cest s. LR64
                   Idunc transit [Eadbert] li reis,^L1981 [L1981] ealbrid L64^L1981 [L1981] E dunc LRH64^L1981 [L1981] elbrith64
                   Eating le clamerent Engleis,^L1982 [L1982] eatinc R eanting H64^L1982 [L1982] anting DL64
                   [E] en cel an firent dous reis,^L1983 [L1983] om  E DL64
         1984  Li reis de Merce e de Kenteis,^L1984 [L1984] e li K. R64^L1984 [L1984] Le rei RH64
                   A [Otteford] bataille grant,^L1985 [L1985] O. ot baille L64^L1985 [L1985] unt b.64^L1985 [L1985] otesford DL64
                   U fud ocis maint hom vaillant.^L1986 [L1986] m. home v. LRH64
                   Dunc furent veüz uns serpenz,^L1987 [L1987] D. i f. venu .ii. s. H64
         1988  Unc ainz en terre nes virent genz.^L1988 [L1988] a. ne v. en t. g. H64^L1988 [L1988] a. itels ne v. R64
                   En Sudsexe se demustrerent.
                   Ço distrent cels quis esgarderent^L1990 [L1990] d. cil q. RH64
                   Que blanches e neires esteient,
         1992  Ruges e vertes deveneient,
                   Puis muoent mainte colur,^L1993 [L1993] mueient L muait R64^L1993 [L1993] muent DH64
                   En set, en uit, par un sul jur^L1994 [L1994] U seit feiz u huit le j. R Ben set feiz en un sul j. L Ou .v. ou .vi. en un soul j. H64^L1994 [L1994] uiz64
                   E quant veneit encuntre nuit,
         1996  Si cantoent par tel deduit
                   Que suz ciel n'ot tel estrument,^L1997 [L1997] not cel e. L nout nul e. R nout e. H64

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                   Si volentiers oïssent gent,^L1998 [L1998] la g. DL65
                   [E] quant alcun[s] les enchasçot,^L1999 [L1999] enchacot LH enchascout R65^L1999 [L1999] enchalcot65^L1999 [L1999] om  E DL65
         2000  [Bricun] qui prendre les quidot^L2000 [L2000] p. les volt R65^L2000 [L2000] Fol65
                   Tost par les jambes [ert lïez]^L2001 [L2001] e. alez L e. lacez H65^L2001 [L2001] erent aliez65
                   Qu'il ne poeit moveir ses piez.^L2002 [L2002] ne pout m. H65
                   Idunc fud plait e cuntençun^L2003 [L2003] e grant tencon R65
         2004  Entre dous reis pur [Besington];^L2004 [L2004] besrancun L65^L2004 [L2004] besratun65
                   Offe li reis l'ad dunc saisid^L2005 [L2005] r. d. lasist R65^L2005 [L2005] dunc lad H65
                   E [Kenewlf] mult s'esmarid.^L2006 [L2006] K. en est mult mari H65^L2006 [L2006] kenewolf mult se marist R65^L2006 [L2006] kenulf DL65
                   Un an aprés furent ocis [f.107c]
         2008  Treis vescuntes de cel païs –
                   Ço fist [Eadbrith] e Edelbalt,^L2009 [L2009] edelbrit DL65^L2009 [L2009] Eadbrith R, Edelbrit DL, Edbright H. The reading of DL gives a metrically incorrect line and has been influenced by the second name; that of RH evidently goes back to a dissyllabic name, but the name in A.S.C.(E) 778 is Heardberht.65
                   Par els fud cumencié l'asalt –^L2010 [L2010] comence fut H65
                   Eadwulf, Kenewlf e [Ecgan]^L2011 [L2011] hegan DLH65^L2011 [L2011] E. e K. DL65
         2012  [A Chimingesclive] e Eliburnan.^L2012 [L2012] e a E. R et liburnan H65^L2012 [L2012] A kenningesclive H65^L2012 [L2012] E remigesclive DL65
                   [E Elfwolt] saisid le regned,^L2013 [L2013] E elwold L Edelwlf H65^L2013 [L2013] Edelwold65
                   Rei [Edelred] en ad chaced;^L2014 [L2014] edelbert65
                   Dis anz regnad dunc icel rei.
         2016  En icel tens tel ert la lei:
                   Ki force aveit. [si] faiseit guerre,^L2017 [L2017] om  si DLH65
                   A sun veisin tolit [sa] terre.^L2018 [L2018] toleit R65^L2018 [L2018] la65
                   Idunc si fud une bataille^L2019 [L2019] om  si R65
         2020  Entre Franceis e l'[asemblaille]^L2020 [L2020] e la flambaille L65^L2020 [L2020] E. saxiens R65^L2020 [L2020] afembaille65
                   Qui de Saisune esteit venue.
                   Ço fud al havene de Portesmue;
                   A l'ariver que cil quiderent^L2023 [L2023] quil q. LRH65
         2024  Saxiens [i] encuntrerent^L2024 [L2024] As S. i e. R Saxseneis i e. H65^L2024 [L2024] S. les e. DL65
                   Qui la terre lur defendirent;
                   Uthlages erent, pur ço le firent.^L2026 [L2026] ceo la f. H65^L2019 [L2019] This passage is an expansion of the entry in A.S.C. 779: Her Ealdseaxne and Francan gefuhton. Gaimar's source undoubtedly refers to an affair on the Continent, but Gaimar has transformed this into a cross-Channel raid on the English coast. Before we can interpret the passage, we have to decide on the reading of l. 2020: DLH have Franceis, but R gives Saxiens, Gross accepted the latter, but, as the former renders correctly Francan, which it does again later in the Estoire, and as it is metrically more correct, I have accepted Franceis into my text. This fixes firmly one party to the battle to the Continent, but what made Gaimar put the other party in this island? A misunderstanding, I think, of Ealdseaxe. This name is only found in two annals in A.S.C.(E), here and at 449. Now the latter is the annal which describes the Settlement of Britain and memories of that, I submit, influenced Gaimar's translation of the later annal. Quite early in the Estoire he used the phrase cil de Seisune (l. 23); the reference is undoubtedly to Saxony, but as he also had in mind the followers of Cerdic, the phrase could be associated with Wessex, as it seems to be when next he uses it (l. 919); a later reference–
                   Ainz que unches Engleis i entrast
                   Ne hume de Seisune i abitast (ll. 2077-8)–shows the same ambivalency, whereas a still later one–
                   Un mais aprés a Meredune
                   Furent vencu cels de Seisune (ll. 3005-6)–quite clearly refers to Wessex. Once Gaimar, as a result of such associations, has equated Ealdseaxe with West Saxons, the rest follows: an attempted raid which, since the aggressors came from France, must have been on the South Coast. On this interpretation cil (l. 2023) must refer to the Franceis and Saxiens (l. 2024) to the defenders. The latter line is a syllable short in DL and grammatically incorrect in R; the reading of H has the appearance of an individual correction, so, although it seems probable that Gaimar had a syllable in front of Saxiens, I have refrained from conjecture.65
                   En [i]cel an a [Seletun]^L2027 [L2027] eletum L elentoun H65^L2027 [L2027] Et en i. a. H65^L2027 [L2027] elecin65^L2027 [L2027] cel DLR65

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         2028  Fud ars dan Buern un riches hum;^L2028 [L2028] un r. barun R66^L2028 [L2028] a. de burn L66^L2028 [L2028] F. aisdan bruilli un r. H66
                   Li Norhumbreis tant le haïrent
                   Que en un grant feu arde[i]r le firent.^L2030 [L2030] om  grant H66
                   En icel tens, ço sevent gent,
         2032  Des le Jesu avenement^L2032 [L2032] Del J. a. R66
                   Aveit set [cenz quatre vinz] anz^L2033 [L2033] c. e q. RH66^L2033 [L2033] cent L66^L2033 [L2033] quarante vint DL66^L2033 [L2033] om  cenz D66
                   E dous avoc; jo en ai garanz
                   Kar Guereburc idunc transid,
         2036  Une reïne qui santid;^L2036 [L2036] r. que dieu servit H66
                   [Kelred] li reis l'ot a muillier;^L2037 [L2037] Kelsed66
                   A Cestre gist en un liu chier,
                   A chascun an i est veüz^L2039 [L2039] E c. i est R66
         2040  [Ke] Deus fait pur lui granz vertuz.^L2040 [L2040] D. i f. R66^L2040 [L2040] om  Ke DH66^L2035 [L2035] There is a difference of opinion about the identity of the Wærburh Ceolredes cwen whose death is recorded in A.S.C.(E) 782. Gaimar has no doubts on the subject: for him she is the saint who lay buried at Chester, in the abbey refounded by Hugh, Earl of Chester, for whom Gaimar later expresses such admiration (ll. 5854-68).66
                   Dous anz aprés sun muriant
                   Dui rei alerent guerreiant.
                   Li uns aveit nun Keneherd,
         2044  Kenewlf ocist en apert [f.107d]
                   E quatre [vinz] humes e quatre^L2045 [L2045] vint DL66
                   Fist Keneher[d] iloc abatre.
                   En icel tens tint reis Burchtriz^L2047 [L2047] burectriz DLRH66^L2047 [L2047] li r. DL66
         2048  Sexze anz Westsexe, ço est escriz,
                   A Werlame fud enfuïz,^L2049 [L2049] werlaine LH66^L2049 [L2049] Werlame. The actual place of burial was Wareham, but the MSS. concur in the reading, so we must ascribe the mistake to Gaimar.66
                   Des parenz fud al rei Certiz.
                   Dunc fud [Ecfert] a rei levez^L2051 [L2051] hecfert66
         2052  E a Hibert croce donez.^L2052 [L2052] hibald R66^L2052 [L2052] haiebert DLH66^L2052 [L2052] None of the MSS. give the name correctly, but DLH point the way to the correction. The reading of R–Hibald–is curious as, although he had been mentioned earlier in A.S.C., the annal concerned is not translated by Gaimar and consequently the name occurs for the first time in the Estoire at l. 2196.66
                   Li messagier vindrent [de] Rume^L2053 [L2053] adrian un s. R66^L2053 [L2053] a DLH66
                   Par Adrianum un saint hume
                   Pur renuveler seinte lei;^L2055 [L2055] la s.l. DLRH66
         2056  Si cum la fist enceis, ço crei,^L2056 [L2056] c. le f. L c. lom f. H66
                   Saint Aüstin e saint Gregoire,
                   Eissi la fist [cist] apostoire.^L2058 [L2058] f. cest a. RH66^L2058 [L2058] E. le f. R om  la H66^L2058 [L2058] icist66
                   E li reis Offe dunc donat
         2060  Sa fille qu'il bien empleiad;

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                   Al rei Brectric donad sa fille
                   Edburc qui bele ert e gentille.^L2062 [L2062] fu R67
                   E en cel tens vindrent Daneis^L2063 [L2063] om  E H67
         2064  Pur guerrïer [sur] les Engleis.^L2064 [L2064] om  sur DLH67
                   Un seneschal lu rei ocistrent,^L2065 [L2065] s. al r. R67
                   La terre saisirent e pristrent,
                   Mult firent mal par les cuntrees,
         2068  Si nen ot que treis navees.^L2068 [L2068] n. unt q. RH67
                   Pois ralerent en lur païs,
                   Si asemblerent lur amis;
                   En Bretaine voldrent venir,^L2071 [L2071] v. aler H67
         2072  As Engleis la [voldrent] tolir^L2072 [L2072] v. toler H67^L2072 [L2072] voldrunt67
                   Kar entr'els orent esgardez
                   E dit que ert lur heritez^L2074 [L2074] q. co est l.h. R q. ceo e. H67
                   E [mulz] humes de lur lignage^L2075 [L2075] mult de h. L multz des h. H67^L2075 [L2075] mult67
         2076  Orent lu regne en heritage,
                   Ainz que unches Engleis i entrast^L2077 [L2077] Ainceis q. E. R67
                   Ne hum de Seisuine i abitast.^L2078 [L2078] hume DLRH67
                   Li reis [Danes] tint lu regned^L2079 [L2079] daneis DLH67^L2079 [L2079] Danes R, Daneis DLH. The reference here is to the mythical king Dan, so I have preferred the spelling of R.67
         2080  Ki de Danemarche fud ned, [f.108a]
                   Si fist [Ailbrith]e Aveloc^L2081 [L2081] edbright H67^L2081 [L2081] ecbrict DL67^L2081 [L2081] Ailbrith R, Ecbrict DL, Edbright H. As it is probable that the first of the two kings is to be equated with the Adelbricht of Gaimar's Haveloc episode, I have adopted the reading of R. The form Edbright is twice previously used by H, where DL have variants of Ecbricht (ll. 1723, 1739); for some reason this name appears to have caused great trouble to the scribes and we find forms beginning with El- at ll. 2291 (R), 3160 (DL). Ail- would normally represent O.E. Ægel-, but in A.N. this same spelling could also represent O.E. Æðel-; does the form here derive by any chance from a source different from that used by Gaimar for his Haveloc episode?67
                   E plus en [nomerent ovoc];^L2082 [L2082] pur oc DL67^L2082 [L2082] mururent DLH67
                   Pur quei il distrent par verited,
         2084  Bretaine ert lur dreit erited.
                   Qui chalt de ço? Mult [demorerent],^L2085 [L2085] Qen chaut m. en d. H67^L2085 [L2085] Quimhald R67^L2085 [L2085] demurad DL67
                   A cele feiz pas n'i [alerent].^L2086 [L2086] alad DL67
                   De Guenelinge, d'un païs,^L2087 [L2087] wellinge H67^L2087 [L2087] Guenelinge. Though Gaimar seems to be alluding vaguely to Danish campaigns in the Baltic, the actual place to which he is referring has not been satisfactorily identified. The name would appear to be Germanic, and is reminiscent of the Wenilings cited by Ekwall, s.n. Wendling, in his Place-Names in Ing (Lund, 1923).67
         2088  Vindrent sur els lur enemis;^L2088 [L2088] Si v. R67
                   Par l'achaisun de [cele guere
                   Si lur estuet garder la terre.^L2090 [L2090] l. arstrent la t. H67
                   En icel tens, en icel dis,^L2091 [L2091] cels R ices H67^L2091 [L2091] t. e en LRH67^L2091 [L2091] icel DL67
         2092  [Donc] fud li reis Oswald oscis;^L2092 [L2092] om  Donc DLH67

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                   Icil reis tint Norhumberlant,^L2093 [L2093] Icist retint R Cist r. H68
                   Mult [fu] saint hume, seive e vaillant.^L2094 [L2094] h. saine e R om  seive H68^L2094 [L2094] om  fu DLH68^L2091 [L2091] ll. 2091-2 and 2093-4 interverted in DL68
                   Pentan li reis le guerreiad,
         2096  Sigge un sun rei le decolad,^L2096 [L2096] S. son frere le H68
                   [En Maserfelde fu oscis.^L2097 [L2097] merserfelde H68^L2097 [L2097] mescesfeld R68
                   Le liu serra cheri tut dis]^L2098 [L2098] chers t. R68^L2098 [L2098] ll. 2097-8 not in DL68
                   Kar clarted e [grant] feu celestre^L2099 [L2099] om  grant H68^L2099 [L2099] gent68
         2100  Sovent [i] virent clerc e prestre.^L2100 [L2100] et c. et p. H68^L2100 [L2100] om  i DL68
                   Mais sun [seint] cors fud iloec pris,^L2101 [L2101] f. diloec H68^L2101 [L2101] om  seint DL68
                   Si fud ported luinz el païs;
                   [Par pïeté] e [par] manaie^L2103 [L2103] pur m. DH68^L2103 [L2103] Pur pitied DLH68^L2103 [L2103] Second par not in L68
         2104  [En] fud ported a Bardenaie;^L2104 [L2104] om  En DL68
                   Iloc le [voldrent] ensevelir,^L2105 [L2105] v. sepelir R68^L2105 [L2105] vindrent DL68
                   Le liu amer, le cors servir;^L2106 [L2106] Le deu ami le c. L68
                   E es croniches est escriz^L2107 [L2107] om  E H68
         2108  Qu'i[l] fud iloc enseveliz.
                   A Nostle – ço dient asquanz –^L2109 [L2109] N. redient L68^L2109 [L2109] om  ço LRH68
                   La l'en porterent [ses] amanz;^L2110 [L2110] p. si mananz H68^L2110 [L2110] les68
                   A Hectoldesham dïent plusur^L2111 [L2111] hectevesham R68^L2111 [L2111] li p. DL68
         2112  K'il unt reliques del seignur;
                   E a Coledesburc [el] sud,^L2113 [L2113] en DL68
                   La est sun braz par Deu vertud,^L2114 [L2114] p. la D. v. H pur ki D. feit v. R68
                   Entier i est, Deu seit loed!^L2115 [L2115] D. en s. H68^L2115 [L2115] om  i R68^L2115 [L2115] A duralme D. L68
         2116  Sun chief entier [est] bien posed^L2116 [L2116] b. pese L68^L2116 [L2116] c. est enter p. R68
                   Sur la peitrine saint Cutbert;
                   Gueredun rent al hom quil sert.^L2118 [L2118] r. al home LRH68^L2091 [L2091] This whole passage originates in a confusion between Ælfwald and Oswald, a confusion which would be all the more understandable if Gaimar's source read Alwold, as does A.S.C.(F). Once Gaimar was committed to the second name, whether he was responsible for the mistake or not, it was, in view of his obvious interest in the saint and his relics, not unnatural for him to expand the brief entry in A.S.C.(E) 789. It is uncertain whether Gaimar actually referred back to his earlier account (ll. 1287-96), though one of his copyists may have done so (l. 2115). To Oswald belong the references to Penda and Maserfeld (ll. 2095, 2097) and the decollation (l. 2096), but the name Sigge comes from the Ælfwald annal and contradicts to some extent Gaimar's earlier statement–A Maserfeld l'ocist Pentan (l. 1289). This decollation, which is not found in A.S.C. nor in Geoffrey of Monmouth, must have formed part of the current legend, for it reappears, attributed to Penda, in Wace's Brut (ll. 14489-90). A heavenly light is connected with the translation of Oswald's body to Bardney in Bede, but as one is specifically mentioned in connection with Ælfwald in A.S.C.(E) 789, Gaimar probably took it thence. The burial at Bardney goes back to A.S.C.(E) 641, but for the disposal of the relics Gaimar evidently had some other source of information, the nature of which is uncertain. Gross thought of it as a compilation similar to the Resting Places of Saints, and in view of le brief (l. 1294) this is not unlikely, though the problem is not without complications. The O.E. account (Liebermann, o.c.) puts his head at Durham with the body of St. Cuthbert, the right arm at Bamburgh, and the rest of the body at Gloucester. The A.N. version is quite different, stating that the body is said to be at Nostell and the hands in Peterborough, but it is not certain that this list is independent of Gaimar. Common to both accounts in the Estoire are the burial at Bardney (ll. 1291, 2104) and the association of the head with the body of St. Cuthbert (ll. 1293, 2116); in the first account possession of his uncorrupted arm is ascribed to Peterborough (l. 1295), but in the second we are told the arm is a Coledesburc, el sud (l. 2113). Now this place-name occurs earlier in the Estoire (l. 1468), where it undoubtedly refers to Coldingham (Berwick), but, as Gross pointed out, this can hardly be described as in the south and there does not seem to be any connexion between St. Oswald, alive or dead, and Coldingham. After rejecting, and rightly so in my opinion, the possibility that we have here a corruption of early forms of either Colchester or Gloucester, for although the two names are not infrequently confused in O.Fr., I know of no form ending in -burc attached to either of them, he is inclined to accept the proposal made in the Rolls edition that the reference is to Peterborough and that Coledesburc represents a corruption of eglise de Burc. Palæographically a corruption could more feasibly have occurred if the line had read: *A l'escole de Burc el sud; unfortunately I have not come across such an expression elsewhere to support that emendation; it is, perhaps, not without interest that Marie in her Ste. Audree twice uses a form Goldeborch (ll. 1332, 1334), reminiscent of the name gyldeneburh occasionally given to Peterborough, where Bede, on whose account her source is based, speaks of Coludi urbem and the O.E. version of coludesbyrig. Admittedly there is difficulty in the interpretation of l. 2113 as it stands, but it is found in all four MSS. and so presumably represents what Gaimar wrote. We must remember that for some reason or other he was interested in the saint and had gone to the trouble of seeking further information about him. Thus he reports the claim of Hexham to the possession of relics of St. Oswald, which is probable in itself, though not attested elsewhere, because the church erected on the scene of Ælfwald's death was dedicated to St. Oswald. He reports, too, the claim of Nostell, that the saint's body had been carried thither, which is not attested elsewhere, but has its interest for us. At Nostell was a priory, dedicated to St. Oswald, founded in the early twelfth century, which already in 1121 owned property in Stixwould (Li), where was a nunnery of which Ralf FitzGilbert was a benefactor; moreover an uncle of Walter Espec, from whom Ralf obtained Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia for Gaimar, was connected with Nostell and according to legend he it was who advised Walter Espec to found abbeys in commemoration of his only son, said to have been thrown and dragged to his death by his horse while returning from the chase, a fate reminiscent of that of St. Edward of Shaftesbury according to William of Malmesbury and Gaimar.68 [f.108b]
                   E aprés ço li Norhumbreis^L2119 [L2119] om  E H68
         2120  De sun nevod firent [lur] reis,^L2120 [L2120] om  lur DLH68^L2120 [L2120] en f. DL68
                   Osred ot nun, fiz fud Alkered.^L2121 [L2121] om  fud H68

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                   Mult poi durad le suen [balded],^L2122 [L2122] baudet R69^L2122 [L2122] om  le LRH69^L2122 [L2122] om  Mult H69^L2122 [L2122] regned DL69^L2122 [L2122] durad poi69
                   Il fud chacied de sun regned.
         2124  A Edelred fud dunc doned;^L2124 [L2124] donc fu R69
                   [Celui fu fiz rei Edelwald,^L2125 [L2125] edelbaud H69^L2125 [L2125] edelwold R69^L2125 [L2125] om  rei RH69
                   De guereier fu ferm e bald].^L2126 [L2126] g. estoit mult baud H69^L2126 [L2126] ll. 2125-6 not in DL69
                   Il aveit ainz la terre eüe
         2128  Mais par ses humes l'ot perdue;^L2128 [L2128] aveit R69
                   Offe li reis mult le haïd
                   Pur sun nevod que ot desaisid.^L2130 [L2130] om  ot H69^L2130 [L2130] n. quil o. LRH69^L2129 [L2129] There is serious confusion here. Osred was the nevod of Ælfwald (l. 2120), but here Gaimar seems to regard him as the nevod of Offa. Because Æthelred had driven out Osred, Offa hates him and yet shortly afterwards gives him his daughter Ælfled in marriage. Gaimar most probably did not know of this relationship, as it is not given in A.S.C., but the hatred is possibly due to some confusion between Æthelred and Æthelbert, the East Anglian king beheaded at Offa's behest. Gross assumes a mistaken reading, due to error in the copying, in A.S.C., but there was also a deeper-seated confusion at work; both names seem to have been used of the same person, viz. of Alhred's successor. Cf. Plummer, II, 53.69
                   Puis revint Osred de l'[eissil]^L2131 [L2131] O. de e. L69^L2131 [L2131] isle69
         2132  Qui einz fud reis e mult [gentil],^L2132 [L2132] om  e H69^L2132 [L2132] gentile69
                   Mais oscis [l'unt] par cruelted^L2133 [L2133] fud DLH69
                   Cil ki l'orent desherited;^L2134 [L2134] Par ceus q. H69
                   A Tinemue en gist le cors,^L2135 [L2135] li c. H69
         2136  [E] Edelred prist femme lors,^L2136 [L2136] Edred L69^L2136 [L2136] om  E DLH69
                   Elfled ot nun ceste reïne,^L2137 [L2137] cele r. H69^L2137 [L2137] Estled H69
                   A sun seignur fud mult encline,
                   De lui servir mult se penad^L2139 [L2139] om  mult H69^L2139 [L2139] s. bien s. p. R69
         2140  E il pur ço forment l'amad.
                   En icel tens [dunt] jo [vus] dis^L2141 [L2141] t. come j.d. H69^L2141 [L2141] t. si cum j.d.69
                   Vindrent uns signes el païs,
                   Vermeilles se vont demustrant,^L2143 [L2143] sen v. R69^L2143 [L2143] Vermeilz L69
         2144  Tels ne vit ainz [nul] hom vivant,^L2144 [L2144] v. onques h. devant H69^L2144 [L2144] hom ainz v. DL69
                   Cum escarlates s'[estendeient],^L2145 [L2145] estenderent L69^L2145 [L2145] C. eschaleites H69^L2145 [L2145] estendirent DH69
                   Prof de la terre [s'apareient];^L2146 [L2146] se demustrerent DLH69
                   Dunc veneient turmenz granz,^L2147 [L2147] v. turmentes g. H69
         2148  Puis [volouent] draguns [ardanz]^L2148 [L2148] volanz DL69^L2148 [L2148] veneient DLH69
                   E les [esclistres ke hom] vëeit.^L2149 [L2149] Eles urent e e. ke hom v. R E les legistres qe lom v. H69^L2149 [L2149] crestes cum DL69^L2141 [L2141] Gaimar has expanded very considerably the brief entry in A.S.C.(E) 793, which refers to lightning and dragons. Gross, rightly I think, suggests that Gaimar misread reðe (= terrible) as rede (= red), hence vermeilles (l. 2143). Was his description aided by a reminiscence of the aurora borealis? It is probably merely a coincidence that the display in October 1138, recorded in Annales Plymptonenses and in Florence of Worcester, is linked by the latter with troubles in Northumbria. In l. 2149 no MS. has a really satisfactory reading; DL have: Eles crestes cum v.; R has: Eles urent e esclistres ke hom v.; H has: E les legistres qe lom v. It is difficult to decide on the correct reading; from R and H is derived that adopted in the text, assuming that DL had mistakenly conceived the line as a continuation of the description of the dragons, but we cannot absolutely exclude the possibility that eles crestes conceals Gaimar's adaptation of ligreascas which he could not translate.69
                   Que ço espalt, nuls ne saveit.^L2150 [L2150] n. nel s. R69

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                   Asquanz distrent en lur purpens
         2152  Que ço ert encuntre chier tens.
                   Ne distrent pas trop grant [mençonge],^L2153 [L2153] om  trop RH70^L2153 [L2153] merveille DL70
                   Cest signe ne [sembla] pas [songe].^L2154 [L2154] p. gui with de veille interlined above in L70^L2154 [L2154] veille70^L2154 [L2154] semblet DL70
                   Ço fud desuz Norhumberlant
         2156  Que cist signes fud demustrant.^L2156 [L2156] q. ces s. R70 [f.108c]
                   [A]prés ces signes veirement^L2157 [L2157] A. cel signe H70
                   Dunc vindrent [la] paiene gent.^L2158 [L2158] om  Dunc H70^L2158 [L2158] om  la DL70
                   [E]l havene del Humbre ariverent,^L2159 [L2159] de H. LRH70
         2160  En Lindesie [deserterent];^L2160 [L2160] desheriterent DLH70^L2157 [L2157] It was Lindisfarne that the Danes destroyed. Gaimar has confused lindisfarena and lindiswarum. This latter name he transcribes as Lindesware (l. 1458), but H reads Lindeseie instead. As a result of his mistake Gaimar invents a battle between Offa and the Danes.70
                   [U]nc n'i remist mustier a freindre^L2161 [L2161] om  Unc H70
                   En liu, u peüssent ateindre.^L2162 [L2162] pussent LR puissent H70
                   [I]dunc murut Sigge li reis,
         2164  Cil ot oscis Oswald [ainceis],^L2164 [L2164] li reis DL70
                   [E] li reis Offe dunc mandat
                   As paiens qu'il se cumbatrat
                   E les paiens se cumbatirent;^L2167 [L2167] om  paiens R70
         2168  [T]rop orent gent, pur ço venquirent.^L2168 [L2168] l. 2167 and l.2168 interverted70
                   [E] li felun, li Norhumbreis,^L2169 [L2169] second li not in H70
                   Ocistrent Edelred li reis.
                   [E] aprés Offe Ecfert [regnat],^L2171 [L2171] om  E H70^L2171 [L2171] fud reis70
         2172  Mercenelant tint [e guardat];^L2172 [L2172] t. e guerria L M. tut g. H70^L2172 [L2172] Mercelande R70^L2172 [L2172] maint dis70^L2172 [L2172] E M.70
                   [C]um [il] mielz la quidot garder,^L2173 [L2173] om  il DLH70
                   Murut, ne pot par el passer;^L2174 [L2174] M. nen p. R70
                   L'an [meïsme] que l'ot saisie,^L2175 [L2175] saisine R70^L2175 [L2175] quil ot LR quil lout H70^L2175 [L2175] messne70
         2176  Si lui avint qu'il perdit vie.^L2176 [L2176] p. sa v. L p. la v. R70
                   [Ecbrith] fud dunc fait rei de Kent,^L2177 [L2177] r. en K. R70^L2177 [L2177] om  dunc H70^L2177 [L2177] ecferd LH70^L2177 [L2177] .cfert70
                   Il ot un autre nun Pren prent.^L2178 [L2178] n. priveement R70^L2177 [L2177] Gaimar is here translating the entry in A.S.C. 794 which reads: $$ Eadbriht onfeng rice on Cent þam wæs oðer nama nemned Præn. The name used by Gaimar for the king is uncertain; DLH agree in Ecfert, but this is demonstrably wrong, since we are told (ll. 2171, 2176) that he was king of Mercia and was dead; R gives Ecbrith, which cannot represent the O.E. name, but may represent what Gaimar wrote, as there is much confusion in our MSS. between the two names, Eadberht and Ecgbriht. Thus at l. 1745, where the reference is to Eadberht (of Northumbria), the name is adequately represented, but when, at ll. 1749-50, Gaimar gives his genealogy, DLH give, less rather than more, successfully, Eadbrict and R quite clearly Ecbrith; three lines later, where the reference is to the king's brother, the archbishop of York, R has Ecberith, but DLH, having apparently gone back to l. 1749 and read it more correctly, give Eadbrit. Earlier at l. 1739, where the reference is to the same archbishop, DLR represent it successfully, but H gives Edbright. Later, at l. 2211, where the reference is to the well-known Egbert of Wessex, DLR are correct, but H again gives Edbright. I have, therefore, decided not to make any correction in l. 2177, because of the possibility that Gaimar may have made a slip. In the second line there is even greater difficulty in determining what Gaimar wrote. R reads: Il out un altre nun priveement; this gives a satisfactory sense, but is metrically faulty. DLH give: Il out un autre nun Pren prent; this is metrically satisfactory, but the last word seems meaningless. The first part of the line, common to all the MSS., renders the oðer nama of A.S.C. 794, so it must stand. Pren in DLH also agrees with the source, so we must accept it, the more so as priveement may very well be an attempt to give meaning to what looked like a senseless repetition. This leaves us with prent, which Gross accepted, but regarded as ein reines sinnloses Flickwort. But is it? Did Gaimar by any chance fail to recognize nemned as a past participle and confuse it with the present of niman and thus take nemned Præn as a separate clause, which he rendered by his Pren prent? On this view we should have to put a comma after nun and regard Pren as a place(?)-name.70
                   [L]i paien ne se targent mie;^L2179 [L2179] targerent RH70^L2179 [L2179] Les paens R70
         2180  Quant orent gasted Lindesie,

Page 70

                   Amunt Humbre alerent siglant^L2181 [L2181] H. vont s. H71
                   Desci qu'en Use e puis avant;^L2182 [L2182] U. puis en vont R71
                   En la buche de Don est dit
         2184  E es croniches est escrit^L2184 [L2184] c. fu e. R71
                   Que illoc ot grant gent asemblee,^L2185 [L2185] i. ont gent a. H71
                   [Defendre volent] lur cuntree,^L2186 [L2186] E defendirent L Pur defendre la c. H71^L2186 [L2186] Defendirent71
                   Homes ocistrent plus de trente;^L2187 [L2187] p. ke t. R71
         2188  En l'eve aveit [mult] grant turmente,^L2188 [L2188] om  mult DLH71
                   Un de lur dux [i] fud ocis,^L2189 [L2189] om  i DL71
                   Cil [mar] entrad [en cel] païs,^L2190 [L2190] el DL71^L2190 [L2190] mal71
                   [E] de lur nefs i perillerent,^L2191 [L2191] n. asquanz i p. L71^L2191 [L2191] om  E DL71
         2192  De lur humes asquanz neierent.^L2192 [L2192] E de DL71 [f.108d]
                   E nepurquant [non] s'en ralerent,^L2193 [L2193] om  non DLH71
                   Mais [del] païs grant part guasterent.^L2194 [L2194] p. mult g. L71^L2194 [L2194] E cele contree mult g. H71^L2194 [L2194] de cel DL71^L2179 [L2179] Though Gaimar is here translating his source, A.S.C.(E) 794, with reasonable accuracy, he has completely misapprehended the scene of the incident. As a result of his earlier confusion (l. 2160), the Danes are in Lincolnshire, not in Durham. Therefore, although his phrase en la buche de Don (l. 2181) could legitimately be adduced by Plummer (II, 64) in support of the reading of A.S.C.(E) as against a proposed correction to æt þone muðe, Gross is equally justified in asserting that Gaimar has misunderstood his source after all. There is no doubt of this: in this passage Gaimar uses the same kind of geographical expressions as he does in his description of the route to York taken by the Danes (ll. 2578, 2586), when he is combining A.S.C. 867 and the Buern Bucecarle story, and as he does when describing the route followed by Tostig and Harald Hardrada (ll. 5202-4) on their way to York for the campaign which ended with the battle of Stamford Bridge.71
                   Idunc l'arcevesque [Heanbald]^L2195 [L2195] haenbald DLH71
         2196  E un evesque, saint Hybald,
                   Mistrent Earwlf en sun sied^L2197 [L2197] M. cearwolf en R M. arnulf en H71
                   A Everwic a l'evesquied;^L2198 [L2198] E. en larcevesche H71
                   Norhumberlant i apendeit.
         2200  Cist dui l'unt [a rei] benëeit.^L2200 [L2200] lunt tresben b. L71^L2200 [L2200] beneit DLRH71^L2200 [L2200] bien DH71
                   Li reis Offe dunc transit^L2201 [L2201] E li r. R71
                   Qui [quarante] anz regnat, ço quid.^L2202 [L2202] quatre DL71
                   Cheolwlf reçut Mercenelant,^L2203 [L2203] Keeulf H71^L2203 [L2203] Cheolwlf. Historically the king was Cœnwulf, but the name is wrongly given as Ceolwulf in most versions of A.S.C., so the mistake is most probably not by Gaimar.71
         2204  Un rei guerrer fort e tirant.^L2204 [L2204] om  e R71^L2204 [L2204] guerreer L guereier R om  guerrer H71
                   En Kent alad, si la preiad,^L2205 [L2205] si prescha H71
                   [Edelbrich] Pren en amenad.^L2206 [L2206] E ecfert prent en a. L E. prist e en a. R E adelbright en a. H71^L2206 [L2206] Egelbrit71^L2206 [L2206] The name of the king concerned has again caused trouble. A.S.C. has only Præn, but Gaimar has evidently connected this correctly with the full name Eadbriht Præn which had occurred earlier and had given his copyists trouble (l. 2177). Only L gives a two-syllable name, Ecfert, but it has simply carried over its earlier mistake; LH introduce the line by the copula which is metrically necessary, if we are to have a two-syllable name. D gives the second name, Pren; this is not in H, but appears as prent in L, where it must go back to the mysterious prent of l. 2178; the same form was before R, which took it as a verb, changed it to prist to harmonize with the other verbs of his sentence and inserted the copula before his last clause. In DRH the name goes back to one beginning with Edel-, so I have used it here and not made any correction.71
                   Icil ert sire de[s] Kenteis,^L2207 [L2207] de DH71
         2208  En Merke l'en menad cil reis.^L2208 [L2208] M. le m. li r. H71^L2208 [L2208] En merceneland m. R71
                   De Westsexe Brithrit li reis
                   Transit del siecle en [i]cel meis^L2210 [L2210] om  en H71^L2210 [L2210] cel DLR71

Page 71

                   E Ecbrith regnad apré[s] lui,^L2211 [L2211] E ecbrichtid L Edbright H72
         2212  Tute Westsexe tint, ço qui.
                   Dunc en cel tens vindrent Gualeis^L2213 [L2213] om  Dunc H72
                   Guaster la terre a icel reis
                   Tuit dreit a Kenemeresford;^L2215 [L2215] chelmeresford LH chelmesford R72
         2216  Iloec furent li Galeis mort
                   Kar Edelmunt de Wiltesire^L2217 [L2217] E. od W. R72
                   Fist des Gualeis [mult] grant martyre.^L2218 [L2218] om  mult DLH72^L2213 [L2213] A complete perversion of history. According to A.S.C. 800 Æthelmund rode from the Hwicce (in Mercia) across the Thames with hostile intent and was there met by the men of Wiltshire under Weohstan, who defeated him, both leaders being killed in the battle. Gross in his discussion of the passage offers two explanations, of which the second is to be preferred. He assumes that Gaimar took the phrase þa gemette hine W. of his source in the friendly sense and so had two leaders on the same side, but no opponents; the Welsh were conveniently to hand, so this difficulty was easily disposed of. On the other hand I have discovered no explanation for Gaimar's total omission of Weohstan and for his failure to mention the deaths of the ealdormen.72
                   [Isci] transit li reis Gudred,^L2219 [L2219] eldret H72^L2219 [L2219] Ore H72^L2219 [L2219] Cil DL72
         2220  En Kent regnad e en Taned,
                   E de Norhumberland lu reis^L2221 [L2221] li r. LH lur r. R72
                   [Eardwolf] cacerent Norhumbreis.^L2222 [L2222] Arulf H72^L2222 [L2222] Cheolwlf DL72
                   [Huit] anz aprés Karle murut^L2223 [L2223] Set DLH72
         2224  Qui Cumberlant aveit eüd;^L2224 [L2224] C. tint et eut H72
                   Il vesquid quarante cinc anz,
                   Aclin lui ert Norhumberlanz;
                   Tele paiz tint en sun vivant,^L2227 [L2227] Cel pais t. tut son regnant R72
         2228  Unc puis, espeir, n'[i] ot si grant.^L2228 [L2228] p. co crei not L72^L2228 [L2228] Unques p. LH72^L2228 [L2228] om  i DLH72^L2228 [L2228] co e.72 [f.109a] ^L2229 [L2229] cel DH72
                   La dreite [estorie] a Gincestre,^L2230 [L2230] e. de G. R72^L2230 [L2230] estoire DH72
                   Li reis Ecbrith Gales preiad,
         2232  Tuit le païs de[l] west [guastat]^L2232 [L2232] p. degasta H72^L2232 [L2232] passad DL72
                   E puis de l'est al returner;^L2233 [L2233] del ost H72
                   Tuit l'aver prist que pot trover.^L2234 [L2234] p. kil p. R72^L2234 [L2234] om  prist H72
                   En [i]cel an, ço dit la geste,
                   Set anz aprés Kenulf de Merce
         2236  Transit el liu de Basewer[c]e.^L2236 [L2236] basewece L hasewerche H72
                   [E Ceawolf regnat aprés lui,
                   Dous anz tint terre a grant ennui,
                   Al chef de dous anz la perdi;
         2240  N'ert pas amé: pur ço fuï;
                   Tant aveit feit, tuz le haeient,^L2241 [L2241] haerent R72
                   Plusurs oscire le voleient].^L2242 [L2242] ll. 2237-2242 not in DLH72

Page 72

                   De lui larrum, parlerum de el,^L2243 [L2243] l. e p. RH73
         2244  D'un vassal [rei] d'autre regnel;^L2244 [L2244] dun a. r. H a. regned L73^L2244 [L2244] om  vassal H73
                   De Westsexe [Ecbricht] ot num.^L2245 [L2245] edbright H73^L2245 [L2245] eclbrith73
                   Burnulfs li mut grant cuntençun,^L2246 [L2246] g. tencun LH73^L2246 [L2246] Boefs H73
                   Reis ert de Merke. [A Elendune]^L2247 [L2247] et de dalendone H73^L2247 [L2247] M. e de L73^L2247 [L2247] de aledone DL73
         2248  Parut quels ert mieldre persone;^L2248 [L2248] Lors H73
                   D'ambesdous parz fud grant l'ocise^L2249 [L2249] ert R73^L2249 [L2249] om  dous H73
                   A la bataille que orent prise;
                   En la parfin, ço dit l'estoire,^L2251 [L2251] A la fin H73
         2252  Li reis Ecbrith ot la victoire.^L2252 [L2252] edbricht LH73^L2251 [L2251] follow 2256 in DL73
                   Li reis Ecbrit un fiz aveit^L2253 [L2253] Edbricht L73
                   Qui Edelwlf apeled esteit;^L2253 [L2253] not in H73
                   [Lui e l']evesque [Adelstan]^L2255 [L2255] Il et le e. H73^L2255 [L2255] Li e. ad (aveit [L]) a nun elstan DL73^L2255 [L2255] Adelstan RH, Elstan DL. The latter is closer to the Ealhstan of A.S.C. 823, but the agreement is fortuitous, resulting from faulty transcription in DL; they left out the initial pronoun and inserted a nun between ad and elstan. Thus the mistake must be attributed to Gaimar, though it is curious that the bishop is designated Æthelstan in certain charters.73
         2256  E Wlfard cumandat par ban
                   Que preïssent mult de sa gent,^L2257 [L2257] E prist m. L73
                   Si [alassent conquere] en Kent;^L2258 [L2258] Sis laisserent (cun?) venir en K. L73^L2258 [L2258] Sis laissent en K.73
                   E cil [ki vont] od mult grant ost^L2259 [L2259] c. sont ale od g. H73^L2259 [L2259] c. wnt L73^L2259 [L2259] vint73^L2259 [L2259] om  ki DLH73
         2260  Baldred en [chascerent] mult tost.^L2260 [L2260] om  mult H73^L2260 [L2260] chacent DL73
                   Cil orent la terre cunquise,
                   Li reis fuïd ultre Tamise,^L2262 [L2262] fui RH73^L2262 [L2262] fud DL73
                   E cil de Kent unt otrïez^L2263 [L2263] cels de K. R73
         2264  Ke Ecbrith ait lu regnez,^L2264 [L2264] a. tuit le r. R73^L2264 [L2264] edbricht LH73
                   E en Sudsexe e en Surrie
                   Partut alad [sa] seignurie^L2266 [L2266] lur73
                   E cil d'[Estsexe] de lur fied^L2267 [L2267] de westsexe de lur see H73^L2267 [L2267] esexe73
         2268  Lui unt ostages enveied.^L2268 [L2268] cele g. LR73^L2268 [L2268] co le LR73^L2268 [L2268] co DH73
                   Pur çol reçurent celes genz^L2269 [L2269] pur çol. Both here and at l. 4319 the enclisis is required by the metre; at ll. 2026, 3871 we probably have the same form, but there the reading ço le is possible, if we accept an extra-metrical syllable at the end of the first hemistich (cf. p. li).73
                   Que de ses ancïens parenz [f.109b]
                   [Aveient] ainz la terre eüe^L2271 [L2271] Eurent H73^L2271 [L2271] Aveit73

Page 73

         2272  E par [guere l'ourent] perdue^L2272 [L2272] la terre aveient L74^L2272 [L2272] om  par L74^L2272 [L2272] p. la terre aveit74
                   E pur crieme [des Merceneis]^L2273 [L2273] des northumbrois H74^L2273 [L2273] dicele gent marked for correction74
                   Reçurent cil Ecbrit li reis^L2274 [L2274] edbrich LH74^L2274 [L2274] receustrent H74
                   [E] cil d'Estengle ensement^L2275 [L2275] estsexe H74
         2276  Pur la crieme d'icele gent.
                   En icel tens aveit dous reis
                   El rëalme de Merceneis;
                   L'un ert Burnulf, menot boban,^L2279 [L2279] burnel nome b. H74^L2279 [L2279] B. ki m. L B. mult m. R74^L2279 [L2279] Li uns R74
         2280  Li autre ot a nun Lutecan.^L2280 [L2280] luteran R74^L2280 [L2280] om  a LRH74^L2280 [L2280] Li altres o. R74^L2280 [L2280] leutean DLH74
                   Entr'els aveit set reietels,^L2281 [L2281] reitels DLRH74^L2281 [L2281] un DL74
                   Cil dui erent sur tuz [chevels];^L2282 [L2282] cheveteaus H74^L2282 [L2282] ceals DL74
                   [E] ensement el regne aillurs^L2283 [L2283] om  E DLH74
         2284  Partuit aveit itels seignurs;^L2284 [L2284] avoient H74
                   Tresque poeit un poi munter,^L2285 [L2285] T. alcuns p. R74
                   Si se faiseit rei apeller.^L2286 [L2286] reis a. R74^L2286 [L2286] Chescuns se f. H74^L2277 [L2277] For some reason Gaimar has taken Beornwulf and Ludeca to be contemporaneous, not successive, kings of Mercia. Gross is inclined to assume that Gaimar wrote cinc in l. 2281 corresponding to the .v. ealdormen of A.S.C. 825, but in so doing he has not given full value to entr'els which here means among the Mercians. Now Gaimar has here, as elsewhere, rendered ealdorman by reis, so with their addition to Beornwulf and Ludeca we arrive at the number, seven, given by RH and indirectly supported by un of DL. Finding himself with a large number of kings on hand, Gaimar's thoughts have turned vaguely to the early days of the Settlement. Cf. ll. 877-80; 2291-311; 2337-8. In his version of the list of Bretwaldas supplied by A.S.C. 827 Gaimar is guilty of a serious mistake which lands him in difficulties: he manages to make Ceawlin, the sixth-century West Saxon king a contemporary of Egbert, king of Wessex in the ninth century. The annal relates that Egbert conquered Mercia and all to the south of the Humber and continues: he wæs se eahtoða cining se þe Brytenwealda wæs. In the Estoire ll. 2291-4 tell us directly of his conquests and indirectly of his Bretwaldaship, but the MSS. diverge in the line (2294) which does this; all agree in the repetition of the preposition, so we must retain par cunte e par numbre; R begins with Tint l'om de lui which gives the line a syllable too many, whereas D has simply Tint which makes the line two syllables short; LH agree with D in having nothing between Tint and par cunte, but after the noun L has a meaningless de la and H, thus in partial agreement with R, de lui. It looks as if de lui were somehow misplaced in the common ancestor of DLH, but in such a way that D could overlook it, so I have kept the phrase in the text. The next three lines develop the Bretwalda theme, but give the number who held the title rather differently. The MSS. diverge in l. 2295; DL read Ainz aveit esté, a quite general statement whereas H reads Einz avoit .viii., a specific statement and one which receives indirect support from the ainz aveit uni of R, the latter, meaningless, word being clearly a misreading of the numeral by the scribe. The number is correct, for Gaimar with his ainz aveit is thinking of his own times, not of the period about which he is writing. In l. 2297, while not making Egbert the first Bretwalda, he does list him first, in contradiction of A.S.C., which rightly makes Ælla of Sussex head the list; Gaimar seems to have confused the ordinal ærest with the adverb, hence his devant lui en l'antif tens. As it happens, Gaimar had not mentioned this Ælla earlier in the Estoire, but he had very briefly noted the reign of his namesake of Deira, and here identifies the two. He has now arrived at the third name in his list, which should of course be that of the second Bretwalda in A.S.C., but Gaimar leaves him out altogether, and continues with Æthelbert of Kent, thus coming into agreement with his source. In l. 2303 the MSS. diverge in an interesting way; R gives as the second half of the line reis fu e bald, H merely fier et bald, but DL read frere Edelbald: this looks like confusion with two later English kings, but must have arisen from a reading fier e bald in their common ancestor. In ll. 2307-10 Gaimar expands the brief statement in the annal: fifta Ædwine Norþanhymbra cining; le regné ultre Tine is Bernicia, d'Everwic l'autre regned is Deira, and l. 2310 echoes the earlier statement (l. 1147) that Tute Bretaine dunc cunquist. Having arrived at the seventh Bretwalda, Oswy, Gaimar realizes that he had announced eight holders of the title, brings in Ceawlin as the eighth and so has to add ll. 2339-41 to explain the co-existence of Ceawlin and Egbert as kings of Wessex. But what led him to make the mistake? A combination of circumstances. As we have seen, the third name in Gaimar's list coincides with the third in his source, but the postponement of Ceawlin is, I think, the result of a misunderstanding. In A.S.C.(E) 827 we read: oþær wæs Ceawlin; this should have caused no trouble, for elsewhere Gaimar shows his familiarity with this use of oþær, which indeed coincides with his use of altre. In A.S.C.(A) 827, however, the reading is: se æftera wæs Ceawlin; I would suggest the possibility that Gaimar found this, or something similar, in his source, that he understood se æftera as the last, and so deliberately made Ceawlin the eighth Bretwalda.74
                   Cil [Lutecan] dunt dis anceis^L2287 [L2287] d. des ainz dis R74^L2287 [L2287] leuchen L leutean H74^L2287 [L2287] leuten74
         2288  [Il] fud ocis par les Gualeis^L2288 [L2288] par les waleis ocis R74^L2288 [L2288] Si f. H74^L2288 [L2288] Ocis fud74
                   E [Wilaf] reçut le regned^L2289 [L2289] wilas DL74
                   U Lutecan aveit ested.^L2290 [L2290] Uthlage L Ou leutean H74^L2290 [L2290] Ulteham74^L2289 [L2289] not in R74
                   En [i]cel tens Ecbrit li rei^L2291 [L2291] le r. LH74^L2291 [L2291] elbrith R edebricht LH74^L2291 [L2291] cel DLH74
         2292  [Conquist cel regne e prist vers sei]^L2292 [L2292] Recut le regne envers sei DLH74
                   E quanque ot [del] sud [de] Humbre^L2293 [L2293] del74^L2293 [L2293] el s. DL74
                   Tint [de lui] par cunte e par numbre.^L2294 [L2294] T. p. c. de la L T. lom de lui p. c. R T. p. c. de lui H74
                   Ainz aveit [uit] reis [el] regned,^L2295 [L2295] uni R74^L2295 [L2295] del r.74^L2295 [L2295] este DL .viii. H74
         2296  Des quels autres teneient fied;^L2296 [L2296] fie RH74^L2296 [L2296] t. le f. L t. lur f. R74^L2296 [L2296] q. les altres t. LR Desqes li autre H74^L2296 [L2296] sied DL74
                   Il en ert un, si cum jo pens,^L2297 [L2297] om  si H74^L2297 [L2297] e. li uns R74
                   Mais devant lui en l'antif tens^L2298 [L2298] om  lui H74
                   Ot en Sudsexe un reis vaillant^L2299 [L2299] un rei R uns r. H74

Page 74

         2300  Qui puis cunquist Norhumberlant;
                   [Elle] ot nun tut sun eded.^L2301 [L2301] Il DL75
                   Li tiercz fud Edelbrith clamed,^L2302 [L2302] edbright H75
                   Reis fud de Kent, [reis fier e bald],^L2303 [L2303] r. fu e b. R K. f. et b. H75^L2303 [L2303] freres edelbald DL75
         2304  E li quart rei[s] ot nun [Redwald],^L2304 [L2304] redwold R75^L2304 [L2304] om  reis RH75^L2304 [L2304] li quatre LR75^L2304 [L2304] redald DL75
                   En Estengle cist rei regnad,^L2305 [L2305] cis rois H75
                   Mult fud prodom e [bel] finad.^L2306 [L2306] Prodome fut et bien f. H75^L2306 [L2306] bes75 [f.109c]
                   [L]e quint rei ot [a] nun Edwine,^L2307 [L2307] om  a DLH75
         2308  Si tint le regné ultre Tine
                   [E] d'Everwic l'autre regned
                   E tut Westsexe esteit sun fied.
                   [L]e sist Oswald, le setme Oswi^L2311 [L2311] setime LRH75
         2312  Mais n'alot pas la terre issi,^L2312 [L2312] M. nalot mie L M. nala mie H75
                   [Que] nuls hom né pur la guerre^L2313 [L2313] om  né RH75
                   Seüst cument alot la terre^L2314 [L2314] alast LH75^L2314 [L2314] Sout L75
                   [Ne en cel tens sul ne saveit^L2315 [L2315] om  en R75
         2316  Nuls hom, ki chescon rei estait].^L2316 [L2316] ll. 2315-6 not in DLH75
                   [M]oines, chanoines des abeïes^L2317 [L2317] Mes m. e c. de a. R75
                   Escristrent de dis reis les vies,^L2318 [L2318] Ki des r. e. les v. R E. des r. les v. H75^L2318 [L2318] The MSS. diverge here; R reads: Ki des reis escristrent les vies; but this does not connect with what follows; DL read: Escristrent de dis reis les vies; and H reads: Escristrent des rois les vies; this is clearly derived from a reading similar to that of DL, but the meaning of dis in their line is doubtful.75
                   [S]i [adresça] chascun sun per^L2319 [L2319] drescast75
         2320  Pur la veire raisun mustrer^L2320 [L2320] la veraie r. R75^L2320 [L2320] follows 2318 in H with a blank line after75
                   [D]es reis: cumbien chascun regnad,
                   Cument ot nun, cum deviad,^L2322 [L2322] coment d. R coment fina H75
                   [Q]uel fud ocis e quel transist,^L2323 [L2323] transi RH75^L2323 [L2323] Qui H75
         2324  Quels est entiers e quels purist^L2324 [L2324] purri R perit H75^L2324 [L2324] est entres R75
                   [E] des evesques ensement
                   Firent li clerc adrescement.
                   [Cronike ad] nun, un livre grant,^L2327 [L2327] Croniz R75^L2327 [L2327] aveit DL75^L2327 [L2327] .orinke75
         2328  Engleis l'alerent asemblant.
                   [Ore] est issi auctorized^L2329 [L2329] Que(?) D Ke L75

Page 75

                   Que a Vincestre [a] l'evesquied^L2330 [L2330] V. en lev. RH76^L2330 [L2330] ait76
                   [L]a est des reis la dreite [estoire]^L2331 [L2331] estorie LR76^L2331 [L2331] estoires76
         2332  E les vies e [la memoire].^L2332 [L2332] memorie LR76^L2332 [L2332] les memoires76
                   [L]i reis Elvred l'ot en demeine,
                   Fermer i fist une [chaeine];^L2334 [L2334] chaine DLR76
                   [Qui] lire [i] volt, bien i gardast^L2335 [L2335] om  i DL76
         2336  Mais de sun liu nel remuast.^L2336 [L2336] l. pas nel r. H76
                   Cheaulinz ot nun le oitme rei,^L2337 [L2337] li utimes r. R loitisme r. H76^L2337 [L2337] E C. L76^L2337 [L2337] oitme D, oitime LRH. Which is Gaimar's form? This is, unfortunately, the only occurrence of eighth in the Estoire and the other ordinals of the group, not being well represented, do not help towards a solution. On the one hand seventh is found twice: at l. 2311, where D has setme, but the other MSS. spoil the metre by giving setime, and at l. 5557, where all MSS. concur in setme. On the other hand all give the longer form novime at l. 1290. If in the line under discussion we follow D then the definite article must have syllabic value to give a correct line, but is eighth preceded by li or by le? The noun is in the nominative singular, but the rime with the reflexive proves that Gaimar is using rei in that function, as he does elsewhere and as the reading of D on two of these occasions emphasizes; at l. 2015 it has icel reis (: la lei) and at l. 2291 Ecbrit li reis (: sei). In l. 2337 both D and L have le, but the latter has the longer former of the ordinal and so must elide, as H actually does in writing; R has li, again with the longer ordinal, and so elision is once more necessary. In view of these uncertainties I have followed D, but am not prepared to aver that Gaimar admitted hiatus after le.76
                   Westsexïens menad od sei,^L2338 [L2338] W. aveit od s. R76
                   Il esteit rei d'une partie,^L2339 [L2339] e. reis RH76^L2339 [L2339] ert H76
         2340  En cel regne ert sa seignurie.^L2340 [L2340] Iloec ert H76
                   De l'autre part Ecbrit fud reis^L2341 [L2341] cebrit L edbright H76
                   Qui puis regnad sur [Suthumbreis],^L2342 [L2342] sur walois H76^L2342 [L2342] les galeis DL76^L2342 [L2342] Sur Suthumbreis R, sur les Galeis DL, sur Walois H. The implied contrast with ultre Humbre in l. 2344 and the inclusive nort e sud of l. 2346 have led me to follow R.76
                   E quant ot issint cunquested,^L2343 [L2343] issi LRH76^L2343 [L2343] om  E H76
         2344  Ultre Humbre ad s'ost mened.^L2344 [L2344] son ost m. R76 [f.109d]
                   A Dorewit fud receüd;^L2345 [L2345] receuz RH76^L2345 [L2345] A everwick R76^L2345 [L2345] reconeud DL76^L2345 [L2345] Dorewit DL, Dorewik H, Everwick R. It was suggested by Stevenson, the early translator of the Estoire, that Gaimar's place-name arose from a misreading of the phrase to Dore wið in A.S.C. 827 and this still seems the most likely explanation. The reading in R must represent an attempted correction of an obscurity, for it is unlikely that a copyist would alter a perfectly intelligible everwic, and I would suggest that R read his text as ad orewic and took the latter to mean Everwic, the obvious place at which to be acknowledged by the Northumbrians. Cf. note to ll. 987-90.76
                   Ore fud rei e nort e sud.^L2346 [L2346] f. reis LR76^L2346 [L2346] Quil f. H76
                   Wilaf repurcaçad le regne,^L2347 [L2347] Wolof R Willaf H76^L2347 [L2347] Wilas DL76
         2348  Si refud reis desur Mercenne.^L2348 [L2348] r. sur M. R r. de M. H76
                   En [i]cel an Ecbrith li reis^L2349 [L2349] edbright H76^L2349 [L2349] E en R76^L2349 [L2349] cel DL76
                   Clinat a sei les Norwaleis,^L2350 [L2350] l. walois H76^L2350 [L2350] Aclinat R Enclina H76
                   Tut de lur bone volenté^L2351 [L2351] Tute R76
         2352  Les ad Ecbrith a sei cliné.^L2352 [L2352] a s. acline R76^L2352 [L2352] edbright H76
                   Dous anz aprés tuit veirement^L2353 [L2353] om  tuit H76
                   Dunc vindrent la paiene gent,^L2354 [L2354] om  Dunc H76
                   Si preierent tute [Escepaie],^L2355 [L2355] escepaine R76^L2355 [L2355] espaine DL76
         2356  Unkes [de] hume n'orent manaie.
                   Le autre an aprés Ecbrith alad^L2357 [L2357] edbright H76
                   E sur paiens sun ost menad,^L2358 [L2358] En sun pais s. o. L Sus p. sost H76
                   Od les paiens tint grant bataille,^L2359 [L2359] om  grant H76

Page 76

         2360  Mult i ot humes mort senz faille;^L2360 [L2360] sanz LRH77^L2360 [L2360] sen77
                   La bataille fud a Karum,
                   Mult i ot mort maint bon barun,^L2362 [L2362] om  bon H77^L2362 [L2362] Mort i ot L77
                   Mais li paien furent plus fort,^L2363 [L2363] Et li p. H77
         2364  Si chacerent Ecbrith a tort.^L2364 [L2364] edbright H77
                   Dunc revint un autre navire,
                   En Westgales tindrent cunsire;^L2366 [L2366] t. confire L77^L2366 [L2366] tint c. H77
                   Tant unt parled as [West]waleis^L2367 [L2367] as waleis DL77
         2368  Que se tindrent [od les] Daneis;^L2368 [L2368] Kil R Qui H77^L2368 [L2368] as DLH77
                   Ensemble [alerent] guerreiant,^L2369 [L2369] vont DL77
                   Par le païs grant mal faisant.^L2370 [L2370] om  grant H77
                   Dunc reis Ecbrit [unt] encuntred^L2371 [L2371] D. unt rei E. R Roi edbright u. H77^L2371 [L2371] ad77
         2372  [E] en sa terre erent entred.^L2372 [L2372] sont H77^L2372 [L2372] om  E DL77
                   [Hengestesdune] ad nun le munt,^L2373 [L2373] Hengesdune R77^L2373 [L2373] Hengesteslune77
                   U cuntre lui bataille funt.^L2374 [L2374] contre RH77^L2374 [L2374] U cil c. R77^L2374 [L2374] encuntre DL77
                   Iloc en fist destructïun,
         2376  Vencu furent paien felun.^L2376 [L2376] f. li p. LH77
                   Idunc ot le siecle dured
                   Des la Jesu Nativited
                   Oit cenz [e trente] set anz,^L2379 [L2379] et .xlviii. H77^L2379 [L2379] quarante DL77^L2379 [L2379] trente seit R, quarante set DL, .xlviii. H. The date in the forties is wrong, though metrically satisfactory; the date in R is closer to that in A.S.C. which gives 836, so I have followed R, the more so as Gaimar gives the correct date in l. 2443.77
         2380  Si cum distrent li clerc lisanz.^L2380 [L2380] Si come nus trovoms l. H77^L2380 [L2380] d. les clers R77 [f.110a]
                   En icel tens en cel endreit^L2381 [L2381] en tel e. R77
                   Murut Ecbrith qui tant aveit.^L2382 [L2382] edbright H77
                   Ço fud celui [ke] Offe chaçad,^L2383 [L2383] qui77
         2384  Trente set anz e un [meis] regnad.^L2384 [L2384] .xxvii. H77^L2384 [L2384] meins77^L2384 [L2384] e un meis. In A.S.C. 836 we find .vii. monðas and Gross assumes that Gaimar wrote .vii. meis, attributing the error in which all four MSS. concur to miscopying. This, though the mistake itself is quite possible, is too uncertain to justify a correction.77
                   Puis regnad Edelwlf sun fiz
                   E Edelstan un rei gentilz;^L2386 [L2386] E. dous reis g. L E. li rois g. H77
                   L'un ot Westsexe, l'autre Kent,^L2387 [L2387] e laltre R77^L2387 [L2387] Li uns R77
         2388  Surrie e Sudsexe ensement,
                   E tuit voleient chalengier^L2389 [L2389] om  E L77
                   Ço que ot [lur] pere a justisier.^L2390 [L2390] sun77

Page 77

                   Dunc vint un navire [mult] fort,
         2392  A Hantune arivad al port,^L2392 [L2392] une n. LR78^L2392 [L2392] D. revint R78^L2392 [L2392] om  mult DH78
                   Trente [treis] nefs i aveit,^L2393 [L2393] et trois vinz H78^L2393 [L2393] reis e vint DL78^L2393 [L2393] I have followed R because it is closer to A.S.C. 836 (sciphlesta) and because D, L, and H diverge.78
                   Jo qui que Deus mult les haeit^L2394 [L2394] om  mult H78
                   Kar [par] Wlfeard un bon barun^L2395 [L2395] W. le b. H78^L2395 [L2395] om  par DLH78
         2396  Les mist en grant destructïun.^L2396 [L2396] om  grant H78^L2396 [L2396] En fu feit g. R78
                   Celui a els se cumbatid,
                   Mult en ocist e sis venquid.^L2398 [L2398] om  e H78
                   Me[ï]smes l'an transit li ber;^L2399 [L2399] mesmes78
         2400  S'il peüst alques durer,
                   Si cum distrent l'antive gent,^L2401 [L2401] d. latine g. H78
                   Paiens m[e]ïst en mal turment.^L2402 [L2402] mist78
                   Mais li paien s'en [ralïerent]^L2403 [L2403] M. les paens se relierent R78^L2403 [L2403] ralerent DL78
         2404  E firent mal e guerrïerent;
                   Lur gent veneit Daneis feluns,^L2405 [L2405] veneient LR78
                   Mult [ocieient] des baruns.^L2406 [L2406] osciaient R78^L2406 [L2406] ocistrent DLH78
                   Adelelme dunc unt ocis,^L2407 [L2407] ont donc o. H78^L2407 [L2407] Adeleine L Aelesme R Adeelme H78^L2407 [L2407] Adeleune78
         2408  Il ot bataille encuntr'els pris;^L2408 [L2408] o. la b. R78
                   [Cil] ert si pruz e si vaillant^L2409 [L2409] E il78
                   E en bataille si ferant
                   Que quant Engleis l'orent perdut,
         2412  Ne lur remist si bon escut.
                   A Lundres alerent maneis^L2413 [L2413] a. demanois H78
                   Faire bataille les Daneis.^L2414 [L2414] b. as D. H78
                   Iloec firent lur volented,
         2416  Mult i ot humes mort rüed. [f.110b]
                   D'iloc en vont a Rouecestre,
                   Iloec [rot] bataille campestre,^L2418 [L2418] I. out H78
                   Mult ocistrent des païsanz^L2419 [L2419] M. i o. H78
         2420  Mais les plusurs furent fuianz;^L2420 [L2420] Mes li felons sen vont fuianz H78
                   Qui entrer pot en la cited,
                   Si fud garid e bien tensed

Page 78

                   E qui ne pot, pas ne garid,
         2424  Si alcune part ne s'en fuïd.
                   D'iloc alerent a Sandwiz^L2425 [L2425] Sandwiz. The name is here as the result of a mistake. In A.S.C.(E) 839 we read: Her wæs mycel wælsleht on Lundene $$ on Cantwic $$ on Rofecæstre. Gaimar has expanded this brief entry very considerably, giving four lines to the battle at London, eight to that at Rochester, and ten to that at Sandwich, and the third description is clearly a pendant to the second. It must be admitted that the entry in A.S.C. is rather too concise, the place intended, as shown by Cwantawic in A.S.C.(A), being a lost French seaport at the mouth of the R. Canche not very far from Etaples, and that Gaimar is to be excused for taking the second name to be that of a place near the other two and not that of a place on the Continent. Having mistakenly identified Cantwic with Sandwich, Gaimar has changed the order of the names, so bringing them into harmony with the actual situations of the places.79
                   Mais ne furent [pas] recuilliz.^L2426 [L2426] ni f. R pas ni f. r. H79
                   Tuz les Kenteis [asemblez erent],^L2427 [L2427] K. ensemble alerent H79^L2427 [L2427] asemblerent DL79
         2428  En un plain champ les encuntrerent,^L2428 [L2428] om  champ H79
                   Mult fierement se cumbatirent,^L2429 [L2429] om  Mult H79
                   Mais nepurquant Daneis venquirent.^L2430 [L2430] D. nepurquant v. H79
                   Ne fust le burc qui [clos] esteit,^L2431 [L2431] fud L79^L2431 [L2431] quiloc DL79
         2432  Mult i fussent [Kenteis] destreit^L2432 [L2432] Kentois i f. mult d. H79^L2432 [L2432] mis en DL79
                   Mais par le burc plusurs garirent,^L2433 [L2433] om  Mais H79
                   Li remananz trestuz perirent.^L2434 [L2434] les r. R79
                   Reis Edelwlf idunc regnot,
         2436  Par le païs cuntr'els alot
                   E les Daneis de tutes parz
                   Arivo[e]nt en lur kenarz.^L2438 [L2438] en lu keuarz H79
                   A Carum Edelwlf li reis
         2440  Se cumbatid as Daneis^L2440 [L2440] c. od les D. H79
                   Mais les Daneis orent victoire,
                   Sil cunsentid li reis de gloire.^L2442 [L2442] Ensi le vout l. r. H79
                   Dunc ot uit cenz quarante cinc anz^L2443 [L2443] c. anz et .xlv. H79^L2443 [L2443] .dccc.79
         2444  Que Crist en cest mund fud venanz.^L2444 [L2444] Qe dieus en c. monde vint H79^L2444 [L2444] Des donc ke C. el m. R79
                   En [i]cel an se cumbatid^L2445 [L2445] cel DLH79
                   Li dux Arnulf, Daneis venquid;^L2446 [L2446] e D. v. R les D. v. H79
                   Un autre dux, [Osric] ot nun,^L2447 [L2447] oseric L79^L2447 [L2447] oscrie79
         2448  Il fud od lui cume barun;
                   Li uns menad cels de Dorsete,
                   Li autre genz de Sumersete.^L2450 [L2450] a. les g. L a. la gent H a. cels de S. R79
                   A la buche de Pedredan
         2452  Vencuz furent Daneis cel an. [f.110c]
                   Cheorl [alderman] les [re]chaçad,^L2453 [L2453] anderman L79^L2453 [L2453] Cheor e alderma R79^L2453 [L2453] chacad DL79^L2453 [L2453] arderman79

Page 79

                   Tresqu'en Tanet unc [ne] finad;
                   Li barun de Devenesire^L2455 [L2455] Les b. R80
         2456  Lui aidoent a descunfire.^L2456 [L2456] aiderent RH80
                   A Wïenberge comencerent,^L2457 [L2457] wingberge L wienberghe R wiberge H80^L2457 [L2457] winberge80
                   Tresqu'en Tanet les decacerent.
                   Iloec furent tut l'iver tens.^L2453 [L2453] Gaimar had endeavoured to introduce some kind of sequence into the events listed by A.S.C. 851. Thus he makes the Danish wintering in Thanet the result of the English victory at Wigborough; as Gross points out, Gaimar would scarcely have made this deduction, had his source agreed with A.S.C.(A) in putting the account of the battle of Sandwich between that at Wigborough and the stay in Thanet. Then, for Gaimar, the arrival took place at the end of that winter, not in the same year as the battle æt Wicgeanbeorge, a name which has given some trouble to his copyists. All agree in the second element, but DLH have a first element of one syllable, which renders the line metrically incorrect; R's form, Wien-, is closer to the O.E., so I have accepted it and treated it as a dissyllable.80
         2460  Autre navire reparens^L2460 [L2460] A. navie r. H80^L2460 [L2460] tut r. DL80
                   [I] est venud cuntre l'ested.
                   A Cantuorbire en sunt aled,
                   [L]a cité [frainstrent] e roberent,^L2463 [L2463] c. arstrent H80^L2463 [L2463] asistrent DL80
         2464  Le rei Brectwlf desbareterent,^L2464 [L2464] bittulf H80^L2464 [L2464] Li reis R80
                   [C]el rei de Mercene unt mis en fuie^L2465 [L2465] Cil r. R Le r. H80
                   Desi que la cited de Luie^L2462 [L2462] According to A.S.C.(ABC) the Danes stormed Canterbury, then London, and then crossed the Thames into Surrey, but A.S.C.(DEF) omit the reference to London. Gaimar's source had not this mistake, for he has a disguised mention of the city. Possibly, as Gross suggests, an unusual spelling put him off, for elsewhere the name gives him no difficulty. At any rate, there seems to be some connexion between his cited de Luie (l. 2466) and the earlier cited de Luietune (l. 984), by which he renders Lygeanbyrig of A.S.C. 571, though in each case the cause of the confusion eludes us.80
                   [E] li paien vont en Surrie.^L2467 [L2467] les p. R80
         2468  Ço fud ultrage e estultie
                   [Kar] Edelwlf li maistre rei
                   E Edelbald sis fiz, ço crei,^L2470 [L2470] son f. R80
                   [A]d Aclie se cumbatirent.
         2472  Westsexïens si bien le firent,^L2472 [L2472] si b. les ferirent L b. i ferirent H80
                   [T]uz les Daneis unt descunfit,^L2473 [L2473] u. iloc d. DL80
                   Maint hume iloc vie perdit.^L2474 [L2474] h. la v. i p. H80^L2474 [L2474] i. sa v. L80
                   [C]el an meïsme a Sandwiz^L2475 [L2475] a. meismes RH80
         2476  Refurent les Daneis matiz^L2476 [L2476] li D. H80^L2476 [L2476] R. lor D. L80
                   [Par] Edelstan e par Alchere.^L2477 [L2477] par adelhere R80
                   Edelstan esteit al rei frere.^L2478 [L2478] Au roi adelstan ert frere H80
                   [L]i uns esteit frere Edelwlf,^L2479 [L2479] ert H80
         2480  D'Estengle ert [meistre] rei sul;^L2480 [L2480] r. il sul R80^L2480 [L2480] estoit L80
                   [A]chere ert dux e de lui tint,^L2481 [L2481] A. donc de li t. H80^L2481 [L2481] d. de li tenant R80^L2481 [L2481] Adelhere R80
                   Des Daneis ocist plus de vint;^L2482 [L2482] om  Des H80^L2478 [L2478] In his source Gaimar found simply Æðelstan cining and Ealhere dux; he seems to have amplified this by a vague memory of his earlier reference to Athelstan the sub-king (ll. 2385-8); he is correct when he makes him brother of Edelwlf (l. 2479), but wrong when he sets him over Estengle.80
                   [E] de lur nefs que il amenerent,
         2484  [En] Tamise la us troverent,^L2484 [L2484] T. jus neierent H80^L2484 [L2484] la u il les t. R80^L2484 [L2484] A L80^L2484 [L2484] E a80^L2484 [L2484] The mention of the R. Thames is out of place here, not being apposite to the situation of Sandwich; I agree with Gross that Gaimar has derived the name from its earlier occurrence in the same annal (A.S.C. 851).80

Page 80

                   [Pri]strent humes e lur aveirs.
                   Ne firent giens grant nunsaveirs:^L2486 [L2486] f. guers g.n. R f. pas n. H81
                   [D]e quanque pot de mal ovrer^L2487 [L2487] q. hom p. RH81
         2488  [D]eit l'um sun enemi [mater].^L2488 [L2488] encumbrer DL81^L2487 [L2487] Cf. J. Morawski, Proverbes français (C.F.M.A. 47), No. 688.81 [f.110d]
                   Al tens que furent [ces] Daneis^L2489 [L2489] si DL81
                   Burhred esteit de Merce reis.^L2490 [L2490] ert R81^L2490 [L2490] Burhert R Burred H81^L2490 [L2490] Burbred DL81
                   Par l'aïe Edelwlf li ber^L2491 [L2491] a. de E. R aide de E. H81
         2492  Fist Norwaleis a sei cliner.
                   En [i]cel an, quant ço avint,^L2493 [L2493] an ke RH81^L2493 [L2493] cel DL81
                   Alcher li reis qui dunc Kent tint^L2494 [L2494] Adelher R81
                   Od [les] Kenteis e od dux [Hude]^L2495 [L2495] huge DL81^L2495 [L2495] lur81
         2496  Qui les Surreis ot en aiude^L2496 [L2496] Ke li S. L81
                   En sunt alez sur les Daneis.^L2497 [L2497] om  En H81
                   En l'isle de Taneteis^L2498 [L2498] de katenois H81^L2498 [L2498] i. des T. R81
                   Od les paiens se cumbatirent;
         2500  Poi gainerent, vie perdirent,^L2500 [L2500] la v. p. H81^L2500 [L2500] gainerent. All MSS. concur in the contracted form, so I have retained it, though Gaimar may well have used the fuller form, treating the final syllable as extra-metrical (cf. p. xlix).81
                   Oscis fud Hude e Algier,^L2501 [L2501] adelher R81^L2501 [L2501] huge L81^L2501 [L2501] furent R81
                   Unc n'i porent meis espleitier.^L2502 [L2502] p. mielz eschaper R p. meuz e. H81
                   Idunc prist Burhred de Mercenne^L2503 [L2503] burgred L burhret R81^L2503 [L2503] burred DH81
         2504  La fille [Edelwlf] a sa femme.^L2504 [L2504] om  sa RH81^L2504 [L2504] edulf H81^L2504 [L2504] edeluf81
                   Un an aprés vindrent Daneis
                   A [Escepeie] od lur [escheiz]^L2506 [L2506] nefs DL81^L2506 [L2506] sepaie DL81
                   E od [cyules] e od [kenarz].^L2507 [L2507] e od kandart R81^L2507 [L2507] Od escheiz RH81^L2507 [L2507] kenart81^L2507 [L2507] escheiles81
         2508  L'iver i furent tresqu'en Marz.^L2505 [L2505] Cf. Glossarial and Textual Notes . . . (M.L.R. XLIII (1948), 39-46) for a discussion of the text of this passage and for the history of the word cyules.81
                   En [i]cel an dunt ci ai dit^L2509 [L2509] an ke ci R81^L2509 [L2509] En cel L81^L2509 [L2509] E en cel81
                   Reis Edelwlf terres partit;
                   Tute sa terre bien dunad,^L2511 [L2511] dunad and devisad interverted in R81
         2512  En l'onur Deu la devisad.^L2512 [L2512] E en R81
                   [Puis aprés feit son aire agreie,^L2513 [L2513] Cf. Further glossarial notes . . . (M.L.R. XLIX (1954), 308-21) for a discussion of this line. I take sun eire as dative.81
                   Vers Rome tint la dreite veie,^L2514 [L2514] ll. 2513-14 not in DLH81
                   Par grant honur a Rome alat

Page 81

         2516  E tut un an i sojurnat.
                   El revenir donc espusat
                   La fille Charles; il li donat.]^L2518 [L2518] charle H82^L2518 [L2518] ll. 2515-18 not in DL82
                   Ço fud la fille le rei de France,^L2519 [L2519] al r. RH82
         2520  Tuz jurz se penad d'onurance.
                   Dous anz aprés dunc deviad,
                   Dis e nof anz cel rei regnad;
                   Si cum [demustred] la viele geste,^L2523 [L2523] om  la R82^L2523 [L2523] demistrent82
         2524  Enseveliz fud a Guincestre.
                   [Cestui] fud fiz Ecbrit le rei^L2525 [L2525] edbright H82^L2525 [L2525] Il H82^L2525 [L2525] Cist DL82
                   Qui fist le regne aclin a sei.^L2526 [L2526] a. vers sei R82
                   Ses dous fiz reçorent le regne^L2527 [L2527] son r. R82^L2527 [L2527] receustrent H82
         2528  Qu'il ot de sa premiere femme.
                   [Edelbalt out tote Westsexe
                   E Edelbrith Kent e Suthsexe
                   E Estsexe e Sudreie;^L2531 [L2531] hestsexe R82
         2532  Riches reis furent en lur vie].^L2532 [L2532] ll. 2529-32 not in DLH82
                   Cinc anz regnad reis Edelbald,
                   Idunc transid, vie lui falt,^L2534 [L2534] Donc t. la v. H82
                   Sun cors [posat] a [Schireburne],^L2535 [L2535] schireburnes R82^L2535 [L2535] chiereburne DL82^L2535 [L2535] fud mis DLH82 [f.111a]
         2536  Il fist Daneis en sun tens murne.^L2536 [L2536] murnes R82^L2536 [L2536] f. les D. sovent m. H82
                   Reis Edelbrith ses frere esteit,^L2537 [L2537] son f. RH82
                   Westsexe prist: ço ert tuit dreit.^L2538 [L2538] e. son d. H82
                   Sis anz en cest siecle regnad,^L2539 [L2539] a. icist r. H82^L2539 [L2539] en ces regnez r. R82
         2540  Dunc [si] transid; hom le portad^L2540 [L2540] lemporta H82^L2540 [L2540] om  si DLH82
                   A [Schireburne] aprés sun frere.^L2541 [L2541] chiereburne DL82
                   Dunc chaïd as Engleis lur here.^L2542 [L2542] lur chere H82
                   Pur les dous reis [ke] orent perdut^L2543 [L2543] quil DL82
         2544  Suvent orent paiens vencud.^L2544 [L2544] o. daneis v. R82^L2529 [L2529] Cf. Glossarial and Textual Notes . . . for a discussion of this passage and of the meaning of here.82
                   En icel tens que cil regnoent,
                   A une feiz paiens gastoent^L2546 [L2546] .xii. f. H82^L2546 [L2546] om  A RH82
                   Cele cuntree de Guincestre^L2547 [L2547] La c. de R82

Page 82

         2548  Mais dous baruns esteient mestre,^L2548 [L2548] b. ki e. R83^L2548 [L2548] Deus paiens e. H83
                   As reis [gardouent] la cuntree^L2549 [L2549] guastoent DLH83
                   Qui Hamtesire est apellee.^L2550 [L2550] ert H83
                   Osric, Eadwulf orent cil nun,^L2551 [L2551] O. e edwolf R O. et adwlf H83
         2552  Andui erent riche barun.^L2552 [L2552] Ambedou L83
                   [Osric ot] gent de Hamtesire,^L2553 [L2553] Oseric od83
                   E Eadwlf cels de Bercesire,^L2554 [L2554] od ceus de B. H83^L2554 [L2554] adulf L edwolf R adewlf H83^L2554 [L2554] edelwlf83
                   Se cumbatirent demaneis,^L2555 [L2555] Si se c. R83
         2556  Victoire orent sur les Daneis.
                   Puis vindrent Daneis en Tanet
                   Ki tindrent Kenteis pur vaslet;^L2558 [L2558] Si H83
                   Triwes pristrent a cele gent,
         2560  Puis preierent tuit l'orïent
                   Mais uns reis vint ki dunc regnad,^L2561 [L2561] om  vint R83^L2561 [L2561] un r. R un roi H83
                   Mult volentiers les guerreiad,^L2562 [L2562] om  Mult H83
                   Edelred frere as dous reis^L2563 [L2563] le f. R83
         2564  Qui aveient regned anceis.
                   En tens cestui [vint] la [grant] flote,^L2565 [L2565] g. flete R83^L2565 [L2565] om  grant DL83^L2565 [L2565] i ut83
                   Tel ne vit hom qui vesti cote,^L2566 [L2566] h. ki ne vist ceste R83
                   En Estengle sunt arived,
         2568  Tuit l'iver i unt sujurned.^L2568 [L2568] .liv. sont s. H83
                   En Marz pur enganissement^L2569 [L2569] p. escharnissement R p. engarnissement H83
                   Triwes donent a cele gent. [f.111b]
                   Idunc se mistrent a cheval
         2572  Li plus preised de lur vassal
                   E li plusur s'en vont as nefs^L2573 [L2573] p. sen unt es n. R83^L2573 [L2573] om  li H83
                   Tresque [Humbre] sigles levés.^L2574 [L2574] T. il unt s. L83^L2574 [L2574] hime83
                   [A pié en] vunt plus de vint mile.^L2575 [L2575] .xxx. H83^L2575 [L2575] om  en H83^L2575 [L2575] Apres DL83
         2576  Sempres orrez grant mirabile!^L2576 [L2576] om  grant H83^L2576 [L2576] oirez R83^L2576 [L2576] orent DLH83
                   Icil Daneis dunc s'en turnerent,^L2577 [L2577] om  dunc R83
                   A Grimesbi Humbre passerent

Page 83

                   [E cil a pié tut ensement,
         2580  Mult grant plenté ourent de gent
                   E cil ki erent od les nefs
                   Vers Everwich sunt tuz alez.^L2582 [L2582] evewich R84
                   Ambure par ewe e par terre
         2584  A Everwich firent grant guere].
                   Cil qui par ewe sunt alez
                   Deci qu'en Use [unt donc siglez]^L2586 [L2586] om  donc H84^L2586 [L2586] sunt passez DL84
                   Mais dreit cum soleil rescunsot
         2588  Li floz ariere repairot^L2588 [L2588] reportoit H84
                   E cil [se] sunt dunc logez,^L2589 [L2589] d. herbergez R84^L2589 [L2589] Cil sont donc aloignez H84^L2589 [L2589] sen84
                   Asquanz en l'eve herbergez,^L2590 [L2590] A. en lewe asquanz logez R84^L2590 [L2590] Aucuns H84^L2571 [L2571] An interesting passage in which Gaimar is combining two sources, A.S.C. and the Buern Bucecarle story. From the former he took the grant flote (l. 2565), the wintering in East Englia, the horsing and the truce; for the Danes winter once more ends en Marz (l. 2569), as it had done earlier for them in Sheppey–L'iver i furent tresqu'en Marz (l. 2508); it is then that the horsing took place preparatory to a new campaign, an intelligent deduction by Gaimar. There is, however, a difference: in A.S.C. 866 all the Danes gehorsade wurdon, but in the Estoire only li plus preisied de lur vassal (l. 2572). For this there are two reasons, one general, one particular. Quite understandably Gaimar has failed to realize that the Danes used their horses for greater mobility, i.e. they became mounted infantry; for him they were cavalry, and so in accordance with contemporary custom he thought of the horse forming a section only of the army, hence the twenty thousand foot (l. 2575). The particular reason is that, according to the Buern Bucecarle story, the Danes were specially brought over from Denmark (ll. 2597-8) and were still in their ships. To this, rather than to the ambiguity of O.E. faran, which can refer to movement by land or by sea, is due the combined attack on York, specifically mentioned in ll. 2583-4 and implied in ll. 2703-7.84
                   [Mes les chevels homes barons
         2592  Vont a la vile as meisons].
                   Iloec maneit uns gentilz hom,^L2593 [L2593] un gentil LH84
                   Buern Bucecarle aveit nom.^L2594 [L2594] ad n. R84
                   Cil herbergat tuz les [seignurs]^L2595 [L2595] baruns DLH84
         2596  Mult richement par grant honurs.
                   Cestui les ot ainz asemblez^L2597 [L2597] om  ainz L84
                   E de Danemarche amenez
                   Pur la hunte de sa muillier
         2600  Dunt volentiers se volt vengier.
                   Une hunte l'en fud fait grant.
                   Osbrith qui tint Norhumberlant^L2602 [L2602] O. teneit N. R84
                   A Everwic ot sujurnez.
         2604  Un jur esteit al bois alez,
                   Aval Use [ert] alez chacier,^L2605 [L2605] esteit84
                   Priveement alad mangier^L2606 [L2606] P. urnat m. R84
                   A la maisun a [cel] barun^L2607 [L2607] cele84
         2608  Qui Buern Bucecarle aveit nun.^L2608 [L2608] out RH84^L2608 [L2608] B. le B. R84^L2608 [L2608] a n.84
                   Li prodom ert dunc a la mer,
                   Pur uthlages la sot garder^L2610 [L2610] u. la soelt g. H84^L2610 [L2610] u. le soleit g. R84^L2610 [L2610] sot DL, soelt H, soleit R. The last form makes the line hypermetrical and so is to be rejected but the question still remains: did Gaimar use saveir (with DL) or soleir (with RH)? We have in the Estoire three other examples of this construction: (i)
                   Marchëant ert, mer sot passer
                   E set bien vendre e achater (ll. 455-6), (ii) Sidrac le viel qui ferir sot (l. 2980), (iii) Bien sot ses enemis pleisier (l. 3442), but in all three the MSS. concur in the verb used, saveir. At l. 2980 the verb rimes with ot (< aveir) and at l. 456 we again have saveir, this time in the ind. present; in view of the absence of proof of vocalization of l in the Estoire we cannot accept an actual form of soleir in this construction. At the same time it is undeniable that semantically the two verbs come very close to each other in such phrases, especially here, where the approach is confirmed by the variants and by the translation sicut solitus fuerat in Bromton (Twysden, Scriptores X, p. 802). Warnke called attention to the resulting ambiguity in Marie de France, Fables, I, 3-4:
                   Sulunc nature purchaçot
                   Sa viande si cum il sot (Intro., p. lxxxv n) and the same is true of similar phrases in other texts, e.g.
                   Quant ele ot s'ovraigne finee
                   Tel come ele la sot ovrer (Philomena 1134-5),
                   Vostre Deu pur mei preez
                   Que mon boef me rende sein
                   Qui me sout gainer del pain (Simon de Freine, S. Georges 847-9).84
                   [E] la dame qui mult ert bele^L2611 [L2611] om  E DLH84

Page 84

         2612  Dunt li rei ot oï novele^L2612 [L2612] o. la n. RH85^L2612 [L2612] reis RH85
                   Ert a maisun, cum dreit esteit,
                   De malvesté talent n'aveit. [f.111c]
                   A tant es vus le rei venuz!
         2616  Par grant honur fud receüz.^L2616 [L2616] h. i f. H85
                   Quant ot manged tant cum li plut,
                   Dunc dist folie que pensot:^L2618 [L2618] d. a f. RH85
                   'Dame, jo voil a vus parler,
         2620  La chambre faites delivrer'.
                   Tuz sunt fors de la chambre issuz
                   Fors ceus ki unt les us tenuz,^L2622 [L2622] F. dous k. R f. cil k. H85
                   Cil erent cumpaignun le rei,
         2624  Bien saveient tut sun segrei.^L2624 [L2624] om  tut RH85^L2624 [L2624] sevent R85
                   La dame pas n'aparceveit
                   Pur quei li reis iço faiseit.
                   Quant il la prist estre sun gred,
         2628  De lui ad fait sa volented,
                   Puis s'en turnat, lait la plurant,^L2629 [L2629] turne H85
                   A Everwic alad puinnant
                   E quant il est [od] ses privez,^L2631 [L2631] i est H85^L2631 [L2631] a DL85
         2632  Par maintes feiz s'en est gabez.
                   La dame mult s'en adulat,
                   De la hunte que fait li ad,^L2634 [L2634] Pur H85
                   Tute en devint descoluree
         2636  De la dolur qu'en ad menee.^L2636 [L2636] d. qele ad demenee H85
                   A tant es vus Buern sis mariz
                   Qui mult ert nobles e gentilz!
                   Parmi tuit ço que mer hantot,^L2639 [L2639] t. ico q. R85
         2640  Mieldre vassal en terre [n']ot^L2640 [L2640] navoit H85^L2640 [L2640] nen85
                   Ne el regne dunt il fud nez^L2641 [L2641] ert R85
                   N'ert nuls [hom] mielz enparentez.^L2642 [L2642] n. home RH85^L2642 [L2642] om  nuls H85^L2642 [L2642] Not L85
                   Quant veit sa femme enpalie
         2644  E veit la feble e enmegrie^L2644 [L2644] om  veit la H85

Page 85

                   E tute estrange la trovad
                   De si cum ert, quant la laissad,^L2646 [L2646] De issi c. R86
                   Dunc demandat que ço deveit,^L2647 [L2647] Demanda donc H86
         2648  Que ço espelt e qu'ele aveit.^L2648 [L2648] E ceo qesp. H86^L2648 [L2648] E que DL86
                   Ele lui ad dit: 'Jo vus dirai.^L2649 [L2649] li dist H86^L2649 [L2649] E ele L86
                   Jo më[ï]sme m'encuserai,^L2650 [L2650] men accuserai H86^L2650 [L2650] meismes RH86
                   Puis faites de mei [tel] justise^L2651 [L2651] tele DH86
         2652  Cum fusse [a larecin prise]'.^L2652 [L2652] C. f. prise a la remise H86^L2652 [L2652] larcin R86^L2652 [L2652] C. jo f. pris e la remise DL86^L2652 [L2652] Though the general sense of the line is clear, what Gaimar actually wrote is uncertain. DL have the pronoun, RH do not; DLH read, with minor differences, pris e la remise, which does not make sense, but might derive from a line like that in R with the participle displaced.86
                   Cil [li]respunt: 'Que est avenud?'^L2653 [L2653] om  li DLH86
                   '[Ja] ad li reis od mei geüd.^L2654 [L2654] Ies DL86
                   Par force fist la felunie,^L2655 [L2655] sa f. R86
         2656  Ore est dreit que [perde] la vie.^L2656 [L2656] q. jo p. L86^L2656 [L2656] Qe bien est d. H86^L2656 [L2656] perc86^L2656 [L2656] bien d. DL86
                   Si ço [fud feit] cuvertement,^L2657 [L2657] om  feit DL86^L2657 [L2657] fust DH86
                   Jo voil murir overtement.
                   Mielz voil murir que vivre plus'.^L2659 [L2659] Que m. v.86
         2660  Pasmee chiet a ses piez jus.
                   Cil li respunt: 'Levez, amie.^L2661 [L2661] E cil R86^L2661 [L2661] om  li DLRH86
                   Ja pur ço ne serrez hunie.^L2662 [L2662] s. pas haie R86^L2662 [L2662] om  Ja R86
                   Cuntre force ne puet fieblesce,^L2663 [L2663] Encontre R86
         2664  En vus ad meinte bone teche.
                   Quant vus m'avez primes gehid,^L2665 [L2665] vus le ma. R86
                   De vus avrai bone mercid
                   Mais si vus le me eussiez celez,^L2667 [L2667] me leuissiez L86
         2668  Tant quel m'eüst autre mustrez,^L2668 [L2668] T. qautre le meust m. H86
                   Ja mais mis quers ne vus amast
                   Ne ma buche ne vus baisast.
                   Si li fel fist sa felunie,
         2672  [Jo] querrai que il perdrat la vie'.^L2672 [L2672] om  la H86^L2672 [L2672] om  Jo DL86
                   La nuit se jut mes le matin
                   Vers Everwic tint sun chemin.
                   Le rei trovat entre sa gent,
         2676  Buern i [aveit] maint bon parent.^L2676 [L2676] ot DLH86

Page 86

                   Li reis le vit, si l'apellad.
                   Buern iloches le desfiad:^L2677 [L2677] not in H87
                   'Jo te desfi e tut te rent,
         2680  De tei ne voil tenir neient,^L2680 [L2680] v. jo t.87
                   Tun humage ci te rendrai,
                   Ja mais de tei rien ne tendrai'.^L2682 [L2682] ll. 2681-2 interverted in R87
                   A tant issi de la maisun,
         2684  Od lui issi maint bon barun.^L2684 [L2684] om  bon H87
                   Dunc tint cunseil od sun lignage,^L2685 [L2685] de corrected to od87
                   A els se clamat del huntage;^L2686 [L2686] E a DL87 [f.112a]
                   Cument li reis le aveit mened
         2688  Lur ad tut dit e tuit cunted.^L2688 [L2688] om  tuit LRH87
                   Puis lur ad dit [qu'il] s'en irad,^L2689 [L2689] quel87
                   S'il pot, les Daneis amerrad;
                   Ja li suen cuer n'ert mais lied^L2691 [L2691] om  li R87
         2692  Desi que seit [del rei] vengied,^L2692 [L2692] de li H87^L2692 [L2692] quil s. LRH87^L2692 [L2692] a lui87
                   E ses parenz li unt pramis
                   Qu'il le metrunt fors del païs.
                   Si firent il. Pur cel forfait
         2696  Le rei guerpirent entreshait,
                   Si firent rei del regïun^L2697 [L2697] de la r. LH87
                   De un chevalier qui Elle ot nun.
                   Ore avint si cum vus orez.^L2699 [L2699] oez R87
         2700  Cil ot [les] Daneis amenez;^L2700 [L2700] Il ad H87
                   A [Kawode] erent herbergez^L2701 [L2701] furent H87^L2701 [L2701] kauud DL87
                   Cil ki furent es nefs cargez
                   Mais li plusur de lur amis^L2703 [L2703] l. daneis R87^L2703 [L2703] de ses a. H87
         2704  Vindrent parmi [lu] Holdernis^L2704 [L2704] om  lu DLH87
                   E puis par le païs gasted^L2705 [L2705] p. ont le p. H87
                   Tant que prof sunt de la cited^L2706 [L2706] q. pres s. L87
                   E li navire encuntre vint.^L2707 [L2707] En loure qe cel e. H87
         2708  Li reis qui dunc la terre tint
                   Ert icel jur el bois alez,^L2709 [L2709] e. cel LR87

Page 87

                   Quant cil vindrent a la citez,^L2710 [L2710] Q. il v. H88
                   Mais l'autre rei esteit remés,^L2711 [L2711] li altres r. ert remis R88
         2712  Cil qui desaisit ert des cles.^L2712 [L2712] e. deschis H88^L2712 [L2712] q. de sai e. RH88
                   [Quant les Daneis les asaillirent,
                   Une piece se defendirent]^L2714 [L2714] pece ce R88^L2714 [L2714] ll. 2713-4 not in DL88
                   Mais poi durad lur defensaille.
         2716  Puis que Daneis orent le baille,^L2716 [L2716] o. la b. LR o. bataille H88
                   [Tost fud idunc] la cité prise;^L2717 [L2717] dunc LH88^L2717 [L2717] Dunc fud tost88
                   De homes i ot [mult] grant ocise.^L2718 [L2718] om  mult DH88
                   Osbrith li reis [i] fud ocis,^L2719 [L2719] om  i DL88
         2720  Buern fud venged, sis enemis.^L2720 [L2720] Bien f. H88
                   Elle li reis en bois esteit,
                   Quatre bisses dunc pris aveit.^L2722 [L2722] b. pris i a. H88^L2722 [L2722] idonc p. R88
                   Asis esteit a sun disner,
         2724  Uns hom oïd [cloke] suner;^L2724 [L2724] Un home H88^L2724 [L2724] iloec DL un c. R88 [f.112b]
                   En sa main [tint] une clochete,
                   Si sonot cler cume eschelete.^L2726 [L2726] sona H88
                   Li reis rovat que avant venist,
         2728  A mangier eust kar ço requist.^L2728 [L2728] ot LH88
                   Cum li reis sist a sun mangier,^L2729 [L2729] Si c. L88
                   Si ad dit a un chevalier:
                   'Mult avom [hui] bien espleitied,^L2731 [L2731] om  hui DLH88
         2732  Pris avom ço que avom chaced,^L2732 [L2732] co ke nus a. L88
                   Quatre bisses e chevrols sis,
                   Mainte feiz avom chaced pis'.
                   Li orps l'oïd ki loinz sëeit.
         2736  Dunc dist un mot qui veir esteit:^L2736 [L2736] veirs e. RH88
                   'Si vus en bois avez tant pris,
                   Perdu avez tut cest païs;^L2738 [L2738] om  tut H88
                   Les Daneis unt mielz espleited^L2739 [L2739] Li D. H88
         2740  Qui Everwic unt purchaced
                   E mult baruns i ad ocis,^L2741 [L2741] m. des b. i ont o. H88
                   Osbrith unt mort ses enemis'.

Page 88

                   Respunt li reis: 'Cument le sez?'
         2744  'Mun sen le m'ad si demustrez.^L2744 [L2744] om  si RH89^L2744 [L2744] M. sens R89^L2744 [L2744] Moi s. L89
                   As enseignes, se m'en crëez,^L2745 [L2745] si ne me c. R si mei nen c. H89
                   Le fiz ta suer qu'iloec vëez,
                   Orin, ert le premier ocis^L2747 [L2747] li primes o. R89^L2747 [L2747] Orrum R Il en e. H89^L2747 [L2747] Orin DL, Orrum R. The name shows this same variation at each occurrence, viz. here and at ll. 2786, 2803; each time H gives, not a name, but some other word; we thus have no means of deciding which form Gaimar actually used. The nephew and his exploits do not appear to be known from any other source.89
         2748  De la bataille a Everwis.^L2748 [L2748] de and a interverted in H89
                   Une bataille i avrad grant.
                   Si tu m'en creiz, ne iras avant^L2750 [L2750] pas a. R89^L2750 [L2750] Et si H89
                   E nepuroc ne pot el estre,^L2751 [L2751] om  el L p. altre e. R89^L2751 [L2751] E nepurquant RH89
         2752  Uns reis i deit perdre la teste'.^L2752 [L2752] Un r. L Un roi H89
                   Respunt li reis: 'Tu as mentid.^L2753 [L2753] tu mas m. H89
                   Pris en seras e malbaillid;^L2754 [L2754] om  en H89
                   Si ço n'est veir, perdras la vie,^L2755 [L2755] ne. veirs p. RH89
         2756  Comprer t'estuet ta sorcerie'.
                   Respunt li orps: 'E jo l'otrei!
                   Si ço n'est veir, ocïez mei'.
                   Li reis l'ad fait od lui mener,^L2759 [L2759] le fet H89
         2760  Bien le comandat a garder.^L2760 [L2760] om  a H89 [f.112c]
                   En une tur qui halt' esteit
                   Mist sun nevod qu'iloc esteit,^L2762 [L2762] i. seit R i. avoit H89
                   Puis lui ad dit qu'encore encui^L2763 [L2763] d. uncor ui RH89^L2763 [L2763] P. lur H89
         2764  Par mes [enveierat] pur lui.^L2764 [L2764] Tost enveirad p.l. L Pramet ken. R Enverra message p.l. H89^L2764 [L2764] Enveirat il co dit p.l.89
                   La gent asemblent del païs,^L2765 [L2765] asemblerent R89
                   Od le rei vont vers Everwis,^L2766 [L2766] vo. a E. H89
                   Asez [encontrent] des navrez^L2767 [L2767] encontrerent DLH89
         2768  E des fuianz qui unt [cuntez]^L2768 [L2768] cunted89
                   Tut ço ke li devins ot dit.^L2769 [L2769] om  ot R89
                   [Neis] un sul mot n'aveit mentid.^L2770 [L2770] ni m. R nen m. H89^L2770 [L2770] om  Neis R89^L2770 [L2770] Reis89
                   E li reis Elle ot mult grant gent,^L2771 [L2771] om  grant L m. de ge. H89
         2772  Si [chevalchat] mult fierement.^L2772 [L2772] m. seurement H89^L2772 [L2772] c. bien f. R89^L2772 [L2772] chivacha L89^L2772 [L2772] chevad89

Page 89

                   Mais sun nevod fist grant folur
                   Qu'il ot laissiez [de]sur la tur.^L2774 [L2774] l. desouz la H90
                   Dous escuz prist qu'il ad troved,
         2776  A la fenestre en est aled,
                   [En] les escuz mist ses dous braz,^L2777 [L2777] Les e. m. en ses DLH90
                   Voler quidat, mais un grant quaz
                   Prist cuntre terre, quant chaïd,^L2779 [L2779] q. il c. H90
         2780  E nepuroc issi guarid,^L2780 [L2780] E nepurquant R90
                   Unc ne l'en fud guerres de pis.^L2781 [L2781] om  de H90^L2781 [L2781] g. le p. R90^L2781 [L2781] nen f. H90^L2781 [L2781] Ke u. R90
                   Un cheval vit, mult tost l'ad pris;^L2782 [L2782] c. i ot m. L90
                   Un bachelier iloec esteit
         2784  Qui le cheval par frein teneit,^L2784 [L2784] p. le f. LR c. au f. H90
                   Treis gavelocs tint en sa main.^L2785 [L2785] g. out en LRH90
                   Orin ne fud mie vilain.^L2786 [L2786] Orrum ne f. pas v. R Ore ne fist m. qe v. H90
                   Les gavelocs sempres saisid
         2788  E le cheval tost lui tolid,^L2788 [L2788] om  tost H90^L2788 [L2788] mult t. l.90
                   Puis est munted, alad mult tost,^L2789 [L2789] m. et ala t. H90
                   Pres d'Everwic esteit ja l'ost^L2790 [L2790] om  ja H90
                   [E il] puinst tant qu'il vint devant.^L2791 [L2791] p. si q. H90^L2791 [L2791] Cil90
         2792  Les oz aloent asemblant.^L2792 [L2792] alerent R90
                   Purpensad sei cum hom legier
                   Qu'il [i] ferrad le cop premier.^L2794 [L2794] om  i DL90
                   En l'eschele [ke] devant [vint]^L2795 [L2795] tint90^L2795 [L2795] quil90^L2792 [L2792] not in H90
         2796  Lançad le gaveloc qu'il tint,^L2796 [L2796] Eschauca H90 [f.112d]
                   Un chevaler en asenad^L2797 [L2797] en senad L en navera H90
                   Si qu'en la buche li entrad,^L2798 [L2798] la bucle H90
                   Deriere al col en issid fors,^L2799 [L2799] c. la i. L c. li i. RH90^L2799 [L2799] al dos H90
         2800  Ne pot ester en piez le cors,^L2800 [L2800] li c. R90
                   Jus chaïd mort, ne pot altre estre,^L2801 [L2801] p. el e. H90^L2801 [L2801] Il H90
                   Paiens esteit, n'ot suing de prestre.
                   Orin retint un autre dart^L2803 [L2803] Oncore r. H90
         2804  Qu'il lur lançat de l'autre part;^L2804 [L2804] Si le l. H90

Page 90

                   Un fel Daneis si en ferid,^L2805 [L2805] Un des D. H91
                   Bien l'asenad, pas ne faillid,^L2806 [L2806] p. ni f. R91
                   Sur la mamele lui entrad,^L2807 [L2807] Suz RH91
         2808  Al quor lui vint, mort le getad.
                   Mais al retur qu'il volt turner
                   Un archiers lait [un dart] voler;^L2810 [L2810] d. aler R91^L2810 [L2810] l. une seete v. H91^L2810 [L2810] a lui91
                   Si l'[aconsiut] sur la furcele^L2811 [L2811] la surcele L la mamele H91^L2811 [L2811] suz la LRH91^L2811 [L2811] cunseut L aconsiwt R91^L2811 [L2811] cunsivit91
         2812  K'al quor li vint mortel novele;
                   L'aneme s'en vait, li cors chaïd,^L2813 [L2813] le c. LH91
                   Si cum li orps aveit geïd.^L2814 [L2814] o. lout g. H91
                   E li reis Elle, quant ço sot,^L2815 [L2815] q. il ceo s. H91^L2815 [L2815] om  Elle H91^L2815 [L2815] om  E R91
         2816  Unc en [sun] quor tel doel nen ot,^L2816 [L2816] d. not LH91^L2816 [L2816] Onques au q. H91^L2816 [L2816] om  sun DH91
                   Par hardement dunc s'escriad,
                   Dous des escheles tresperçad,^L2818 [L2818] e. trespassa H91^L2818 [L2818] om  des H91
                   Mais de ço fist que malsened
         2820  Que trop s'i est abandoned.^L2820 [L2820] om  i R91
                   De tutes parz fierent Daneis,^L2821 [L2821] p. furent D. RH91
                   Ocis i fud Elle li reis,
                   Ocis i fud en la champaine,^L2823 [L2823] om  i R91
         2824  Poi eschapad de sa cumpaine.^L2824 [L2824] P. en e. DL91^L2823 [L2823] not in H91
                   Li lius, u il fud mort rüed,^L2825 [L2825] m. gete L91
                   [Ellecroft] est ore apeled;^L2826 [L2826] Ellecrost L91^L2826 [L2826] Ellecros91
                   Devers le west une croiz ad,^L2827 [L2827] c. i ad RH91
         2828  En miliu d'Engleterre estad,
                   Engleis l'apelent Ellecros.^L2825 [L2825] There is some contradiction here. In the Estoire the battle in which Ella met his death takes place pres d'Everwic (l. 2790) and so it is reasonable to suppose that li lius u il fud mort rued (l. 2825) is also near York, though the intervening account of the battle rather puts that out of the reader's mind. The MSS. show variation in the name; R and H agree in Ellescroft, in L the name appears as Ellecrost and it looks as if D had this same form before him and changed it to Ellecros to harmonize with what follows. Then without any warning Gaimar continues:
                   devers le west une croiz ad,
                   En miliu d'Engleterre estad (ll. 2827-8). Now this description certainly does not fit a site near York, so it looks as if Gaimar knew of some other place associated with an Ella and connected the two. In l. 2829 the name is undoubtedly Ellecros, as shown by the agreement of the four MSS. and by the rime with repos, but whether this is a deliberate alteration of ellecroft by Gaimar to fit the cross of l. 2827 or whether he actually knew a place ellecros must be left open.91
                   Unc li Daneis n'orent repos^L2830 [L2830] om  li R91
                   Desci qu'il orent tuit cunquis
         2832  Del [north de Humbre] cel païs.^L2832 [L2832] De north le humbre tut le p. H91^L2832 [L2832] norhumbre DL91 [f.113a]
                   [Mes donc asistrent la cité,
                   Partut firent lur volunté].^L2834 [L2834] ll. 2833-4 not in DLH91
                   Quant lur gardeins i orent mis,

Page 91

         2836  En Mercene vont en un païs.^L2836 [L2836] Merce RH92
                   Notingeham pristrent Daneis,
                   Ywar e Ube esteit lur reis,^L2838 [L2838] esteient LRH92
                   Trestuit l'iver i sujurnerent.^L2839 [L2839] Tut H92
         2840  Les Merceneis ost asemblerent,
                   Ost asemblad li reis Burred,
                   Si ad mandet pur Edelred;^L2842 [L2842] m. par E. L92
                   Reis de Westsexe cil esteit,^L2843 [L2843] cist e. H92
         2844  Elvred un sun frere aveit^L2844 [L2844] E bureth un R92
                   Qui bien saveit cunseil doner^L2845 [L2845] Q. bon c. savoit d. H92
                   E bataille [bien] ordener^L2846 [L2846] om  bien DL92
                   E guerrïer resaveit bien,^L2847 [L2847] g. savoit b. H92
         2848  Clers ert, bon astronomïen.^L2848 [L2848] e b.a. RH92^L2848 [L2848] C. estait R92
                   Cil vindrent od lur ost banie,
                   Notingeham unt asaillie
                   Mais les Daneis qui dedenz erent^L2851 [L2851] li D. H92
         2852  Legerement les reüserent.
                   Tuit furent liez, quant triwes pristrent,
                   Ariere en la veie se mistrent
                   E li Daneis sulunc lur lei
         2856  I firent feste cheün par sei.^L2856 [L2856] chescon RH checun L92^L2856 [L2856] I funt RH92
                   Pois ralerent a Everwis,^L2857 [L2857] alerent H92
                   Asemblent gent de cel païs,^L2858 [L2858] Et assemblerent ceus del p. H92
                   Si [manderent les] Merceneis,^L2859 [L2859] mandent ces92
         2860  Viengent en l'ost od les Daneis.^L2860 [L2860] Kil v. L92^L2860 [L2860] I v.92
                   Il vindrent e la gent de nort
                   Od les Daneis tresqu'a Tiefort.
                   Il orent [ainz] triwes donez,^L2863 [L2863] enz L om  ainz H92^L2863 [L2863] tuz92
         2864  Sis troverent aseürez,^L2864 [L2864] tut a. H92
                   Pais e triwes lur unt fruissiez,^L2865 [L2865] om  lur H92
                   Tuit lu païs unt eissilliez.
                   Un rei troverent el païs,^L2867 [L2867] Uns reis R92
         2868  Bon crestïen e Deu amis,^L2868 [L2868] om  e H92

Page 92

                   Edmund ot nun, seinz hom esteit,
                   [Trestut Estengle] mainteneit.^L2870 [L2870] T. les engleis L T. hestengle R93^L2870 [L2870] Tut H93^L2870 [L2870] Trestuz engleis93 [f.113b]
                   Od tant de gent cum cel reis out^L2871 [L2871] r. avoit H93^L2871 [L2871] cel rei RH93
         2872  Se cumbatid, veintre nel pot^L2872 [L2872] ne p. L nes p. R ne pooit H93
                   Pur la grant gent que cil aveient;^L2873 [L2873] g. qil a. H93
                   Mult fierement se cumbateient,
                   La victoire del champ fud lur.^L2875 [L2875] Et la v. f.l. H93
         2876  Deus! Quel damage del seignur,
                   Del rei Edmund qui fud chacied^L2877 [L2877] not in H93
                   A un chastel, u fud sun sied.^L2878 [L2878] c. sen fui H93^L2878 [L2878] ert R93
                   E li paien l'unt purseüd,^L2879 [L2879] parsey R pursui H93
         2880  Edmund lur est encuntre issud.^L2880 [L2880] After 2880 H inserts Et baudement a eus venu93^L2880 [L2880] issy R93
                   Tut li premiers qui l'encontrerent^L2881 [L2881] Tut le primer RH93
                   L'unt pris e lui demanderent:^L2882 [L2882] Si le pristrent et d. H93^L2882 [L2882] e puis d. R93^L2882 [L2882] Unt R93
                   'U est Edmund? Dites le nus'.
         2884  'Jo volentiers tuit a estrus.
                   Tant cum jo [ere] en cel refui,^L2885 [L2885] fui H93^L2885 [L2885] er DL93
                   Edmund i ert e jo od lui.
                   Quant m'en turnai, il s'en turnad,^L2887 [L2887] t. si sen t. H93
         2888  Ne sai, s'il vus eschaperad'.^L2888 [L2888] si de vus e. H93
                   [Ore est en Deu del rei la fin
                   E en Jesu ki est aclin].^L2890 [L2890] k. il e. H93^L2890 [L2890] a ki RH93
                   Cil ki l'unt pris tant l'unt tenud^L2891 [L2891] lunt tant RH93
         2892  Ke Ywar e Ube i sunt venud.^L2892 [L2892] om  i RH93^L2892 [L2892] Qa H93
                   Plusurs de lur venud i sunt^L2893 [L2893] l. nevouz i H93
                   Ki reconurent saint Edmunt^L2894 [L2894] r. E. seint R93^L2894 [L2894] Reconeu ont s.E. H93
                   E quant ço sorent cil malfed,^L2895 [L2895] s. li m. H93
         2896  Mult cruelment unt cumandet^L2896 [L2896] om  Mult H93
                   Qu'il reneiast la lei divine,
                   Crist qui nasquit de la virgine.
                   Li reis lur dist que [nun] ferad^L2899 [L2899] nu93

Page 93

         2900  Mais [fermement] en lui crerad.^L2900 [L2900] l. co dit c.94^L2900 [L2900] forment DH94
                   Que firent dunc cil aversier?^L2901 [L2901] Quei H94^L2901 [L2901] Q. lui f.94
                   A un arbre l'unt fait lïer.^L2902 [L2902] a. le font l. H94
                   Puis si unt dit e mult jured,^L2903 [L2903] om  si and mult H94
         2904  D'estrange mort ert turmented.^L2904 [L2904] m. lunt t. R94
                   Dunc manderent pur lur archiers,^L2905 [L2905] om  lur R94^L2905 [L2905] om  pur H94
                   Al rei traistrent od arcs manners.^L2906 [L2906] a. manuers R94^L2906 [L2906] t. a arcs H94
                   Tant [i] unt trait e [tant] lancet^L2907 [L2907] t. li f. H94^L2907 [L2907] om  tant DH94
         2908  Que sun cors fud si enfichet^L2908 [L2908] f. issi e H94 [f.113c]
                   De darz que traistrent cil felun
                   Cum est la pel del heriçun
                   Espés de puinnantes brochetes
         2912  Dunt del gardin trait les pumetes.^L2912 [L2912] g. ported p. RH94
                   Encore, ço qui, peüssent traire^L2913 [L2913] puissent cil t. H94
                   Ainz que cil reis volsist rien faire^L2914 [L2914] q. li r. RH94
                   [De] quanque cil felun voleient^L2915 [L2915] E94
         2916  Qui sun saint cors [si] baillisseient.^L2916 [L2916] c. en leidissoient H94
                   Dunc demanderent un felun,
                   [Coran Colbe out cil] a nun,^L2918 [L2918] C. cocba avoit n. H94^L2918 [L2918] Ne sai cum cil aveit94^L2918 [L2918] The executioner does not seem to be named in any other account of the martyrdom. Evidently the name was an unusual one, for R and H, which alone preserve it, differ in the second part (it is not in L owing to a lengthy omission) and D evidently could not make anything of it, because he writes ne sai cum cil aveit a nun. As between R and H I have followed the former, connecting his Colbe with O.N. Kolbein.94
                   La teste al saint cil ad trenchied;^L2919 [L2919] om  cil H94
         2920  Issi fud Edmund martiried.^L2920 [L2920] martirize RH94
                   Mais si Gaimar eüst laisir,^L2921 [L2921] si gillemar R94
                   Il parlast plus [del] saint martyr;^L2922 [L2922] de94
                   Pur ço que ailurs en est la vie^L2923 [L2923] la veie R94^L2923 [L2923] om  en H94
         2924  E les leçons e l'estorie,
                   Si [l'ad leissé] icele fiede^L2925 [L2925] l. ceste f. R l. a cele f. H94^L2925 [L2925] se (le [H]) laissad DH94
                   Pur l'estoire que ot cumencee.
                   Cil felun rei [Ubbe] e Ywar^L2927 [L2927] om  rei H94
         2928  Ço firent de sa sainte char.^L2928 [L2928] de la s. RH94
                   Quant ç'orent fait, d'iloc turnerent,^L2929 [L2929] Q. co unt feit d. RH94
                   Dreit vers Redinges s'en alerent^L2930 [L2930] om  Dreit H94

Page 94

                   Mais lentement i sunt alez,^L2931 [L2931] om  Mais H95
         2932  Viles destruistrent e citez^L2932 [L2932] V. destruites e c. H95
                   E crestïens vont [osciant]^L2933 [L2933] om  E H95^L2933 [L2933] destruiant95
                   E lur yglises [destruiant].^L2934 [L2934] Les egl. vont d. H95^L2934 [L2934] vont depescant95
                   Quant a Redinges sunt venuz,
         2936  Westsexïens s'en sunt issuz,
                   Cuntre lur rei en sunt alez,^L2937 [L2937] om  en H95^L2937 [L2937] Encontre H95
                   La u sun ost est asemblez,^L2938 [L2938] o. out a. R95^L2938 [L2938] u sost e. H95
                   E li Daneis dous jurz sujurnent,^L2939 [L2939] sojurnerent RH95^L2939 [L2939] om  E H95
         2940  Tuz tens funt mal [quel] part que turnent.^L2940 [L2940] turnerent RH95^L2940 [L2940] Mult f. m. H95^L2940 [L2940] que95
                   Al tierz jur sunt aparailliez
                   Dous cuntes ki unt chevalchiez,
                   A Englesfeld en sunt alez
         2944  Edelwlf unt iloc trovez
                   [Riche baron ert del païs;
                   Asemblé aveit ses amis [f.113d]
                   E ses homes e ses efforz]^L2947 [L2947] Qui ad asemblez tut sun eforz DH95
         2948  Qui des Daneis unt asez morz
                   E l'un des cuntes fud ocis,
                   Sidrac qui fel ert e guerris.^L2950 [L2950] e. fiz ewerris H95^L2950 [L2950] fut RH95^L2950 [L2950] om  fel H95
                   [Quart] jur aprés vint Adelred^L2951 [L2951] Un j. vint apres E. H95^L2951 [L2951] Quant le95
         2952  Li reis e sun frere Elvred;
                   A Redinges ot mult grant ost^L2953 [L2953] R. od g. H95
                   E les Daneis issirent tost,^L2954 [L2954] Sont venuz amdui t. H95^L2954 [L2954] D. en i. R95
                   En un plain champ tindrent estur^L2955 [L2955] c. pristrent e. H95
         2956  Qui ne faillit en tuit un jur.^L2956 [L2956] f. de t. le j. H95
                   Iloc fud Edelwlf ocis,
                   Li riches hom [dunt ainz vus dis]^L2958 [L2958] des a. R95^L2958 [L2958] dicel pais95
                   E Edelred e Elvred^L2959 [L2959] om  E H95
         2960  Furent chaciez a Wiceled.^L2960 [L2960] After 2960 R inserts Co est un gue vers Windesoueres A unes estand en unes mores95
                   Iloc l'un ost alad ariere,

Page 95

                   Ne surent gued sur la riviere;
                   Twiford ad nun le gued tuit dis,^L2963 [L2963] li g. R96
         2964  U les Daneis sunt resortis
                   E les Engleis sunt eschapez,^L2959 [L2959] Gaimar here gives additional information, evidently derived from a local tradition which Plummer (II, 87) is prepared to accept as genuine. The place Gaimar has in mind is Whistley, near Hurst (Berks.) but R has apparently confused this with Whistley Park, near Windsor, and has added an explanatory couplet; the form Windesoueres does not appear to be attested much before the end of the thirteenth century.96
                   Mais mult en sunt mort e navrez,^L2966 [L2966] om  Mais H96
                   Si orent Daneis la victur.^L2967 [L2967] om  la RH96^L2967 [L2967] Ci furent D. R96
         2968  Mais aprés ço [dreit] le quart jur
                   Sur Eschesdune [s'] asemblerent^L2969 [L2969] eschesdoune H esenesdune R96^L2969 [L2969] hesdune96
                   La gent qui pas ne s'entramerent;
                   Ço sunt [Daneis e Engleis]^L2971 [L2971] Daneis and Engleis interverted96
         2972  Qui se [erent combatu] enceis.^L2972 [L2972] Q. furent c. H96^L2972 [L2972] cumbatirent96
                   Iloc firent lur gent partir
                   En dous batailles pur ferir;
                   [Par lur orguil l'unt feit Daneis.
         2976  En l'une furent lur dous reis];^L2976 [L2976] ll. 2975-6 not in DH96
                   [Baseng] e Halfdene [ourent] nun,^L2977 [L2977] o. cel n. R o. a n. H96^L2977 [L2977] om  e H96^L2977 [L2977] E B. R96^L2977 [L2977] brent en96^L2977 [L2977] Baseg96
                   Od els ot maint bon campïun.^L2978 [L2978] m. compaignon H96
                   En l'autre eschele cuntes ot,
         2980  Sidrac le viel qui ferir sot^L2980 [L2980] S. le veil R S. letuel H96^L2980 [L2980] leinel96
                   E od lui le guene Sidroc^L2981 [L2981] sydroc R sidrac H96^L2981 [L2981] le quien S. H96^L2981 [L2981] sideroc96
                   Qui fud le parent Haveloc,^L2982 [L2982] f. p. le rei H. R96^L2982 [L2982] Q. ert p. H96^L2982 [L2982] Haveloc. Whether, as Gross suggests, Gaimar, in need of a rime to Sidroc (l. 2981), recalled the name of the Danish king whose story he had told at length much earlier or whether the name refers to some other person is an unsolved puzzle.96
                   Li cunte Osber[n] e li cuens Frane,^L2983 [L2983] osbert H96^L2983 [L2983] E le quens O. R96
         2984  Cunte Harald, nevod Haldene;^L2984 [L2984] n. dane R n. aldane H96 [f.114a]
                   [Od els erent barons asez
                   E chevalers bons e provez].^L2986 [L2986] ll. 2985-6 not in DH96
                   E les Engleis de l'autre part
         2988  Se sunt partiz, nel funt a tart;^L2988 [L2988] f. pas t. H96^L2988 [L2988] Qui s. p. H96
                   Reis Edelred cuntre les reis^L2989 [L2989] E. encontre R96
                   Se cumbatid od les Engleis^L2990 [L2990] od ses E. R96
                   E Elvred encuntre les cuntes.^L2991 [L2991] E. contre RH96
         2992  Le jur reçurent Daneis huntes^L2992 [L2992] r. les D. R96

Page 96

                   Kar li Engleis les [ont] chacied,^L2993 [L2993] les E. R97^L2993 [L2993] orent DH97
                   Vencud en champ e deglaivez,
                   [Mult maint miller en ont ocis,
         2996  Cels mar vindrent en lor païs],^L2996 [L2996] ll. 2995-6 not in DH97
                   [Baseng] li reis iloc fud mort,^L2997 [L2997] r. idonc f. H97^L2997 [L2997] Rasig97
                   Li cons Sidroc, li granz, li forz,^L2998 [L2998] si g. si f. H97^L2998 [L2998] grant and fort RH97^L2998 [L2998] Sidroc. Three Danish leaders of this name figure in A.S.C. and likewise in the Estoire; one was killed at Englefield (l. 2950) and two at Ashdown (ll. 2980-1); Gaimar would, I think, have been hard put to it to say which of the three he has in mind here.97
                   E les cuntes dunt des ainz dis;^L2999 [L2999] E des c. d. einz d. H97
         3000  Unze en i ot el champ ocis.^L3000 [L3000] om  en H97
                   E aprés ço une quinzeine^L3001 [L3001] om  co H97
                   Rasemblerent la gent grifaine,^L3002 [L3002] Res. R Se rass. H97^L3002 [L3002] Sas.97
                   A Basi[n]ges se cumbatirent,^L3003 [L3003] basins R97
         3004  Cil sunt chaciez qui ainz venquirent.^L3004 [L3004] om  ainz R97^L3004 [L3004] Cels R97
                   Un [mais] aprés a Meredune^L3005 [L3005] an97
                   Furent vencu cels de Seisune,^L3006 [L3006] Vencu f. cil H97
                   [Hamund] l'evesque i fud ocis,^L3007 [L3007] i f. o. and levesque interverted in R97^L3007 [L3007] Edmunt DH97
         3008  De Guincestre ert poëstifs.^L3008 [L3008] Ki de R97
                   Dunc vint un Daneis, un tyrant^L3009 [L3009] un D. t. H97
                   Qui Sumerlede ot nun le grant,^L3010 [L3010] sumersede R97^L3010 [L3010] Sumerlede. In the passage Gaimar is here translating from A.S.C. 871 we read: com mycel sumerlida; the reference is to those Viking bands who raided Britain in the summer, but returned to winter-quarters on the Continent. For some reason, though the text of his source is clear, Gaimar has confused the military expression with the personal-name of the same form; it was probably better known to him, being still in use in his time. One bearer of the name, Somerled, Lord of the Isles, killed at Renfrew in 1164, was very active in the first half of the twelfth century and his name at least was introduced into the romance Fergus.97
                   A Redinges vint od sun ost,
         3012  Quanqu'il trovad, destruit mult tost.^L3012 [L3012] om  mult H97
                   Reis Edelred se volt cumbatre
                   Mais il transit, si gist en l'atre;^L3014 [L3014] en lestre R97
                   A Wineburne est li reis posez
         3016  Que sul cinc anz ne tint regnez.
                   Dunc regnat li reis Elvred,^L3017 [L3017] Donques r. E. H97
                   Edelwlfing ert apeled,
                   [E] li Daneis dunc s'asemblerent,^L3019 [L3019] om  E DH97
         3020  En Westsexe quere le alerent,
                   A Wiltune la l'unt trovez.
                   Od poi de gent que ot asemblez
                   Cumbatit sei: ço fud en vein;^L3023 [L3023] E c.97
         3024  Al bois le chacerent del plain.

Page 97

                   [E en cel an ke cist fud reis,
                   Nof batailles tint as Daneis^L3026 [L3026] Nos R98
                   Estre asemblers e esturs
         3028  K'entre els furent par plusurs jors]. [f.114b]
                   En [i]cel an furent ocis^L3029 [L3029] E en R98^L3029 [L3029] cel DLH98
                   Unze cuntes poëstifs,^L3030 [L3030] c. mult p. H98^L3030 [L3030] Nof R98
                   De Danemarche [erent] icil;^L3031 [L3031] furent98
         3032  Ensemble od els humes set mil^L3032 [L3032] .xii. m. H98^L3032 [L3032] om  Ensemble R98
                   E li rei Baseng lur seignur;^L3033 [L3033] li reis L le r. H98
                   Elvred sur els ot la victur.^L3034 [L3034] om  la H98^L3034 [L3034] E E. L98
                   E en cel an tuz les Daneis^L3035 [L3035] En cel L E cel R En icel H98
         3036  [Pristrent triwes de Elvred le reis.^L3036 [L3036] li reis RH98^L3036 [L3036] t. a E. H98
                   Pus de Redinges s'en alerent,^L3037 [L3037] om  sen R98
                   L'iver a Lundres sujornerent
                   E en l'esté les Merceneis^L3039 [L3039] Pus en L98
         3040  Pristrent triwes od les Daneis.
                   L'iver aprés a [Torchesie]^L3041 [L3041] a T. and la gent haie interverted in R98^L3041 [L3041] torcheseie DR98
                   Pristrent sujur la gent haïe,
                   Le tierz iver a Rependune.^L3043 [L3043] t. iur L98
         3044  Burred ert rei, dreite persone,^L3044 [L3044] rei e d. R98
                   Merceine esteit [le] sun regnet,^L3045 [L3045] de DL98
                   [Par] lur efforz l'en unt chaciez;^L3046 [L3046] om  en H98^L3046 [L3046] lur force R98^L3046 [L3046] Pur98
                   [Vint e dous anz l'aveit tenu,^L3047 [L3047] Duze a. aveit regne tenuz Suvent sert cumbatuz DLH98
         3048  Quant del regne chascé fu].^L3047 [L3047] There is divergence in this couplet between the MSS. R DLH Vint e dous anz l'aveit tenu Duze anz aveit regne tenuz Quant del regne chasce fu Suvent s'ert cumbatuz In R the figure agrees with that in A.S.C. 874, and so does the linking of length of reign and expulsion. For these reasons and because the figure in DLH could derive from the other (xxii > xii), I have preferred the version of R.98
                   Li reis a Rume s'en alad,
                   Cel an me[ï]sme deviad,
                   El mustier sainte Marie^L3051 [L3051] m. de s. M. R98^L3051 [L3051] R inserts de after mustier, thus making the line a correct octosyllable. There are grounds for thinking that Gaimar preferred the older construction in such phrases, so I have left the line untouched. At l. 4074 R again inserts the preposition into the genitival phrase; at l. 4161 all MSS. agree in El mustier saint Piere giseit and at l. 6411 in Enz el mustier seint Swithun.98
         3052  En Engleschescole perdit vie,^L3052 [L3052] p. la v. LR98^L3052 [L3052] Est leng L98
                   Iloec fud icel seignur^L3053 [L3053] f. dunc cel s. L98^L3053 [L3053] Ilokes R98
                   Ensevelit par grant honur.
                   Dunc firent Daneis que enfant^L3055 [L3055] les D. R98
         3056  Cheolwlf livrerent Mercenelant,^L3056 [L3056] Teolwlf L Keelulf H98

Page 98

                   E il ostages lur livrat^L3057 [L3057] lurad L99^L3057 [L3057] Cil LR99
                   Que fëelment les servirat.^L3058 [L3058] f. mult les R99
                   Puis s'en turnerent plusurs [parz],^L3059 [L3059] om  parz DL99
         3060  A Lundres [sujurnot Iwarz]^L3060 [L3060] s. marus L99^L3060 [L3060] sojornerent H99^L3060 [L3060] sujurner ert les ivers jurs99
                   E Haldene li autre reis
                   Vait guerrier sur les Pecteis^L3062 [L3062] om  sur H99
                   E sur [Streclued] reis de Gal[e]weie,^L3063 [L3063] sur srestwed r. L99^L3063 [L3063] trectued99
         3064  Suvent les mist en male veie.^L3063 [L3063] The leonine rime Galeweie : male veie, given by three out of the four MSS., has every appearance of being intentional, so Galweie in D is to be rejected. A.S.C.(E) 875 has: gehergode on Pehtas $$ on Strætlæd Wealas; the form in the Estoire suggests that Gaimar's actual source had, like A.S.C.(A), Stræcled. In the chronicle the reference is, of course, to the Strathclyde Britons, but in the Estoire their place is apparently taken by a king of Galloway. Where did he come from? In his note on the annal Plummer referred to this mistake and recalled that the Annales Domitiani Latini (ed. F. P. Magoun, Jr., Mediæval Studies IX (1947), 235-95) under the year 924 speak of a Streclæde rege Uualorum, but the two cases are not quite parallel. At 924 the English texts have Stræcled Weala cyning (A), Streaclede Wæla cinge (F), but at 875 they make no mention of a king in the section concerned. It is evident that Gaimar split the O.E. compound name in two, but it is not so certain that he took Stræcled to be a personal-name. Quite clearly he realized that Wealas by itself could not in this context refer to the Welsh, for he could easily have found a rime to either waleis or to wales; earlier he had listed the Galweien along with the Pecteis (l. 18) and his treatment of Sumerlede (l. 3010) as a personal-name suggests that he was not unaware of the geography of S.W. Scotland, and makes it reasonable to suppose that he recognized Strathclyde in Stræcled. I would therefore hazard the suggestion that he wrote: E sur Streclued e Galeweie and that reis was later mistakenly added as a gloss in the archetype MS.99
                   Li reis [Godrum] e Oschetel^L3065 [L3065] gordwin DL99
                   E Annuent pristrent en conseil^L3066 [L3066] ancivent p. un concil H Il aveient pris c. R99^L3066 [L3066] Entrels p. L99^L3066 [L3066] Et H99^L3066 [L3066] om  E DLR99
                   Que a Grantebrige turnerunt
         3068  E la cited asegerunt. [f.114c]
                   Si firent il. Od lur grant ost^L3069 [L3069] om  grant H99^L3069 [L3069] om  od L99
                   De Rependune vont mult tost,
                   Trestut un an le siege tindrent,^L3071 [L3071] Tut H99
         3072  A chief de tur pur fol i vindrent,^L3072 [L3072] om  i R99^L3072 [L3072] cum f. LRH99
                   Mult perdirent, poi gaainerent.^L3073 [L3073] M. i p. poi i g. R99^L3073 [L3073] gainerent DLRH99
                   [Tut en emblé donc chevacherent^L3074 [L3074] Tut ensemble sen alerent DLH99^L3074 [L3074] ll. 3073-4 interverted in H99
                   Dreit a Warham, si l'unt asis,
         3076  En un sul jorn ont le burc pris].^L3076 [L3076] ll. 3075-6 not in DLH99
                   Li reis Elvred dunc s'en alad^L3077 [L3077] d. i a. R99
                   E l'ost de Westsexe menad;^L3078 [L3078] W. i amenad R99^L3078 [L3078] lost sus W. H99
                   Tant menat gent de sun regned
         3080  [E] de autre gent [k'il] out [manded]^L3080 [L3080] amened DL99^L3080 [L3080] que DL99^L3080 [L3080] om  E DLH99
                   Que li Daneis sunt eschived,^L3081 [L3081] D. lunt e. R99
                   Plait firent a sa volented.
                   [Ço li jurerent les treis rais
         3084  E les meillors de lur Daneis]^L3084 [L3084] ll. 3083-4 not in DLH99
                   [E bons] ostages en livrerent,^L3085 [L3085] Tels o. DLH99
                   [Tels] cum Engleis lur demanderent:^L3086 [L3086] E. les d. R om  lur H99^L3086 [L3086] om  Tels DLH99
                   Senz demurance s'en irunt,^L3087 [L3087] Ke s. R99

Page 99

         3088  Ja mais de rien ne forferunt.^L3088 [L3088] ne li f. R nel f. H100
                   Par itels triwes departirent.^L3089 [L3089] t. sen partirent H100
                   Ore oiez que [li] Daneis firent.^L3090 [L3090] om  li DL100
                   [Nutantré e] en embled^L3091 [L3091] om  e DL100^L3091 [L3091] Noitantement DL100
         3092  A Execestre en sunt aled,
                   Cil a cheval la vile emblerent;^L3093 [L3093] c. a la v. H100
                   Lur autre gent par nef alerent.^L3094 [L3094] g. es nefs a. R g. par mier a. H100
                   A la cited voldrent aler,^L3095 [L3095] voldrunt L100
         3096  La [se deveient] encontrer^L3096 [L3096] deveroient H100^L3096 [L3096] le deivent100
                   Mais dunc lur avint un encumbrer,^L3097 [L3097] om  dunc H100
                   En mer lur estuet perillier,^L3098 [L3098] m. les e. R100^L3098 [L3098] dunc p. DL100
                   Cent e quarante dous [navees]^L3099 [L3099] navies L100^L3099 [L3099] om  dous R100^L3099 [L3099] nefs100
         3100  En sunt a diables alees.
                   Elvred li reis, quant ço entent,^L3101 [L3101] E li r. E. R100
                   Mandat ses humes e sa gent.
                   Idunc avint, ne pot autre estre,^L3103 [L3103] p. el e. H100^L3103 [L3103] I. vint L100
         3104  Le [sege] tint a Execestre^L3104 [L3104] siute DL100
                   E li paien [ki] sunt asis^L3105 [L3105] i DH100
                   Unt suffraite de lur amis^L3106 [L3106] Urent s. R Si unt H100
                   Que orent perduz [en la] navie^L3107 [L3107] Kil en o. R100^L3107 [L3107] el DR100
         3108  E de lur bone cumpaignie. [f.114d]
                   Pur quei, quant nel porent tenir,^L3109 [L3109] poeient H100^L3109 [L3109] Pur co q. ne se p. R100^L3109 [L3109] om  quant DLH100
                   Dunc firent plait [pur els] garir.
                   Ostages unt itels livred
         3112  Cum [li] Engleis unt demanded.^L3112 [L3112] om  li DLH100
                   Puis jurerent pais a tenir
                   E [a] tuz jurs les a servir.^L3114 [L3114] j. a eus s. H100^L3114 [L3114] Tut jurs le rai voldrunt s. R100^L3114 [L3114] om  a DL100
                   Quant ço unt [fait], en Mercene vont,^L3115 [L3115] co veient en L100^L3115 [L3115] om  ço R100
         3116  Entre els cel regne parti unt,^L3116 [L3116] r. departirent H100
                   Cheolwlf partie [en] unt donez^L3117 [L3117] E C. L A C. H100^L3117 [L3117] om  en DLH100

Page 100

                   Qui [rei aveit del tut] estez.^L3118 [L3118] q. reis R101^L3118 [L3118] rei de t. a. DL101
                   [Puis en Noël] felun Daneis^L3119 [L3119] N. li f. RH101^L3119 [L3119] En N. puis101
         3120  [Ki peis urent juré ainceis^L3120 [L3120] Come tricheour fruisserent pes H101^L3120 [L3120] Cum trecheurs (traiturs [L]) fruissent la pais DL101
                   Fruissent la pes. Li deffaié^L3121 [L3121] l. 3121 not in DLH101
                   En Westsexe en [re]sunt alé.^L3122 [L3122] W. sen sont a. H101^L3122 [L3122] sunt DLH101
                   A Sipeham pristrent estal,^L3123 [L3123] sunt arivez DLH101
         3124  Mult volunters i firent mal,
                   Musters destruistrent e maisons,
                   Chapeles e religïons],
                   La gent chacerent del païs,
         3128  Les plusurs unt en prisun mis.^L3128 [L3128] om  Les H101
                   Li reis Elvred qui ert lur sire^L3129 [L3129] om  Li reis H101
                   Ne sot que faire ne ke dire;
                   De totes parz feit gent mander^L3131 [L3131] tote R101
         3132  [Mes mult en pout poi asembler].
                   Cum veit que si est entrepris^L3133 [L3133] vist H101
                   E [si] baillit par enemis,^L3134 [L3134] si malbailli p.e. R si baillez de ses e. H101^L3134 [L3134] om  si DL101
                   As bois se tint e as gastines^L3135 [L3135] om  e H101^L3135 [L3135] Al b. LH101
         3136  Pur eschaper des mains sanguines
                   E nepuroc, quant il [poait],^L3137 [L3137] q. unque p. L101^L3137 [L3137] om  E L101^L3137 [L3137] pot DLH101
                   Od tant de gent cum il aveit^L3138 [L3138] Sur els vint sis assaillot L Sovent a eus sassemblout H101^L3138 [L3138] Aalin a lui se asemblot101
                   [Si s'asemblout contre dous tanz,
         3140  Sovent oscist de lur asquanz].
                   Un frere Ywar e [de] Haldene^L3141 [L3141] e H. R101^L3141 [L3141] Le f. de H. et de Y. H101^L3141 [L3141] le DL101
                   [En] fud ocis el bois de Pene,^L3142 [L3142] b. sanz eschar H101^L3142 [L3142] om  En LH101^L3142 [L3142] E101
                   Ube ot a nun un malfaisant,
         3144  Sur lui firent un' hoge grant^L3144 [L3144] un huche g. H101^L3144 [L3144] f.h. mult g. R101
                   Li Daneis, quant l'[ourent] troved;^L3145 [L3145] unt DL101
                   Ubelaue l'unt apeled,
                   La hoge est en Devenesire,^L3147 [L3147] La howe H101

Page 101

         3148  De gent i ot mult grant martire,^L3148 [L3148] om  mult H102^L3148 [L3148] out bien g. R102^L3141 [L3141] In his source Gaimar read that a brother of Ivar and Halfdan was killed in Devonshire. To this brief statement he has made three additions: (i) that the death occurred el bois de Pene, by which he probably meant the wooded country near Penselwood on the Somerset-Wiltshire border; (ii) that the brother was Ubba; (iii) that a mound called Ubbelawe was erected over his body in Devonshire. The last two items have every appearance of being connected in an attempt, as suggested by Gross, to explain the place-name, and the passage is comparable to the explanation of Ellecros (ll. 2827-9). Asser, followed by Florence of Worcester, in his account of the raid, leaves the leader unnamed, but has him killed at Arx Cynuit, said by antiquaries to have been near Appledore (D). Now Gaimar's account could be taken to imply that the burial was not on the battlefield, and the same applies to the account given by Eulogium Historiarum (c. lxxxii) where we read: Aluredus autem Danos præivit et ad Chippenham congressi sunt; ibi enim occisus est Ubba rex Danorum . . . et multa millia ceciderunt ex utraque parte sed victoria Danis remisit. Dani vero corpora suorum occisorum sepelientes et corpus Ubbæ invenientes magno mærore perculsi sunt. Ipsum vero sepelierunt more paganorum; fecerunt magnum struem lapidum . . . quod usque in hodiernum diem vocatur Ubbeslawe, quod est in Devonia. The site is unidentified, and the name itself raises a difficulty: place-names compounded with hlaw are very rare in the south-west and the development to law is associated chiefly with Nb. and Du., so it is not without interest that Roger of Howden, or rather the writer of the additions in MS. Arundel 69 of his chronicle, says: Ubba apud Ubbelawe in Eboracensi Colonia post multas cædes Christianorum, Deo volente, interfectus est.102
                   [Huit cenz quarante en i morurent.
                   Quin chalt? Feluns perjures furent.^L3150 [L3150] chald R102
                   Conquis i fu le gumfanun
         3152  Ubbe ke Raven out a nun].
                   Aprés la Pasche en icel an
                   Od poi de gent par grant ahan
                   Fermat li bons reis Elvred
         3156  A [Edelinge] un chasteled.^L3156 [L3156] edeluge DL102
                   [Fermer i fist un defensal
                   Par ki Daneis mist en traval]. [f.115a]
                   Aprés ço la quarte semaine^L3159 [L3159] A. pasche quatre s. R102^L3159 [L3159] A. en la q. H102
         3160  Chevalchat [a] Ecbrithestaine –^L3160 [L3160] elbrichesteine L ecbrithstane R etrichaine H102^L3160 [L3160] elbrithestaine102
                   Ço est de l'est de [Selewode] –^L3161 [L3161] del de S. H102^L3161 [L3161] feleswde DL102
                   [Ceolmer] vint [contre li e] Chude^L3162 [L3162] li encude H102^L3162 [L3162] om  li e D102^L3162 [L3162] encuntre DLH102^L3162 [L3162] Colmer DLH102
                   Od les baruns de Sumersete,^L3163 [L3163] Sumersete and Dorsete interverted in H102
         3164  De Wiltesire e de Dorsete;
                   [De Hanteschire i vint Chilman
                   Ki les barons manda par ban]
                   E cil vindrent ki remis erent^L3167 [L3167] cil qui v. H102
         3168  Deça la mer ki fuiz [n']erent
                   E quant il virent lur seignur,
                   Mult loërent le creatur^L3170 [L3170] loent H102
                   De ço que vif l'orent trovez
         3172  Kar lungement fud adirez^L3172 [L3172] f. desire H102
                   E quiderent en lur avis^L3173 [L3173] l. pais H102^L3173 [L3173] quidouent R102
                   Que Daneis le eüssent ocis.^L3174 [L3174] orent L102
                   Del rei [orent mult grant] cunfort^L3175 [L3175] om  mult DH102^L3175 [L3175] r. grant orent102
         3176  Kar vif esteit, [ne] mie mort.^L3176 [L3176] Que LR102
                   Idunc pristrent en lur cunseil^L3177 [L3177] om  en H102^L3177 [L3177] Donc s. R102
                   Li reis Elvret e si fedeil
                   Que tute nuit chevalcherunt

Page 102

         3180  E l'endemain tant cum purrunt.
                   Donc alerent cele nuit,
                   Tresk'Aclee urent conduit]^L3182 [L3182] ll. 3181-2 not in DLH103
                   E l'endemain a ure de nune
         3184  En sunt venuz a [Edenesdone].^L3184 [L3184] Dunc R103^L3184 [L3184] abendune DLH103^L3181 [L3181] The first couplet, which occurs only in R, corresponds to the mention of Æglea in A.S.C.(DE) 878; the repetition of E l'endemain is sufficient to explain the omission in the other MSS. R is also closer to A.S.C. in the place-name in ll. 3184, though he seems to have given it an extra syllable. How DLH came to substitute Abendune is a mystery.103
                   Iloc troverent les Daneis,
                   Cumbatit sei Elvret li reis^L3186 [L3186] Cumbatu sest E. L103
                   [Mes ne sai dire par devise^L3187 [L3187] s. a dire L103^L3187 [L3187] ll. 3187-3416 not in H103
         3188  Des quels i out greinur occise,
                   U des Engleis u des Daneis,^L3189 [L3189] Engleis and Daneis interverted in R103
                   Mes ço sai bien ke li bon reis
                   Elvred ot dunc la victur^L3191 [L3191] o. donkes la v. R103
         3192  [E ses barons] par grant enur.^L3192 [L3192] Od les engleis L103^L3192 [L3192] Od les daneis103
                   Puis chevalchat sur els suvent
                   E fist lur maint envaïement,^L3194 [L3194] envaisement R103
                   [En] quinze jurs les dantad si,^L3195 [L3195] E103
         3196  [Icels] Daneis dunt jo vus di,^L3196 [L3196] Ces DL103
                   Qu'il firent plait, si se acorderent
                   E bons ostages en livrerent^L3198 [L3198] om  en R103
                   E jurerent, quanqu'il sunt,
         3200  Que ja mais nel guerrierunt^L3200 [L3200] nel guerpirent R103
                   E uncore plus si unt pramis,^L3201 [L3201] p. li u. R103
                   Crestïented li unt requis^L3202 [L3202] E c. R103 [f.115b]
                   E li reis dit, quant ço entent,
         3204  Qu'il le f[e]rat mult bonement.
                   Le jur lur mist del repairer,
                   Vint e huit dis, un meis plenier,^L3206 [L3206] m. entier R103
                   E il vindrent a icel jur,^L3207 [L3207] Cil LR103
         3208  Si amenerent lur seignur,
                   Le rei Godrun unt amened.^L3209 [L3209] Li r. LR103
                   De ses parenz les plus privez^L3210 [L3210] E de R103
                   [Vindrent od lui al baptizer,
         3212  Trente en i out al primsener].^L3212 [L3212] ll. 3211-12 not in DL103

Page 103

                   Li reis [meïsmes] les levad,^L3213 [L3213] elvred DL104
                   [Nuns e bons enges lur] donad,^L3214 [L3214] E a chascun sun nun DL104
                   A[l] batistire reis [Gudrum]^L3215 [L3215] gorun DL104^L3215 [L3215] A DL104
         3216  Edelstan apellat l'om^L3216 [L3216] E. donc lap. R104
                   E les trente, sis cumpaignuns,^L3217 [L3217] E ses t. L104
                   Chascun par sei ot [enges e] nuns.^L3218 [L3218] changie DL104
                   [Ad Alre furent] baptiziez,^L3219 [L3219] Tuit li altre sunt DL104
         3220  Fait crestïens e primseniez.
                   Ço est mult pres de [Edelingee]^L3221 [L3221] E co L104^L3221 [L3221] alingee DL104
                   U faite fud ceste asemblee.^L3222 [L3222] U fu feit R104
                   A [Wethmore] furent desalbez^L3223 [L3223] deus abbez L dous abez R104^L3223 [L3223] desabez104^L3223 [L3223] westmore DL104
         3224  E duze jurs unt sujurnez^L3224 [L3224] j. i u. R104^L3213 [L3213] Cf. my article Glossarial and Textual Notes . . . for a discussion of this passage and for the meaning of enges.104
                   Od Elvred le gentil rei
                   Qui pur onur prist d'els cunrei^L3226 [L3226] par o. R104
                   E il e ses bons cumpaignuns
         3228  Lur donerent mult riches dons.
                   Dunc ot des la Nativited
                   Oit cenz anz li siecle durez
                   E dis e nof anz de surplus,^L3230 [L3230] The true date is 879, but the mistake must be due to Gaimar, as all MSS. concur in the faulty number; that it is not possible to suggest a satisfactory correction rather tends to confirm this view.104
         3232  Si cum es livres est espuns^L3232 [L3232] e. respouns LR104
                   Dunt li prodom unt la memoire
                   Qui parsivent la dreite istoire,
                   En icel an, ço dit mis mestre,^L3235 [L3235] icel tens R104
         3236  Vint reis Gurmund a Cirecestre.
                   Puis ad mandet pur [i]cel ost^L3237 [L3237] ad demande L104^L3237 [L3237] cel DL104
                   De Sipeham, i viengent tost,^L3238 [L3238] S. ke v. R104
                   E il vindrent, n'unt demurez,^L3239 [L3239] v. nen u. R104
         3240  Trestut l'iver unt sujurnez. [f.115c]
                   Puis en l'ested el meis d'Avril^L3241 [L3241] el meins L104
                   Maint chaitif mistrent en issil.^L3242 [L3242] Mistrent m. c. R104
                   De Cirecestre sunt turned,
         3244  En Estengle s'en sunt aled.
                   Li reis Gurmund par sun devis

Page 104

                   Mist ses gardeins en cel païs.
                   Aprés iço mandat par ban
         3248  Pur l'ost qui fud a [Fuleham],^L3248 [L3248] fulchestan L105^L3248 [L3248] ert R105^L3248 [L3248] fuchehan105
                   Cuntre lui viengent a la mer;^L3249 [L3249] Encuntre DL105
                   Partut mandat le suen enper^L3250 [L3250] m. par s. R105
                   E celui qui n'i volt venir
         3252  De male mort estuet murir.^L3252 [L3252] m. lestut m. L105
                   Bien asemblat plus de cent reis.
                   Od lur grant ost, od lur herneis,
                   A Gernemue entrent en mer,
         3256  Desuz Chaihu vont ariver;
                   Lur nef [firent] a terre traire,^L3257 [L3257] L. nefs f. LR105^L3257 [L3257] funt DL105
                   [N'en] quident mais aveir a faire.^L3258 [L3258] ja m. DL105^L3258 [L3258] Ne DL105^L3257 [L3257] This couplet affords an interesting parallel to Eneas:
                   Fait a ses nes el Toivre traire
                   n'en quida mes avoir que faire (ll. 3109-10). Gross thinks it possible that Gaimar knew a version of the Gormund story in which, as in Philippe Mousquet and Loher et Maller, the Danes burn their ships to cut off their retreat.105
                   Puis unt guasté icel païs^L3259 [L3259] g. cel p. L g. tut cel p. R105
         3260  E la terre saint Gualeris.^L3260 [L3260] A la R105
                   Avant [s'en] vont, en Pontiu entrent.^L3261 [L3261] Quant L105
                   Les païsanz mult se dementent.
                   Dunc violerent Saint Richier,
         3264  Les crucifix funt depescier,
                   Partuit s'espandent el païs,
                   Maint barun i unt ocis.^L3266 [L3266] b. e meint hom i R105
                   Pur ço que el païs out plented,
         3268  Gurmund i ad mult sujurned
                   Mais sa grant ost alad avant,^L3269 [L3269] M. sun g. L M. si g. R105
                   Unc ne finerent tresqu'a Gant.
                   Iloc furent tuit l'iver tens,
         3272  Mult firent mal en trestut sens
                   E les Franceis tart asemblerent,^L3273 [L3273] t. sas. R105
                   Gurmunt quistrent tant quel troverent,^L3274 [L3274] t. kil le t. R105
                   [Od lui iloc se combatirent.
         3276  Il fu oscis, Franceis venquirent]
                   E l'ost [ki] ert aled avant^L3277 [L3277] quert DL105
                   E sujurnet aveit a Gant

Page 105

[f.115d]
                   D'iloc turnerent, en France vont.^L3279 [L3279] turnent R106
         3280  Qui que Franceis se [cumbatrunt].^L3280 [L3280] Jo qui ke F. si c. R106^L3280 [L3280] cumbaterunt DR106
                   Si firent il mais poi unt gent
                   E trop despurvëuement^L3282 [L3282] despurvuement LR106^L3282 [L3282] despurveument106
                   Tut senz lur rei se cumbatirent,
         3284  Mult de lur humes i perdirent;^L3284 [L3284] l. herneis i R106
                   Reis Loëwis esteit navrez,^L3285 [L3285] lowis DLR106^L3285 [L3285] Li r. DL106
                   Pur ço furent desbaretez
                   E par la plaie qu'il reçut
         3288  Lunges languit, puis [si] murut^L3288 [L3288] om  si DL106^L3280 [L3280] Gaimar now returns to A.S.C. 881: þa Francan him wið gefuhton, but interprets the phrase in a sense unfavourable to the Franks, possibly, as Zenker (quoted by Gross) suggested, because the Danes in the next annal had pushed farther into France, possibly, as Gross suggests, as a necessary consequence of the wounding of their king, a feature from the story, not from A.S.C.106
                   E les paiens [en] vont avant,^L3289 [L3289] p. unt a. L106^L3289 [L3289] om  en DL106
                   [France] troverent senz garant.^L3290 [L3290] Franceis DL106
                   Mais li Franceis tuit li plusur
         3292  Unt fait de Karle lur seignur^L3292 [L3292] om  lur R106
                   E li alquanz lui vont desdire,^L3293 [L3293] a. le v. LR106
                   De dous cunseilz [firent] le pire,^L3294 [L3294] funt DL106
                   Kar se il ensemble se tenissent,
         3296  Paiene gent tost destrusisent.^L3296 [L3296] destruissent R106
                   Pur ço que firent al rei guerre^L3297 [L3297] co kil f. R106
                   E li Daneis gastent la terre,
                   Fud France malement menee
         3300  Tant que [paens] pristrent entree^L3300 [L3300] franceis DL106
                   En un païs ça vers Bretaine.
                   Scantland ot nun, or est le Maine.^L3302 [L3302] scathlant L106^L3301 [L3301] In A.S.C.(A) 890 we are told that the Danes left the Seine and went to Sant Laudan, by which is meant St. Lô (Manche), but the corresponding entry in A.S.C.(EF) has Scandlaudan and this, or something like it, must have been the form in Gaimar's source. But why change from a city betwix Brittum $$ Francum to un païs ça vers Bretaine? Very plausibly Gross suggests that Gaimar took the second element of the name to be landan (= land), but whether, as Gross thinks, the identification with Le Maine is due solely to the exigencies of rime or whether Gaimar had some other reason must remain undecided.106
                   [Icele gent] e les Bretuns^L3303 [L3303] Ices genz DL106
         3304  Se cumbatirent as feluns;
                   La merci Deu le rei de gloire^L3305 [L3305] D. li reis R106
                   Sur les Daneis orent victoire.
                   Iloc furent paiens destruiz^L3307 [L3307] paiens furent L106
         3308  Que tuit l'orguil e li grant bruiz^L3308 [L3308] t. lur o. e lur b. R106^L3308 [L3308] om  Que L106
                   Chaït ensemble en un sul jur,
                   En France puis ne firent retur.
                   Endementiers que icele guere^L3311 [L3311] ke cele g. LR106^L3311 [L3311] Endementres R106

Page 106

         3312  Esteit itele en cele terre,
                   Li reis Elvret en [son] regned^L3313 [L3313] cel DL107^L3313 [L3313] E li DL107
                   Ot bien ses enemis mated. [f.116a]
                   En mer suvent se cumbateit
         3316  E des Daneis mult oscieit.^L3316 [L3316] E les D. L107
                   E il aveit tant espleitied
                   Par sa bunted e purchacied
                   Que Marinus li [ad tramis]^L3319 [L3319] out R107^L3319 [L3319] tramist107
         3320  De la cruiz, u [Crist fud ocis].^L3320 [L3320] ocis f. crist107
                   Marins ert de Rume apostoire,^L3321 [L3321] R. apostoille LR107
                   De bons presenz fist si grant gloire,
                   Tels reliques i enveiat,^L3323 [L3323] r. li e. R107
         3324  Ja mais par arme ne murat.^L3324 [L3324] par armes ne murin R107
                   E Edelswed ert sa serur,
                   A Rume alad od tel honur^L3326 [L3326] od cel h. R107
                   Que Elvred i enveiot.
         3328  Idunc murut, avant ne pot,
                   Le cors de [li] gist en Pavie,^L3329 [L3329] lui DL107^L3329 [L3329] le cors de lui. The phrase here has its literal sense and is not a mere periphrasis for the personal pronoun.107
                   U ele fud ensevelie.^L3325 [L3325] In agreement with A.S.C.(E) 883 Gaimar has spoken of the Pope's gift of a fragment of the True Cross to Alfred and now, in this passage, has jumped to A.S.C. 888 to relate the dispatch of return gifts. Gross made two suggestions to account for this jump: (i) that Gaimar took the reference to gifts at the beginning of the later annal to be a faulty repetition of that in the earlier one, but this does not explain the later return to A.S.C. 885; (ii) that he found the later reference already transferred in his source from 888 to 883, but, though this is a possibility, since there are grounds for thinking the earlier entry misplaced, I suspect the explanation is more likely to be literary. Gaimar was clearly interested in Alfred and his relations with Rome, thought courtesy required a return gift, found what he wanted in A.S.C. 888, used it to round off this little section of the Estoire and returned to his main theme.107
                   Ore avint si e tant fud pis,
         3332  Un [sengler] ad Karlun ocis.^L3332 [L3332] ad charles o. R107^L3332 [L3332] senglenter L107^L3332 [L3332] sengleter107
                   [Li reis fud mort mais un sun frere^L3333 [L3333] om  fud R107^L3333 [L3333] fre L107^L3333 [L3333] om  mais L107^L3333 [L3333] r. uolt with nomen written above L107
                   Murut enceis ke fist lur pere.^L3334 [L3334] ke ne f. R107^L3334 [L3334] proprium nomen in margin L107^L3334 [L3334] ke fud l. L107
                   Andui furent fiz Loëwis,^L3335 [L3335] lowis L107
         3336  Celui ki out Gurmund oscis]^L3336 [L3336] C. ke G. ot ocis L107^L3331 [L3331] Only the first couplet of this passage, based on A.S.C. 885, occurs in D, but the agreement of L and R shows this to be an omission, for which the similarities in the endings of ll. 3332, 3336 suggest the explanation. It is hardly to be expected that Gaimar would recognize in the Carl Franca cyng of his source Carloman, king of the Franks 879-84; his source, unlike A.S.C.(E) 885, most probably contained the clause hie wæron begen Hloþwiges suna and for Gaimar at this point there was, as Gross observed, only one Louis, viz. the one who figured in the Gormund story, and so it is immaterial which Louis his source had in mind. A further problem confronts us in ll. 3333-4, for our two available MSS. differ considerably; in L the couplet reads:
                   Li reis uolt fud mort un sun fre[re]
                   Murut enceis ke fud lur pere; over uolt an annotator has written nomen and in the margin beside l. 3334 proprium nomen (did he by any chance confuse enceis with anseïs?). We do not know where uolt came from, but the line does supply the verb missing in R. In the second half of l. 3334 R has: ke ne fist lur pere; this gives a nine-syllable line, but the ne does not appear to be essential. Moreover A.S.C. 885, from which this passage derives, reads: ane geare ær his broðor forðferde, so the father's death seems to have been introduced by Gaimar inadvertently, as the later phrase in the annal–hie wæron Hloþwiges suna–should have prevented the absurdity, always provided it was in his source, for it is absent from A.S.C.(E) 885 along with other references to Frankish affairs; neither do we know what the version of the Gormund story used by him had to say of the Frankish royal family.107
                   E [Loëwis] fud fiz Karlun^L3337 [L3337] lowis DL107
                   Qui donat sa fille al barun,
                   Rei Edelwlf l'ot a reïne,^L3339 [L3339] Reis R107
         3340  Unc dame n'ot mieldre doctrine.
                   Or vus ai dit cest parentage.
                   Dunc vint a Rume un grant damage^L3342 [L3342] g. homage R107
                   De Marin le bon [apostoille]^L3343 [L3343] apostoire107

Page 107

         3344  Qui franchid primes Engleschescole;
                   Par le purchad [le] rei Elvred^L3345 [L3345] p. le purchace reis R108^L3345 [L3345] om  le DR108
                   Fut franchie, Deu seit loed.^L3346 [L3346] Fu celui franc D. R108
                   En icel tens avint issi
         3348  Tels aventures cum jo di.
                   Reis Elvred mult guerriot,
                   Cuntre paiens suvent alot.
                   Icil Daneis qui triwes pristrent
         3352  Al chief de tur mult les malmistrent
                   E surquetut cil d'Estengle^L3353 [L3353] Ensurketut cil de Hest. R108
                   Tuz jurz [començouent] la gengle.^L3354 [L3354] la gangle R108^L3354 [L3354] cumencent DL108 [f.116b]
                   A Lundres erent repairant,
         3356  La u paiens erent manant;
                   La cited teneient Daneis.
                   Que fist dunc Elvred li reis?
                   Partut [manda] pur chevaliers^L3359 [L3359] p. ses c. L108^L3359 [L3359] mant108
         3360  E pur serganz e pur archiers,
                   Si ad mandet pur ses amis,
                   Pur les Engleis loinz el païs;^L3362 [L3362] E p. R108
                   E loinz e pres tut ad mandet,^L3363 [L3363] om  E R108
         3364  Mult grant effort ad asemblez,
                   A Lundres vint, sis asegat,^L3365 [L3365] v. sil a. R108
                   Tant i estut que prise l'ad.
                   Puis establit si la cited
         3368  [Cum si] barun li unt loed.^L3368 [L3368] Si cum108
                   A [Edelret] un suen barun^L3369 [L3369] eldred L108^L3369 [L3369] elred108
                   De la garde li fist le don
                   E cil [la] gardat fedelment^L3371 [L3371] le DL108
         3372  E defendit d'estrange gent.
                   En icel an murut li reis
                   Que Elvred ot levet enceis,
                   Paiens l'apelerent Gudron,
         3376  Ore aveit Edelstan a non;
                   Le cors de lui gist a Tiefort,

Page 108

                   La fud ensevelit cel mort.^L3378 [L3378] e. icel m.109
                   Or ert Elvred mult bien muntez,
         3380  Quant ot cunquis ceste citez,^L3380 [L3380] ot conquise R109
                   E les Daneis qui luinz [maneient]^L3381 [L3381] esteient109
                   Pur sa prueise mult le cremeient.^L3382 [L3382] om  mult R109^L3382 [L3382] sa pruesce LR109
                   Tuit le païs que il teneit
         3384  En icel tens en pais aveit.^L3384 [L3384] p. esteit R109
                   Mais mult [l'alouent] maneçant^L3385 [L3385] le vont DL109
                   Cil Daneis de Norhumberlant
                   E cil d'Estengle e de Merceinne
         3388  Volentiers lui faseient peine
                   Mais sis aveit cist reis matez^L3389 [L3389] M. sil a. R109
                   Que en pais teneit dunc ses regnez. [f.116c]
                   Idunc avint en icel tens
         3392  Que l'ost repairat des paiens
                   Ki en France furent alez;
                   Tut le lur orent guasted.^L3394 [L3394] T. lurent deg. R109
                   [L'altre ost] qui fud de cels sevrez^L3395 [L3395] de ces desevere R109^L3395 [L3395] els DL109^L3395 [L3395] Le autre DL109
         3396  Esteit el Maine einz desertez^L3396 [L3396] deserte R109^L3396 [L3396] deseritez DL109
                   Mais icest ost fud desevrez
                   Tresque Gurmunt fud arivez.
                   De lui partit, avant alad,
         3400  Trestute France trespassad,
                   Ariere vint vers l'occident
                   Robant e destruiant la gent.^L3402 [L3402] destrusant R109
                   Ore aveient asez cunquis,
         3404  Or e argent, chevals de pris.
                   A Chiereburc entrent en mer,^L3391 [L3391] In this passage, where he is combining information from A.S.C. and from the Gormund story, Gaimar has not succeeded in avoiding obscurity. He had latterly been following up themes through a number of annals rather than observing strict chronological order and, after pursuing the fortunes of the Danes on the Continent, had reverted to home affairs culminating in the death of Guthrum and his burial at thetford. This brought him to A.S.C. 892: in all versions this annal speaks of se mycle here of which earlier mention had been made; now this is actually true of all but A.S.C.(E) which has no annal for 891! If Gaimar's source agreed with A.S.C.(E) in this respect, and it almost certainly did, then the earlier mention could only be for Gaimar that which he had made himself under the influence of the Gormund story (ll. 3235-310). At l. 3236 Gormund arrives unexpectedly at Cirencester from no one knows where, assembles a great army, embarks at Yarmouth (l. 3255) for the Continent, lands at Cayeux and ravages Ponthieu (ll. 3256-66); Gormund stays in Ponthieu, where he is defeated by the Franks (l. 3276) and killed by their king, but sa grant ost goes on to Ghent (l. 3270), winters there and returns to France (l. 3279) where they are eventually defeated on the borders of Britanny (viz. at St. Lô), in Le Maine (l. 3302). With all this in his mind Gaimar was confronted by an annal (A.S.C. 892) which spoke of a Danish army moving westward to Boulogne: what was he to do? He had already told of one which moved west and was defeated el Maine and to this one ll. 3395-6 seem to refer. The fate of the Danes who shared Gormund's defeat is vaguer, for Gaimar does not say whether it was a defeat or a rout, so they could easily re-appear–defeat of the Danes and their quick recovery was well known to Gaimar from A.S.C.; he does not say where Gormund was killed, so his army could reappear when and where convenient. It seems, then, that the army which crosses the Channel according to A.S.C. 892 is for Gaimar that defeated by Louis; if not, it must be one he more or less conjured up for the occasion. Further than this we cannot go, because the text of the Estoire is open to doubt at this point. The repetition sevrez – desevrez, though possible, arouses suspicion and in l. 3396 the MSS. diverge, DL giving deseritez, which cannot be right, R giving deserté, which does not suit the context. Gross suggests changing esteit to aveit; this would impart sense to the line, but is too drastic a change, and the disagreement of the MSS. suggests that the mistake, if it is one, is in the participle. It is, too, these preoccupations with Gormund which are partly, if not entirely, responsible for the choice of Cherbourg, instead of Boulogne, as the port of embarcation; we have no means of knowing whether Gaimar understood Bunan (= Boulogne) of A.S.C. 892.109
                   A Limene vunt ariver;
                   Ço est un' eve al chief de Kent^L3407 [L3407] al chief de. Used in the sense at the end of the phrase is hardly apposite to the position of the river and seems to have arisen from a misunderstanding of A.S.C. 892: se muða (of the R. Lympne) is on eastwarde Cent æt $$es mycclan wuda east enda; Gaimar has apparently contrued enda with the county instead of with the forest.109
         3408  De l'est que hom cleimed orient;
                   Andredeswald s'estent amont
                   Cel' eve Limeine bien parfunt;^L3410 [L3410] est b. R109^L3410 [L3410] limmene R109
                   Icest bois est de lung cunted

Page 109

         3412  Quarante dous liues mesured^L3412 [L3412] l. est m. L110^L3412 [L3412] Both number and metre are incorrect. In ll. 3413, 3418 liues translates mila of A.S.C. 892, and must do so in l. 3412, for we can hardly assume that Gaimar translated the same word in two ways in two consecutive lines. The mistake must therefore lie in the number, but whether Gaimar misread his source or whether the faulty numeral was already in his source, we cannot say. Gross suggests correcting the metre by omitting dous, but all MSS. agree in the number, so it is best to allow the line to stand.110
                   E trente liues ad de [laise],^L3413 [L3413] laaise110
                   Limine curt parmi en aise.
                   En cest havene vindrent Daneis;^L3415 [L3415] c. ewe v. R110
         3416  Ço fud el tens Elvred li reis;]^L3416 [L3416] ll. 3187-3416 not in H110
                   Amunt l'eve traistrent lur nefs,
                   A [quatre] liues sunt remés^L3418 [L3418] quarante DLH110
                   Luinz de la buche de Limine.^L3419 [L3419] de la L. H110
         3420  Tuit cel païs lez la marine^L3420 [L3420] T. le p. RH110
                   Unt [donc] destruit cil adversier.^L3421 [L3421] om  donc DLH110
                   Mult fud malveis lur repairier,
                   Il orent nefs cent e seisante,^L3423 [L3423] Niefs i eurent c. H110^L3423 [L3423] All MSS. concur in reading cent e seissante, there being no trace in them of a reading dous cent cinquante to which Gross refers, but the number according to A.S.C.(A,E,F) was 250, according to A.S.C.(B,C,D) 200.110
         3424  Mult funt grant mal, la u il hante.^L3424 [L3424] il hantent L110^L3424 [L3424] m. lur h. R110^L3424 [L3424] om  grant H110^L3424 [L3424] la u il hante DH, la u il hantent L, lur hante R. The sudden change from plural to singular is disconcerting, but the rime in L cannot be accepted for Gaimar, and the reading of R is impossible for both grammatical and metrical reasons.110
                   De l'autre part [re]vint Estein^L3425 [L3425] vint DLH110
                   En Tamise par un flot plein, [f.116d]
                   Mult fist en Kent de ses avels,
         3428  A Mide[l]tune fermat chastels,^L3428 [L3428] f. un c. R110^L3428 [L3428] midetune DL110
                   Cel ost mandat ki vint de France,
                   A Ewldre ert lur remanance.^L3430 [L3430] Awuldre H110
                   Quant ces dous ostz sunt asemblez,
         3432  Destruiant vont crestïented.
                   Dunc mesavint, si cum Deu plut,^L3433 [L3433] D. avint si R110
                   Mort fud Elvred kis guerreiout.
                   Idunc des la Nativited,^L3435 [L3435] Donc de la R110
         3436  Des icel jur que Deus fu nez,^L3436 [L3436] Dicel j. H110
                   Ot nof cenz anz e un avoc^L3437 [L3437] om  anz L110
                   Trescique Elvred murrut iloc.^L3438 [L3438] Tresque roi E. H110
                   Il regnat bien vint e oit anz,^L3439 [L3439] om  bien H110
         3440  Poi sunt humes tels vivanz^L3440 [L3440] tels homes R110^L3440 [L3440] Puis ne fud home t. L110
                   Kar sages fud e bon [guerier],^L3441 [L3441] guerreier DRH110
                   Bien sot [ses] enemis pleisier,^L3442 [L3442] om  ses DL110
                   Nul mieldre clerc de lui n'esteit
         3444  Kar en [s'enfance] apris l'aveit.^L3444 [L3444] france DLH110^L3444 [L3444] en France DLH, en s'enfance R. I have followed R as more in accordance with tradition and as metrically better.110

Page 110

                   Il fist escrivre un livre engleis
                   Des aventures e des leis
                   E des batailles de la terre
         3448  E des reis ki firent guerre
                   E meint livre fist il escrire,^L3449 [L3449] escrivere RH111
                   U li bon clerc vont suvent lire.^L3450 [L3450] om  bon H111
                   Deus ait merci de la sue alme
         3452  E seinte Mari[e] la dame!^L3452 [L3452] la duze d. DL111
                   [I]dunc regnat Edwart sis fiz,^L3453 [L3453] E. son f. RH111^L3453 [L3453] Dunc DLH111
                   Li proiz, li sages, li gentilz,^L3454 [L3454] p. li saives li R111
                   Mais uncore ert mult grant la guere^L3455 [L3455] e. m. fort la R e. forte la H111
         3456  Par plusurs lius en Engleterre
                   Kar il [i] aveit plusurs reis,^L3457 [L3457] il i avoient H111
                   Sis guerrioent les [Daneis]^L3458 [L3458] guerroierent H111^L3458 [L3458] engleis111
                   E lur force tuit dis creisseit^L3459 [L3459] t. tens c. R111
         3460  Qui d'ultremer suvent veneit,^L3460 [L3460] u. a eus v. H111
                   Si qu'el sist an que Edward regnot,
                   Quant il par el passer ne pot,^L3462 [L3462] om  el R111^L3462 [L3462] om  il H111 [f.117a]
                   Lui estuet triwes afermer
         3464  E as Daneis sa pais doner^L3464 [L3464] om  sa pais R111
                   E nepurquant ne durat gueres.
                   Daneis erent de mult mal eires.^L3466 [L3466] om  mult H111^L3466 [L3466] e. mult de mal e. R111
                   Tant [guerrïerent] sur Engleis^L3467 [L3467] g. od les E. H111^L3467 [L3467] guerrieient R111^L3467 [L3467] furent engres111
         3468  Que Edward [se] cumbatit li reis^L3468 [L3468] si DL111
                   Od les Engleis qu'il asemblat;
                   A [Thuetenhale] la les matat.^L3470 [L3470] om  la RH111^L3470 [L3470] tenetehale DL111^L3470 [L3470] Thuetenhale R, Tutenhale H, Tenetehale D, Thenethale L. The reading of DL goes back to a form with nasal in the first element and so can hardly derive directly from the Teotanheale of A.S.C.(E) 910. In his rendering of Thetford Gaimar seems to represent the O.E. eo of þeod- by ie and possibly did the same here, but it would be hazardous to emend; in view of l. 3377, where DL give Tiefort, but R has Thuefford, I have followed that MS. here.111
                   En icel tens murut uns reis,
         3472  Edret qui ert sur Merceneis.^L3472 [L3472] Edelret R111
                   Icist Edred Lundres teneit,^L3473 [L3473] I. edelret R111
                   Li reis Elvred mis [l'i] aveit,^L3474 [L3474] mis i lav. R111^L3474 [L3474] Ke li r. L Rois H111^L3474 [L3474] lui111
                   Ne l'aveit mie en heritage.
         3476  Cum dut murir, si fist que sage:

Page 111

                   Al rei Edward rendit sun dreit
                   Od quanqu'il i aparteneit;^L3478 [L3478] quantqui a. H112
                   Lundres rendit, ainz que fust morz,^L3479 [L3479] a. quil LRH112
         3480  E la cité d'Oxenefort
                   E les païs e les [contez]^L3481 [L3481] cuntrez L112^L3481 [L3481] cuntrees D112
                   Ki apendeient as [citez].^L3482 [L3482] appendent H112^L3482 [L3482] citees112
                   En icel an vint un navire^L3483 [L3483] une n. LRH112
         3484  Ki el païs fist grant martyre.
                   De Litwice ert cest ost venuz,^L3485 [L3485] om  cest ost H112
                   Lung Saverne s'est estenduz,
                   Edward li reis cuntr'els alat,^L3487 [L3487] r. encontre a. H112
         3488  Mult en ocist, puis en turnat.
                   Dis e oit anz quant ot regnez,
                   Mercenelant reçut en fiez;
                   Elfled sa suer l'en heritad,^L3491 [L3491] sa sorur R112^L3491 [L3491] Elfled. All MSS. concur in this name in place of the Æđelflæd of A.S.C.(E) 918, so the mistake is probably due to Gaimar.112
         3492  Si cum Edred li reis rovad;^L3492 [L3492] eldret l. r. comanda R112
                   Pur [ço k'] enfant ne pot aveir,^L3493 [L3493] quei DL112
                   Kant ele murut, sin fist sun eir.^L3494 [L3494] m. len f. H112
                   Treis anz aprés Sithriz li reis,
         3496  Li autre parsur Merceneis,^L3496 [L3496] Ki laltre partie teneit de M. R Ke regna p. M. L Lautre pier sur M. H112
                   Ocist Nëel sun frere a tort;^L3497 [L3497] Neel. Gaimar is translating literally A.S.C.(E) 921, but this appears to be an error in his source, for the reference is generally taken to be to the slaying of Niall Glundubh, king of Ireland, who was not Sihtric's brother (cf. Plummer, II, 129); there was, it seems, an underking named Neil at this period and I wonder whether he is any way involved.112 [f.117b]
                   Li reis Edward vengat sa mort,^L3498 [L3498] om  Li H112
                   Sithriz [oscist od une] espee,^L3499 [L3499] S. ot une L o. dune H112^L3499 [L3499] S. par la sue112
         3500  Puis fud [il] reis de la cuntree.^L3500 [L3500] om  il DLH112
                   Un an aprés par la devise
                   Ad Reinold Everwic cunquise;^L3502 [L3502] Ad R. ad E. H112^L3502 [L3502] reinolf L112
                   Ço ert un rei demi Daneis,
         3504  De part sa mere esteit Engleis.^L3503 [L3503] Gaimar is clearly following the concise entry of A.S.C.(DE) 923: Her Reynold cyng gewan Eoferwic. No earlier source appears to know anything of Rægnald's mixed birth, but I doubt whether, as Gross rather implies, it is entirely the author's invention.112
                   Sur lui voleit Edward aler,
                   Si aveit fait ost asembler^L3506 [L3506] f. sost a. H112
                   Mais dunc murut, ne pot el estre,^L3507 [L3507] p. altre e. R112
         3508  Ensevelit fud a Gincestre.

Page 112

                   Puis regnat sun fiz Edelstan.
                   Quant ot regnet tresqu'al quart an,^L3510 [L3510] r. el q. H113
                   Bataille tint cuntre Daneis,
         3512  Si descunfist [Gudfrid li] reis.^L3512 [L3512] le r.113^L3512 [L3512] gaufrit DL113
                   Puis asemblat mult grant [empire]^L3513 [L3513] om  mult H113^L3513 [L3513] P. semblad H113^L3513 [L3513] empire and navire interverted in DL113
                   E en la mer mist grant [navire],^L3514 [L3514] om  E H113^L3514 [L3514] m. mult g. DL113
                   [Dreit en] Escoce s'en alat,^L3515 [L3515] A E. dreit L113^L3515 [L3515] A dreit E.113
         3516  Icel païs forment preiat.
                   Aprés un an ne mei[n]s ne plus
                   A Brunewerce ot le desus^L3518 [L3518] bruneswerce R brunewerche H113^L3518 [L3518] burneweste DL113
                   Sur les Escoz e sur Cumbreis,^L3519 [L3519] sur les C. DL113
         3520  Sur Galweiens e sur Pecteis;^L3520 [L3520] galweneis L gawaleis R galewarz H113^L3520 [L3520] galwains113
                   Iloc en furent tant ocis,^L3521 [L3521] tant tant L113^L3521 [L3521] I. erent t. H113
                   Crei que parole en ert tut dis.^L3522 [L3522] om  en L113^L3522 [L3522] que parle RH113^L3522 [L3522] Jeo c. H113^L3517 [L3517] No weight is to be attached to Gaimar's vague dating of the famous battle of Brunanburh one year after Athelstan's harrying of Scotland, for he elsewhere uses this and similar phrases to refer to the next entry in his source. At the same time he had a little more information about the battle than the scanty entry in A.S.C.(E) 937: Her Æðelstan cyning lædde fyrde to Brunanbyrig, though the famous poem on the battle seems to have been unknown to him. Gross cites a passage from Simeon of Durham's Historia Dunelmensis Ecclesiae in which the site of the battle is located at Weondune, quod alio nomine Etbrunnanwerc vel Brunnanbyrig appellatur and mention is made of regum . . . Scottorum et Cumbrorum, and the same two kings are referred to by Simeon of Durham in his Historia Regum. The similarity in place-name suggests some connexion between the two authors, most probably not direct, but through the O.E. text from which Simeon derived his place-name with incorporated O.E. preposition (æt). Some nationality-names must have been in the material Gaimar was using and have reminded him of his earlier enumeration (ll. 17-18). Whether ll. 3521-2 are entirely due to Gaimar is uncertain; the fame of the battle may have come to his ears.113
                   Puis ne vesquit [il] que treis anz,^L3523 [L3523] om  il DH113
         3524  Il n'ot fiz ne [altres] enfanz.^L3524 [L3524] n. ne f. R113^L3524 [L3524] autre DL113
                   De sun frere firent dunc rei,^L3525 [L3525] om  dunc H113
                   Edmund ot nun, prodom, ço crei,
                   E el tierz [an] cum il regnat,^L3527 [L3527] El t. an quil r. H113^L3527 [L3527] E li t. R113^L3527 [L3527] anz DR113
         3528  Ultre Humbre [son ost mena].^L3528 [L3528] sen alat DLR113
                   Dous [reis] i ot felons Daneis;^L3529 [L3529] om  felons H113
                   Li uns ot nun [Anlaf] li reis,^L3530 [L3530] unlaf R anfal H113^L3530 [L3530] anlans113
                   Li autre ert Reinold apelez;^L3531 [L3531] Laltre RH113
         3532  Fors les chaçat [de cel] regnez.^L3532 [L3532] del DLH113
                   Quant ço ot fait, alat avant,
                   Grant preie [prist] en Cumberlant.^L3534 [L3534] Et p. H113^L3534 [L3534] fist113^L3534 [L3534] Gaimar is simply copying his source and was probably quite unaware that this annal is really concerned with Strathclyde. Cf. Plummer, II, 145.113 [f.117c]
                   Il tint sa terre puis treis anz,^L3535 [L3535] t. en pees t. H113
         3536  Dunc fist de lui Deu ses cumanz.^L3536 [L3536] l. deus s. LR113
                   Edred sun frere aprés regnad,^L3537 [L3537] f. dunc r. L113^L3537 [L3537] om  aprés R113
                   Son frere Edward tres bien vengad,^L3538 [L3538] om  tres RH113^L3538 [L3538] All MSS. concur in the name, but the reference is to Edmund; most probably the mistake is due to Gaimar.113

Page 113

                   Il le vengat des enemis
         3540  Ki l'aveient par murdre ocis.^L3539 [L3539] not in H114
                   Puis saisit tuit Norhumberlant^L3541 [L3541] om  tuit RH114
                   E les Escoz li sunt clinant.^L3542 [L3542] li vont enclinant R s. enclinant H114^L3542 [L3542] Li E. H114
                   Kant [il] regnot el secund an,^L3543 [L3543] om  il DL114
         3544  Idunches vint Anlaf Quiran,
                   Norhumberlant saisid e prist,
                   Ne trovat ki lui defendist.
                   Treis anz la tint [icil] Daneis,^L3547 [L3547] cel DL114
         3548  Puis l'en chacerent Norhumbreis.
                   Yric le fiz Harald reçurent,^L3549 [L3549] f. barald recoverirent H114
                   De fei tenir bien l'aseürent,^L3550 [L3550] t. sasseurerent H114^L3550 [L3550] Del fiez t. R114
                   Dous anz regnad en cel regned,
         3552  Dunc al tiers an l'en unt chacied.^L3552 [L3552] len unt dech. R lont dech. H114^L3552 [L3552] om  Dunc H114
                   [Edred] idunches la reçut^L3553 [L3553] Hedred114
                   Mais d'iloc a un an murut.
                   Idunc avint al regne issi,
         3556  Engleis firent rei [de Edwi].^L3556 [L3556] om  de L114^L3556 [L3556] f. lur r. R114^L3556 [L3556] rei bedewi114
                   Aprés Edred fud Edwi reis,
                   Fiz fud Edmund, cil ert Engleis.^L3558 [L3558] cil fut E. H114
                   Partut aloent ses cumanz,
         3560  Il ne vesqui que sul treis anz.^L3560 [L3560] om  sul H114^L3560 [L3560] Si ne H114
                   Aprés regnat Edgar sun frere,
                   Cil tint la terre cum emperere,^L3562 [L3562] om  la R114
                   En sun tens amendat la terre,
         3564  Partuit ert pais, n'ert nule guere.^L3564 [L3564] nert point de g. H114^L3564 [L3564] P. out p. R114
                   Il sul regnot sur tuz les reis^L3565 [L3565] regna H114
                   E sur Escoz e sur [Gualeis];^L3566 [L3566] s. galewois H114^L3566 [L3566] engleis114
                   Unc puis que Artur s'en fud alez,
         3568  Nen ot nul reis tel poëstez.^L3568 [L3568] o. un rei R114
                   Li reis amat mult saint' yglise,^L3569 [L3569] om  mult H114^L3569 [L3569] mult amad L114
                   De tort, de dreit, sot la devise;^L3570 [L3570] et de d. fit la d. H114 [f.117d]
                   Pur ço se penat de bien faire

Page 114

         3572  Que francs esteit e debonaire,^L3572 [L3572] Ke franceis e. L115^L3572 [L3572] Car f. R115
                   Bones custumes alevat,
                   Tuz ses veisins vers sei clinat,^L3574 [L3574] aclina H115^L3574 [L3574] v. lui c. RH115
                   Par bel amur e [par supplei]^L3575 [L3575] a. nent par s. L115^L3575 [L3575] om  bel H115^L3575 [L3575] e neent par bethlei115
         3576  Les aclinat trestuz vers sei.^L3576 [L3576] Les turna t. H115
                   Unc ne trovat kil guerreiast^L3577 [L3577] guerriad L115^L3577 [L3577] Onc ne repaira qi le guerrast H115
                   Ne par mal en sa terre entrast^L3578 [L3578] m. ne ? crossed out sa t. H115^L3578 [L3578] Ne ke p. R115^L3578 [L3578] not in L115
                   Fors sul Tored ki revelad;^L3579 [L3579] relevad LH115^L3579 [L3579] Uns i out non T. qe se H115
         3580  Westmerelant sur lui preiad;^L3580 [L3580] sur lui roba H115
                   Pur cel forfait reçut cil mort,^L3581 [L3581] not in L115
                   Mar cumençat la guere a tort.^L3582 [L3582] guere corrected from t're115^L3577 [L3577] Historians are still not agreed whether the ravaging was due to a hostile incursion or was done at Edgar's orders. Gaimar rather supports the former view, and treats Thored as a rebel vassal, as indicated by the verb revelat (l. 3579) and the phrase pur cel forfait (l. 3580).115
                   Cist reis fud saives e vaillanz,^L3583 [L3583] f. sages e v. L115
         3584  De sa reïne ot bels enfanz,
                   Un fiz en ot dunt jo sai dire,^L3585 [L3585] om  en RH115
                   Ço fud Edward de Saftesbire,
                   E sa fille ot a nun [Edith],^L3587 [L3587] n. seint E. R115^L3587 [L3587] om  a RH115^L3587 [L3587] edieth115
         3588  La dame que Deus beneït.^L3588 [L3588] benesquit H115
                   Encore ot il dous autres fiz,^L3589 [L3589] il treis a. R115^L3589 [L3589] om  il H115
                   Par treis meres furent nasquiz,^L3590 [L3590] De t. H115
                   Treis meres orent icés treis,^L3591 [L3591] o. ico t. L o. ces t. R o. ceus t. H115
         3592  De femmes ert jolif li reis.
                   Quant sa reïne fud transie,^L3593 [L3593] sa femme f. L115
                   Par femmes empeirat sa vie.^L3583 [L3583] These lines form the transition from history to saga, and show that Gaimar had his two sources available at the time of composition; the three wives are historical, but the amorous proclivities belong rather to legend, to the cantilenaa to which William of Malmesbury refers (Gesta Regum, II, c. 8).115
                   Un riches hom maneit el regne,^L3595 [L3595] el realme R115
         3596  Bien sai que morte esteit sa femme,^L3596 [L3596] ert R est H115
                   Une fille l'en donat Deus,
                   Nul autre enfant ne l'ert remés.^L3598 [L3598] nen ert R115^L3598 [L3598] om  enfant H115
                   Orgar aveit nun cel riche home.^L3599 [L3599] O. out n. H115
         3600  Des Execestre tresqu'a [Frume]^L3600 [L3600] rume DLH115^L3600 [L3600] Rume DLH, Frume R. Gaimar is here describing the actual extent of Orgar's domain, so Frome (So) is intended; the other reading is due to confusion with a common type of comparison, but one not found in the Estoire.115
                   N'a vile, n'a burc, n'a cited^L3601 [L3601] Naveit nule b. ne c. R115^L3601 [L3601] v. ne b. ne c. H115

Page 115

                   De qui Orgar ne fust feffed.^L3602 [L3602] ne fud LH116
                   Mais vielz hom ert a grant merveille,^L3603 [L3603] om  grant H116
         3604  Ço que sa fille lui cunseille,^L3604 [L3604] sa femme li H116
                   Ço fait e [ço] comant a faire,^L3605 [L3605] comande RH116^L3605 [L3605] om  ço DLH116
                   Ne trovet qui s'en ost retraire.^L3606 [L3606] ose H116^L3606 [L3606] trovad LH116 [f.118a]
                   Elftroed ot nun ceste pucele,^L3607 [L3607] a nun DL116
         3608  Ne qui suz ciel eüst si bele,^L3608 [L3608] c. ot si L c. nad si H116^L3608 [L3608] Jeo q. H116^L3608 [L3608] qui que s. DLH116
                   De sa belté par la cuntree
                   Esteit mult grant la renomee^L3610 [L3610] om  la H116^L3610 [L3610] la reme L116
                   E quant [iloc] tanz en parloent,^L3611 [L3611] parlouent R parlerent H116^L3611 [L3611] q. co fud que t. L116^L3611 [L3611] parolent DL116^L3611 [L3611] il ot que116^L3611 [L3611] The verb in DL spoils the rime and may be due to graphic confusion. The common ancestor of DL appears to have misread iloc as il ot and to have introduced que, but L has further changed the line.116
         3612  Cil de la curt i repeiroent^L3612 [L3612] repeirerent H116
                   E li curteis qui la veneient^L3613 [L3613] la veaient R116
                   De sa belted mult bien diseient.^L3614 [L3614] b. grant b. LH116
                   Li reis Edgar ad escuted,
         3616  Cum hum parlot de sa belted;
                   Suventes feiz l'oïd loer,
                   De sa belted a tanz parler,^L3618 [L3618] b. ad oi tant p. R116^L3618 [L3618] E sa b. mult regreter L116
                   Qu'il purpensat e dist: 'Purquei,^L3619 [L3619] purpensout e d. en sei R116^L3619 [L3619] pur quei DLH, en sei R. Though the latter reading undoubtedly makes the better sense, I have not adopted it into the text, because Gaimar has earlier used the same half-line (l. 254) and because the fact that pur quei does not here fit the context very well may have given rise to the change in R.116
         3620  Parmi tut ço que jo sui rei^L3620 [L3620] tut ico R116
                   E ele est fille a un barun,^L3621 [L3621] Cele LH116
                   Ne i vei nul[e] descretïun!^L3622 [L3622] om  i LRH116
                   Fiz a un cunte fud sis pere,^L3623 [L3623] son p. RH116^L3623 [L3623] om  un R116
         3624  De reis gentils nasquit sa mere,
                   Ele est asez de halt parage,
                   Bien la puis prendre senz huntage'.
                   Dunc apelat un chevalier,
         3628  Si prist a lui a cunseillier,
                   Mult l'aveit chier, si l'[out] nuriz,^L3629 [L3629] c. qil le nurit H116^L3629 [L3629] aveit DL116
                   Ço que pensot, ço descovrid.^L3630 [L3630] descuri L116^L3630 [L3630] p. li d. LRH116^L3630 [L3630] ll. 3629-30 interverted in H116
                   'Edelwold frere,' dist li rei,^L3631 [L3631] Edelwlf si d. H116
         3632  'Jo te voil dire mun segrei:^L3632 [L3632] de mon s. RH116^L3632 [L3632] te dirrei LRH116

Page 116

                   Jo aim Elftroed la fille Orgar.
                   A tute gent l'oi si loar^L3634 [L3634] loer LR117^L3634 [L3634] lai oi R loit H117
                   E de beltet si bien [preiser],^L3635 [L3635] om  bien RH117^L3635 [L3635] E de sa b. R Et sa b. H117^L3635 [L3635] loer DL117
         3636  Faire en [voldreie] ma muillier,^L3636 [L3636] voil117
                   Si tele fust e jol seüsse^L3637 [L3637] estait R117^L3637 [L3637] As we do not know for certain that Gaimar did not use analogical tele (cf. p. xxviii), I have followed the base MS. The continuing second condition is quite usually expressed by the imperfect subjunctive without conjunction; cf. Lerch, Historische franz. Syntax, I, 172, II, 280.117
                   E de sa belted seür fusse.^L3638 [L3638] b. aseur f. RH117
                   Pur ço te pri, va la [vëeir];^L3639 [L3639] veer DLR117
         3640  Ço qu'en diras, tendrai pur [veir].^L3640 [L3640] veer117
                   Jo te crei mult, fai mun afaire,^L3641 [L3641] c. fai bien m. a. H117
                   Ne sujurner, mes tost repaire'.^L3642 [L3642] Ne sojorne pas m. H117 [f.118b]
                   Cil s'en alad aparaillier,^L3643 [L3643] C. sala H117
         3644  Unc ne finat ne volt targier^L3644 [L3644] ne ne v. H117
                   Deci qu'il vint en Devenesire
                   A la maisun Orgar li sire.
                   De part lu rei l'ad salüed,
         3648  De tutes parz fud uelcumed.^L3648 [L3648] p. lad v. L117
                   Orgar juot a uns eschés,^L3649 [L3649] O. jua as e. H117
                   Un giu qu'il aprist as Daneis;^L3650 [L3650] a. des D. R117
                   Od lui [juout] Elftroed la bele,^L3651 [L3651] guot L117^L3651 [L3651] iueit117
         3652  Suz ciel n'ot tele damoisele,^L3652 [L3652] nout donc t. R117
                   E Edelwold mult l'esgardat,^L3653 [L3653] Edelwlf H117
                   Trestut un jur i demurat.^L3654 [L3654] Tut H117^L3654 [L3654] ll. 3653-4 interverted in R117
                   Tant l'esgardat vis e colur
         3656  E cors e mains la bele flur^L3655 [L3655] The verb in the si-clause differs in the four MSS. R and H, by inserting the copula, treat the couplet as containing three parallel conditions (cf. note to l. 3637), but are, I think, mistaken; gardast and honurast continue serreit, hence my punctuation. I understand: to a man of my rank it would be no great harm if he took her; [if he did], he would protect the honour and would much honour the father.117
                   Que quidat [bien] que [ço] fust fee^L3657 [L3657] q. quil f. f. L117^L3657 [L3657] Quil LRH117^L3657 [L3657] om  bien and ço DLH117
                   E qu'ele ne fust de femme nee^L3658 [L3658] fud L117^L3658 [L3658] Kele ne f. pas R117
                   E quant la vit de tel belted,
         3660  Tant [par] en fud enlumined^L3660 [L3660] Tut en f. il allume H117^L3660 [L3660] om  par DLH117
                   Qu'il purpensat en sun curage,^L3661 [L3661] Cil p. H117
                   U turt a pru u a damage,
                   Ne dirat mie a sun seignur

Page 117

         3664  La verited cil traïtur,
                   Ainz dirat qu'ele n'est pas si bele;^L3665 [L3665] om  Ainz H118
                   De luinz purtraist la grant puscele.
                   Il en avint treis anz aprés^L3667 [L3667] trais RH118^L3667 [L3667] Kil R118^L3667 [L3667] tres DL118
         3668  Kar mort en fud tut descunfés.^L3668 [L3668] Ke LH118^L3667 [L3667] There is a difficulty here. The couplet is a reflexion by the author and so DLH have understood it; this apparently escaped R which, by starting the line with kil, turned l. 3667 into a dependent clause, but left it hanging in the air. In l. 3668 DR read kar against ke in LH: which did Gaimar write? There can be no doubt that the latter reading gives a smooth construction, but why should anyone want to change it and is kar the word that D and R, independently, would choose? I think not, and so kar must go farther back in the MS. tradition than ke. Yet kar does not connect satisfactorily with l. 3667, if we take avenir in its usual sense. Now the context requires the expression of the idea that things are going wrong and I submit that avenir is to be taken in the sense turn out badly, a sense more than once expressed by mesavenir in the Estoire, (e.g. l. 3433) and I suggest that this word may have been at the back of the author's mind when he wrote the passage.118
                   D'iloc turnat, al rei revint^L3669 [L3669] r. vint R118^L3669 [L3669] returnat DL118
                   A un cuncile qu'il tint.^L3670 [L3670] un consail q. H118
                   Cuntes i ot, baruns, chasez,^L3671 [L3671] b. e c. R118^L3671 [L3671] ot e b. c. LH118
         3672  E arcevesques e abez.^L3672 [L3672] a. evesques e a. R118^L3672 [L3672] om  first e H118
                   Oëz que fist cel losengier!^L3673 [L3673] f. cil adverser H118
                   Il vint al rei aprés mangier,
                   Bien fud venud e welcumed
         3676  Mais il aveit avant parled^L3676 [L3676] il devant aveit p. R118
                   A cels qui bien erent del rei^L3677 [L3677] erent bien H118
                   E ki saveient cest segrei.^L3678 [L3678] om  E H118 [f.118c]
                   Ço lur preied qu'il lui aidassent,
         3680  La fille Orgar lui demandassent,
                   E bien lur fist [a] tuz acreire^L3681 [L3681] om  a DLH118
                   Qu'ele ert mesfaite e laide e neire.^L3682 [L3682] e. desfete H118
                   Devant lu rei s'agenuillat,
         3684  Priveement lui demustrat:
                   'Reis, [de] la dame, u jo alai,^L3685 [L3685] a DL118
                   La verited t'en cunterai.
                   Qui que ait mentit, jo dirai veir.^L3687 [L3687] Ki kad m. R Qui qen a. H118
         3688  Tu ne deiz pas tele femme aveir.
                   Un semblant ad e un regard^L3689 [L3689] et fou r. H118
                   Que mult [li] vient de male part,^L3690 [L3690] lui118
                   Altres teches i vi asez,^L3691 [L3691] A. choses i H118
         3692  U [jo ne note] nule beltez.^L3692 [L3692] nen ot DLH118^L3692 [L3692] u jo ne note R, u nen ot DLH. As Edelwold is giving a personal report, the first person is more appropriate; also jo ne not could appear more easily to be a mistake for u nen ot than vice versa. The reading of R is metrically satisfactory, which that of the other MSS. is not, whether we regard the ending of the verb as a scribal addition or not.118
                   A un hume de mun parage
                   Ne sereit mie mult grant damage,^L3694 [L3694] g. homage R118^L3694 [L3694] om  mult RH118
                   S'il la [perneit], l'onur gardast^L3695 [L3695] e lo. RH118^L3695 [L3695] prist L preist H118^L3695 [L3695] Sil il la L118^L3695 [L3695] prent118

Page 118

         3696  E le pere mult honurast'.
                   De tutes parz dïent al rei:^L3697 [L3697] De tute d. R119
                   'Ço qu'il dist, dist l'um a mei
                   Ne n'est bien que la prengez,^L3699 [L3699] q. tu la H119^L3699 [L3699] Nest pas b. R Nest b. H119
         3700  Un bachelier en [seisisez]'.^L3700 [L3700] saisez H119^L3700 [L3700] seissiez119
                   Li reis ert liez, trop ot beüz,
                   Legerement [l'unt] deceüz.^L3702 [L3702] fud DL119
                   Vers Edelwold a parler prist,^L3703 [L3703] edelulf H119
         3704  Bien esperat [ke veir] lui [dist].^L3704 [L3704] deist DL119^L3704 [L3704] vers DL119^L3704 [L3704] ke veir il dist RH, vers lui deïst DL. Both constructions, assuming vers = veir, are grammatically possible; that of DL refers rather to something that has not yet taken place, that of RH to something that has already been done; now the context shows clearly that Edelwold has spoken, hence the reading adopted.119
                   'Amis,' fait il, 'tres bien te crei.^L3705 [L3705] om  tres H119
                   Quant tele est que aveir ne la dei,^L3706 [L3706] t. nest a. H119
                   Jo la te duins od [tut] l'onur;^L3707 [L3707] tute DLH119
         3708  De sun pere fai tun seignur,
                   Gardez le bien cum pere en lei,^L3709 [L3709] Garde LR119
                   Espuse la, puis vien a mei'.^L3710 [L3710] la bien si revien a m. H119^L3710 [L3710] follows 3712 in H119
                   Une verge [teneit] le rei,^L3711 [L3711] tint DLH119
         3712  Si [li tendit] e fist l'otrei.^L3712 [L3712] la fendit119
                   Cil [li] jurat sa [fëelté],^L3713 [L3713] Sil L E cil R119^L3713 [L3713] felted119^L3713 [L3713] om  li DL119
                   En icel liu s'est parjured.^L3714 [L3714] sen est L119 [f.118d]
                   Hom qui traïst n'ad nule lei,^L3715 [L3715] lei and fei interverted in H119
         3716  Nel deit hom creire par sa fei.^L3716 [L3716] Nul nel d.c. H119
                   Cist traïtur del rei turnat,^L3717 [L3717] Cil RH119
                   Cum felun dunc l'enganat.^L3718 [L3718] Et come f. sen ala H119
                   Vint a Orgar, sil retraït,^L3719 [L3719] sil le trait R cil le creit H119^L3719 [L3719] Vient H119^L3719 [L3719] recreit DL119^L3719 [L3719] sil recreït DL, cil le creït H, sil le traït R. The verb recreire does not suit the context, and H appears to have corrected to give sense to a, to him, meaningless line. The emphasis in the passage is on Edelwold's treachery and so, following R's lead, I have emended to retraït.119
         3720  Sa fille prist, s'onur saisit.
                   En cel païs tant sujurnat
                   Que d'un fiz la dame enceintat
                   Mais la bele, s'ele peüst,
         3724  Ja de Edelwold enfant n'eüst;^L3724 [L3724] E. enceinte ne fust R119^L3724 [L3724] Ja de lui e. H119
                   Pas ne l'amot, dit [li] esteit^L3725 [L3725] lu ? for lui119
                   Cum deceü le rei aveit.^L3726 [L3726] Coment le r. d. a. H119

Page 119

                   Il [meïsmes] tut en apert^L3727 [L3727] mesme DL120
         3728  Envers Elftroed [s'ert] descovert.^L3728 [L3728] elstruet R elfred H120^L3728 [L3728] sen ert DL120^L3728 [L3728] eltroed DL120
                   Al dreit terme l'emfant fud nez.
                   Öez que fist cel defaed!
                   Pur ço que encore se cremeit^L3731 [L3731] Pur quei e. H120
         3732  Del rei qui mult jolif esteit,^L3732 [L3732] r. ke m. R120
                   A lui en vint, tant le requist
                   [Ke cel] enfant lever lui fist.^L3734 [L3734] om  lui H120^L3734 [L3734] E len. DL120
                   Quant ot ço fait, dunc fud seür^L3735 [L3735] Q. co eut f. RH120
         3736  Ne n'ot del rei nule poür.
                   Li reis francs e gentilz esteit,
                   Nïent ne s'[en] aparceveit,^L3738 [L3738] De rien ne H120^L3738 [L3738] om  en DL120
                   Del mal felun ne se gardot,
         3740  Nurid l'aveit, pur ço l'amot,
                   Tant qu'il [a]vint a [un] super^L3741 [L3741] sun120^L3741 [L3741] vint DL120
                   Li reis oïd de Elftroed parler^L3742 [L3742] de E. oit p. H120^L3742 [L3742] de la femme p. R120
                   De tutes parz e mult [la] loent^L3743 [L3743] loerent H120^L3743 [L3743] m. soleient L120^L3743 [L3743] om  e RH120^L3743 [L3743] le120
         3744  Cil chevalier [ki] en [parloent]^L3744 [L3744] parlerent H120^L3744 [L3744] Li c. H120^L3744 [L3744] parolent DR120^L3744 [L3744] que120
                   E diseient en lur favele
                   Qu'en tut le mund n'aveit si bele^L3746 [L3746] out H120
                   E si ele fust encore virgine,
         3748  Bien fust digne d'estre reïne.^L3748 [L3748] fud L120
                   Aprés parolent del saveir^L3749 [L3749] parloient de son s. H120
                   E que ço poeit espeleir^L3750 [L3750] ceo qe pout e. H120 [f.119a]
                   Qu'ele ert ambure e bele e sage^L3751 [L3751] Que ambour fut b. H120^L3751 [L3751] om  first e LR120
         3752  E de parler de franc curage,^L3752 [L3752] Et en p. H120^L3752 [L3752] e de f. DL120
                   Que unkes hom de nule [envie]^L3753 [L3753] u. nul h. R120^L3753 [L3753] om  Que H120^L3753 [L3753] vie120
                   Ne d'eschar ne de vilainie
                   Ne poeit en lui rien truver,^L3755 [L3755] pout RH120
         3756  Si ert sage de li garder.^L3756 [L3756] de sei g. RH120
                   Li reis se merveillot forment,^L3757 [L3757] merveilat RH120

Page 120

                   Eissi oeit parler suvent,^L3758 [L3758] Qensi en oit p. la gent H121
                   A sei diseit en sun pensez:
         3760  'Crei que Edelwold m'ad enganez'^L3760 [L3760] Jeo c. q. edelulf H121
                   E pur Elftroed fud mult pensifs.^L3761 [L3761] om  mult H121^L3761 [L3761] elured H121^L3761 [L3761] De E. R121
                   Or vult errer de mal [en] pis.^L3762 [L3762] Des o. R121^L3762 [L3762] em121
                   Li reis Edgar se purpensat
         3764  Que en Devenesire s'en irat;
                   Pur cerfs chacier dist qu'il ireit^L3765 [L3765] i irrat R121^L3765 [L3765] om  il H121
                   Mais en sun cuer tut el aveit.
                   Il n'ert pas loinz de la cuntree,^L3767 [L3767] de sa c. H121
         3768  Maint hom fait greindre jurnee.^L3768 [L3768] greignur j. RH121^L3768 [L3768] h. fort g. R121
                   Elftroed esteit a un maneir,^L3769 [L3769] ert H121
                   U li reis vint l'endemain al seir,
                   Pres ert de[l] bois, u volt chacier,^L3771 [L3771] b. ou il v. H121
         3772  La nuit remist pur herbergier.^L3772 [L3772] n. i r. RH121
                   Quant ço [a]vint qu'il dut super,^L3773 [L3773] dust R deust H121^L3773 [L3773] E q. R121^L3773 [L3773] vint DL121^L3773 [L3773] vint DL, avint RH. The reading of DL is defensible, taken as meaning when the time came, but the change to avint gives a more usual phrase, so, after some hesitation, I have decided to adopt the verb from RH.121
                   Encore luseit le soleil cler.
                   Dunc demandat [de] sa cumere,^L3775 [L3775] om  de DL121
         3776  U [ele] esteit, u ert sun [pere].^L3776 [L3776] p̱ere121^L3776 [L3776] om  ele DL121
                   Dist [Edelwold]: 'En cel solier.^L3777 [L3777] en co s. L121^L3777 [L3777] edelwlf DH121^L3777 [L3777] solier. The word is used here of a more private room, probably in an upper story, and recalls the bower of the M.E. romances. It is discussed briefly by Miss Pope in her article Notes on the vocabulary of the romance of Horn and Rimel (Mélanges Hoepffner, 63-70); earlier it was discussed by P. Lebel in his article Représentants français de sola poutre (Rom. 67 (1942-3), 361-7), where he rejected the customary derivation < solarium < sol.121
                   Rei, trop junez, alez mangier'.
                   Li reis entent, si s'aparceit,^L3779 [L3779] si parceit R121
         3780  Si [Edelwolt] pot, ne la vereit.^L3780 [L3780] puet LH121^L3780 [L3780] edwold L121^L3780 [L3780] edelwlf DH121
                   Dunc prist par main un chevaler,^L3781 [L3781] p. par la m. LH121^L3781 [L3781] prist la m. R